历年考研英语真题2010-2018一真题

1、2015究生考英Section IUse ofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedandmarkA, C or D onANSWER SHEET1.(102015究生考英Section IUse ofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedandmarkA, C or D onANSWER SHEET1.(10Wehave more genesincommon withick to beourn withThoughnotbiologicallyr

2、elated,friendsareasrelatedasfourthcousins, sharingabout1%t is 1astudy publishedfrom theUniversity ofCaliforniaandYale Proceedingsof theNationalAcademy of, has 2 Thestudyisagenome-ysisconducted 3 1932uniquesubjectswhich4pairsunrelatedfriendsandunrelated strangers.Thesamepeoplewereused in both While 1

3、% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As co-author of the study James Fowler, professorofmedicalgeneticsatUCSanDiegosays, Mostpeopledonoteven7theirfourthcousinsbut somehow manage to friendsthepeoplewho 8our Theteam9developedafriendshipscorewhichcanpredictwhowillbeyourfriendbasedon their genes

4、.Thestudyalsot esforsmellweresomethingshared infriendsbutnotgenesimmunity.Why thissimilarity inolfactorygenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow. 10,astheteam suggests, it draws us 11similar environments but there is more to it. There could be manymechanismst12usin choosing genetically similarfriends 13kins

5、hipof beingfriendswith 14Oneof theremarkablefindingsofthestudyt thesimilargenesseem tobeevolving nother genes.Studying thiscould help 16whyhumanevolution picked helast years,withl environmentbeing amajor 17 The findings do not simply corroborate peoples 18to befriend those of similar et 19 backgroun

6、ds,saytheresearchers.ThoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction, carewastakento tallsubjects, friendsandstrangersweretakenfromthepopulation.Theteam also controlled theochecktry of A when BBCCDD3.A5.A tests7.A visit8.A resemble 9.A again 11.A about 12.A drive14.A chan15.A later

7、16.Aforecast18.A endeavor 19.A political20.ABBBB 3.A5.A tests7.A visit8.A resemble 9.A again 11.A about 12.A drive14.A chan15.A later 16.Aforecast18.A endeavor 19.A political20.ABBBB BBBBBB CCDDCDCCCCC C CCregardlessCCCCCCCDDDDDDDDalongDDDDDDBBBBnBB BBlSectionReadingPart Readthefollowingfourtexts.An

8、swerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA, B, CorMarkyour answerson ANSWERSHEET 1.(40 KingJuanCarlosofSpainonce insisted“kingsdontabdicate, theyheirsleep.”ButscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanherecentEuro-electionshaveforcedhimtoeathisandstanddown.So, doestheSpanisht monarchyisseeingitslastdays?

9、t meanwritingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticTheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.Whenpublicopinionispolarised, asitwas“embody”aspiritofoftheFrancoregime,monarchscanriseabove“mere”politicsItisthisapparenttranscendenceoftexplainsmonarchsconti

10、nuingpopularityasheadse.Andso, theMiddleEast excepted,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedkingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndorra).Butunliketheirabsolutistheworld,withheGulfAsia,mostroyalshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchfornon-controversialbutrespectedpublicEvenso,kingsandque

11、ensundoubtedlyAsia,mostroyalshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthedifficultsearchfornon-controversialbutrespectedpublicEvenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofityastheyclaimtotheirveryhistoryandsometimesthewaytheybehavetodayembodiesoutdatedandprivilegesandinequalities.inequali

12、tyandtheimewhen ettyandothereconomistsarewarningoferofinheritedwealth,itistwealthyaristocratics stillbethesymbolicheart ofmoderndemocraticThemostsfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.seshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters). Evenso,thesearewealthywhopartywithrigh

13、ternational1%,andrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttoWhileEuropesmonarchieswillnodoubtbesmart enough tosurviveforsometimetocome,itisBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfrom theSpanishItisonlytheQueenwhohasthemonarchysionwithherratherordinarywell-heeled)grannystyle. ThedangerwillcomewithCharles, whohas

14、andaprettyhierarchical viewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtonexpensive tasteof tmonarchieshavelargelybecausetheyprovideaserviceasnon-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofe.Charles oughttasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,notrepublicans, whoarethemonarchysworst21.AccordingtotwoParagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofusedtoenj

15、oyhighpublicwasunpopularamongEuropeaneasedhisrelationshipwithhisendedhisreignin22.MonarchsarekeptasheadsofeinEuropeAowingtotheirundoubtedandrespectableBtoachieveabalancentraditionandtogivevotersmorepublicfigurestolookupduetotheireverlastingpolitical 23.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoPa

16、ragraphAAristocratssiverelianceoninheritedBTherole oftheodernThesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticThenobilitysadherencetotheir24.TheBritishroyals“havemosttofear”becauseAtakesaroughlineonpoliticalfailstochangehislifestyleastakesrepublicansashispotentialfailstoadapthimselftohisfuture25.Whichofthefollowi

17、ngisthebesttitleoftheAandDisgraceCharles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheCarlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanCharles,SlowtoReacttotheComingJusthow25.WhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleoftheAandDisgraceCharles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheCarlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanCharles,SlowtoReacttotheComingJusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionpro

18、tect yourdigital data? TheSupremeCourtwill nowolice cansearch thecontentsofamobileduringanithoutawarrant ifthephoneison oraround Californiahasaskedthetorefrainfromaruling,particularlytupsetstheatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughs s atthetimeoftheirarrest.Itislychangingthe eargues,forjudgestoassess theimpl

19、icationsofnewand Thecourt wouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCaliforniasadvice. Enoughoftheimplicationsdiscernable, even obvious, and t the can andshouldprovide updatedguidelines TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCaliforniaslametexploringthecontentsofasmartphoneavast storehouseofdigitalinformationissimilar

20、to,say,goingthroughspurse. Thestdontviolatethemendmentwhen they gothroughthewalletorpocketbookofarresteewithout awarrant. Butexploringonessmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.smartphonemaycontainanarresteesreadinghistory,lhistory,medicalhistoryandrecordsofrecentcorrespondence.Thedevelopmentof“cl

21、oudcomputing,”meanwhile,hasexplorationsomuchthetAmericansshouldtakestepstoprotecttheirdigitalprivacy.Butngsensitiveinformationonisincreasinglyarequirement ofnormallife.CitizensstillhavearighttoexpectsremainprivateandprotectedbytheConstitutionsprohibitiononunreasonableAssooftenisthecase,tprincipledoe

22、snt easethechallengeofline-anycases,wouldnotbeoverlyburdensomeforauthoritiestoobtainawarranttosearchthroughphonecontents.couldstillinvalidatemendmentprotectionswhenfacingsevere,urgent, andtheytakereasonablemeasurestotphonedataarenoterasedoralteredwhilewaitingforawarrant. court, though,maywanttoallow

23、room tocitesituationswheretheyareentitledtomoreButtheshouldnotswallowCaliforniasargumentwhole.New,disruptivetechnologydemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitutionsprotections.OrinKerr,alawprofessor,comparesandsibilityofdigitalhe21stcenturywiththeestablishmentofautomobileasavirtualsityofhe20th:Thehadtos

24、pecifynovelrulesforthethepassengercarthen; theymustsortouthowthemendmentstodigitalinformation26.TheSupremeCourtwillworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimatesearchs from deleting their phone contents smobilephoneswithoutawarrantsphonecontentswithoutbeingsfromusingtheirmobile27.Thesearchs from dele

25、ting their phone contents smobilephoneswithoutawarrantsphonecontentswithoutbeingsfromusingtheirmobile27.TheauthorsattitudetowardCaliforniasargumentisone28.TheauthortexploringonesphonecontentsiscomparableAooneshandlingoneshistoricalscanningonesgoingthroughones29.InParagraph 5and6,theauthorshowshisApr

26、inciplesarehardtobeclearlyBthecourt islessroomforcitizensprivacyisnoteffectivelyphonesareusedtostoresensitive30.OrinKerrscomparisonisquotedtoAtheConstitutionshouldbeimplementedBnewtechnologyrequiresionoftheCaliforniasargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheprinciplesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbeThejournalSc

27、ienceisaddinganextraroundofisticalcheckstoitspeer-revieweditor-in-chiefwidespreadMcNuttannouncedtoday.Thepolicyfollowssimilareffortsfromotherjournals,tbasicmistakesinysisarecontributingtotheirreproducibilityofpublishedresearch“Readersvespublishedinourjournal,”writesMcNuttintion,thejournalhasedsevene

28、xpertstoeditorial.WorkingwiththeAmericanisticalisticboardofreviewingeditors(SBoRE).Manuscriptwillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybyernaleditors,orbyitsexistingBoard ofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerreviewers.SBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalnstoreviewtheseAskedwhetheranyparticularrshadimpelledthechange

29、, McNuttsaid:“ThecreationofisticsboardwasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofisticsandysisscientificresearchandispartofoveralldriveAskedwhetheranyparticularrshadimpelledthechange, McNuttsaid:“Thecreationofisticsboardwasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofisticsandysisscientificre

30、searchandispartofoveralldrivetoincreaseheGiovanniParmigiani,anattheHarvardSchool ofPublicHealth,amemberofthegroup,says heexpectsto“playprimarilyanadvisoryrole.”Heagreedtojoinbecausehe“found foresight behindtheestablishmentoftheSBoREtobenovel, uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact. impactwillnotonlybet

31、hroughthepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergrouppublishingtmaywant totheirapproachafterJohnIoannidis,astepforward”andnwhostudiesethodology,tthepolicy is“aeerdue.”“Mostjournalsareweakinisticalreview,andthisdamagestheofwhat theypublish.It,forthemajorityofscientificrsnowadays, istic

32、alreviewisnexpert review,”hesays.But hetbiomedicalchasAnnalsMedicine,theJournaloftheAmericanMedicaltionandTheLancet paystrongattentiontoalscientistsareexpectedtoknowhowyzedata, butisticalerrorsarecommoninpublishedresearch,accordingtoDavidVaux,acellbiologist.Researchersshouldimprovestandards, hewrote

33、in2012,butjournalsshouldalsotakeatougherline, “engagingreviewerswhoisticallyliterateandeditorswhocanverifythes.”Vauxideatopasssometo thens“hassomemerit,butaweakness tit s onofreviewingeditorstot need 31.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphA endstosimplifyitspeer-reviewjournalsarestrengtheningtheiristicalfewj

34、ournalsareblamedformistakesinDlackofysisiscommoninresearch32.Thephrase“flaggedup”(Para.2)istheeaning33.GiovanniParmigianittheestablishmentoftheSBoREeathreattoallitsBmeetwithstrongCincreaseDset anleforother34.DavidVauxtwhatSciencengaddstoresearchersdiminishestheroleofChasroomforfurtherD istoheforesee

35、able35.WhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleoftheAScienceJoinsPushtoScreenisticsinalnsDeserveChasroomforfurtherD istoheforeseeable35.WhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleoftheAScienceJoinsPushtoScreenisticsinalnsDeserveMoreysisFindsItsWayontoEditorsnsAreComingBackwithTwoyearsago,RupertMurdochsdaughter,Elisa

36、beth,spokeofthe“unsettlingdearthegrityso manyofouregrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollectivet only“sortingmechanism”insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.But “itsus,humanbeings,wepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notDrivinghome,shecontinued:“Itsincreasinglyt theabsence ofe, ofa language ernment,m

37、edia or businesse one ofthemost dangerous goals for andfreedom.”Thissameabsenceofmoral ewaswoundingch as ernational,thought, makingitmoretitwouldloseitsway asdwithwidespreadephonehackingAs the hacking trial concludesfinding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, conspiring to h

38、ack phones, and finding his sor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge the e ofdearth egritystillstands, Journalists areknown to have hackedthephones ofup to5,500people. is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of Worldin2001tobethe fo

39、rphone hacking.Othersawaittrial.Thislongstoryhone hacking any respects, the dearth of moral e frames not only the fact of such the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask an

40、d the t she never inquired how the arrived.Thecore ofhersfuldefencetsheknewodays world, se twell-paidexecutives should not beaccountable for ppens t they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine tthe sortingmechanismofsocietyshouldbe profit.Thevemattereda

41、reefficiency,shareholder value, businessfriendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in rs, circulation. degradedtothemarginhavebeenjustice,fairness,tolerance,proportionalityandThe eofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstanding, tobefairinwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity. Itwa

42、storuinhequestforcirculationandimpact.Brooks mayormay vehadsuspicionsabouthowherjournalistsgottheirstories, butsheaskedquestions,gavenoinstructionsnorreceivedtraceable,recorded36.Accordingtotwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupsetthecompaniesofthecurrentsortingllossduetoimmoralernmentalineffectivenessonmoral

43、Dthewidemisuseegrityamong37.ItcanthecompaniesofthecurrentsortingllossduetoimmoralernmentalineffectivenessonmoralDthewidemisuseegrityamong37.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraphGlemMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasamorejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphoneAndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentoftheDphonehackingwillbeaccep

44、tedoncertains38.TheauthorvestheRebekahBookss.revealedacenteredontrivialwashardlyDwaspart ofa39.Theauthortthecurrentcollectivedoctrine.generallydistortedunfairwealthamarginalizedarigidmoral40.WhichofthefollowinghelastAThequalityofwritingisofprimaryBCommonhumanityiscentralsMoralawarenessmattersinediti

45、ngaJournalistsneedstricterindustrialPart hefollowingtext,somehavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonethefistA-Gtooeachofthe numbereds.Therearetwoextra,whichdonotfitinanyof theMarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearlyyoutrytohesenseofidentifyingmeaningsindivi

46、dualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsnthem,drawingonyourimplicitknowledgeofgrammar.(41) .Youoinferacontextforthetext,forinstance,bymakingsaboutwhatofspeecheventisinvolved.Whoismakingtheutterance,towhom,whenandThewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsof.Buttheyshowconsistnotjustofpassiveassimil

47、ationbutofactiveengagementininferenceandproblem-Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograspbypresentingyouwithspecificevidenceclues.(42) hisway,willnotfollowexactlythesametrackforeachreader.WhatisinquestionYouinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograspbypresentingyouwithspecific

48、evidenceclues.(42) hisway,willnotfollowexactlythesametrackforeachreader.Whatisinquestionnottheretrievalofanabsolute,fixedor“true”timelessrelationofthetexttotheworld.(43)tcanbe readndcheckedforaccuracy,orSuchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare.(44) tmerelyrelativeorevenless.Preciselybecauser

49、eadersfromdifferenthistoricalperiods,and producedifferentbutreadingsofthesamewordsontheincludingforengagewithfundamentalhumanconcernsdebatesabouttextscanplayanimportantroleinfsand lHowwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonour erestin reading it.(45) . sofreadingsuggestasroducedhebookwillalsodo-tw

50、ebringanimplicittonekindofreadingisunacknowledged)agendatoanyactofreading.Itdoesntthensarilymoreadvancedormorenanother.Ideally,differentkindsofreadinginformeachother,andusefulreferencesforandtooneanother.Together,theymakeupthereadingcomponentyouroverallliteracy,orrelationshiptoyoursurroundingtextual

51、A Arewe ttextandtryingtorespondina tfulfilstherequirementofagivencourse? it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to considerablyfromreadinginaseminarB ch as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and l cla

52、ss encourageustowardsionsthesametimeobscureorevencloseoffC If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues he On the t they e relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well siblelinksn DIn effect, youtryto reconstructthe likelymeaningsortanyg

53、iven sentence, imageorreference havehad:Thesemightbe theonesthe EYou make further , for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about t form the basis of al response for which the author will inevitably be far FIn plays，novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs cr

54、eated by the author, not sarily fortheauthorsownGRather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis eraction n what we might call textual contextual material: n kinds anization or patterning we perceive in a texts formal structures lly its language structures) and various kinds of background, l knowl

55、edge, f and t bringtothe Part C shouldbewrittenyontheANSWERSHEET.(10o.Yourhespanofdredhendearlyeighteenthcenturies,atideofoneofthegreat folkwanderingsofhistorytfromEuropetoAmerica. (46)Thismovement, erfulanddiversemotivations, builtanationoutofawildernessand, byshouldbewrittenyontheANSWERSHEET.(10o.

56、Yourhespanofdredhendearlyeighteenthcenturies,atideofoneofthegreat folkwanderingsofhistorytfromEuropetoAmerica. (46)Thismovement, erfulanddiversemotivations, builtanationoutofawildernessand, byitsnature, d characteranddestinyofanuncharted(47)TheUnitedesistheproductoftwoprincipaltheimmigrationofEurope

57、anpeopleswithvariedideas, customs,andnationalcharacteristicsandtheimpactofanewcountryodifiedtraits. Ofsity,colonialAmericawasaprojectionofEurope. AcrosscamesiveofEnglishmen,en,Germans,Scots,Irishmen,hmen,Swedes,andmanyotherswhoattemptedtransplanttheirhabitsandtraditionstothenewworld.(48)But,theforce

58、ofgeographicconditionspeculiarAmerica,layofthevariednationalgroupsupononeanother,andthesheerdifficultyofold-worldwaysinaraw,newcontinentcausedsignificantchanges.Thesechangesweregradualandscarcelyvisible.Buttheresultwasanewlpatternwhich,althoughitresembledEuropeansocietymanyways,hadatwasdistinctly(49

59、) shiploadsofimmigrantsboundfor theterritory which isnowtheUnitedes crossedn dredyearsafterthend-16th-centuryexplorationsof,thrivingSpanishcolonieshadbeenestablishedMexico,theWestIndies,andmerica.Thesetravelerstomericacameinsmall,overcrowdedcraft. Duringtheirsix-tokvoyage, theysurvivedonbarely enoug

60、hfoodallottedthem.Manyoftheshipswerelostinstorms,manypassengersdiedofdisease,andinfantsrarelysurvivedjourney.Sometimesstormsblewthesfarofftheircourse, andoftencalmbroughtunbearablyTotheanxioustravelersthesightoftheAmericanshorebroughtalmostinexpressiblef.Saidoneofevents, “Theairat twelveleaguesmelta