Lesson 18 The Social Founction of Science 科学的社会作用

1、Lesson 18 The Social Founction of Science科学的社会作用Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientificin industry. One is the general atmosphere ofsecrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedomof the individual research worker. In so far as anyinquiry is a secret one, i

2、t naturally limits all those engaged incarrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientistseither in other countries or in universities, or even , often enough ,in other departments of the same firm. The degree of secrecynaturally varies considerably. Some of the bigger firms are enga

3、gedin researches which are of such general and fundamental nature thatit is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret. Yet agreat many processes depending on such research are sought for withcomplete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out.Even more processes are never p

4、atented at all but kept as secretprocesses. This applies particularly to chemical industries, wherechance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physicaland mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such anextent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned.Many

5、firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtainingtechnical or scientific books from libraries because they areunwilling to have their names entered as having taken out such andsuch a book for fear the agents of other firms should be able totrace the kind of research they are likely to be under

6、taking.New words and expressions 生词短语weigh 起作用称重：I weigh 100 pounds. I am 100 pounds in weight. How muchdo you weight?What is your weight?起作用：It weighs much.这相当重要=matters对谁有利：weigh in favor ofbe weighed in favor ofload in favorofbe loaded in favor of对谁不利：be weighed againstload/be loaded againstThe j

7、ugement weighs in favor of the defendant.(被告)原告：plaintiffeffectiveness 成效work.,effective(有 效 果 的)efficient 高 效 的 effect : come intoeffect, take effectin so far as 因此since, in that, as for as sb, is concerned赞成：sgree ,support ,stant by your sideinquiry调查讨论investigation(case)examination(有症结所在作为前提)chec

8、k(不清晰有无毛病)research(科研)inquiry into(scientific, a case)inquire into sth.inquire about(formal)inquire after sb.considerably 相当的程度词considerate：爱护的，考虑周到的sb.+thoughtful, helpful, cooperativeconsiderable+sth.I make considerable money.(=substantial)positive的确的The result is positive. His words are positivel

9、y right, 只做程度副词He is positive in the class,活泼、积存positive：成阳性的patent获得专利权My invention is patented. I ll/I d like to paten my invention.获得：take out a patent 专利局patent office 专利人：patentee 专利权许可者adj.明显的，显着的=obviousIt is patent that he loves the girl.seek for 寻求seek for freedomseek truthseek for true lov

10、e seek for justiceseekafter指人过去分词:soughtHe is much sought after, 抢手 红得发紫 The book is sought after.畅销chance偶然性的It is my chance discovery.任凭得至U chance companion 萍水相逢偶然发觉的东西I find it by chance. I chance to be there.extent程度to some extent /degreeagent情报人员be likely to可能会.it+possibleit/sb.+likely可能性：likel

11、ihoodNotes on the text 课文解释Two factors：两 个 因 素 weigh against：不 利 heavily 副 词effectiveness：效果给出主题句general secrecy普遍存在的保密性atmosphere：气氛，气氛it researchOne ，the other the tack of freedom of the individual researchworker.只有并列构造可以省掉谓语My brother is a driver and my sister a nurse.lack of freedom没有自由度个体区分gene

12、ral atmosphere大环境research worker :讨论者In so far as由于，由于主语it resarchlimit二prewent:阻挡，限制 engaged in后置定语limit from :阻挡 contact 沟通effective 有效的fellow scientists同行often enough 平凡 firm 公司contact with 保持联系(v.) contact me(n.)keep contact with metouchkeep in tuchvary变化=is diffientIt varies from one family to

13、another.be of构造general普遍的，根底的fundamental 根底的such.thata positive advantage主语to them对他们而言itnot to keep them secret(形式主语)be open to any advice and suggestionyet转折 process 讨论过程 such researchgeneral and fundamentalare sought for 被追求表示状语：with complete secrecyuntil：直至J industries:各个行业where.表缘由chance discov

14、eries：偶然的发觉part:作用 they dochance discoverieshighly predictable高度可猜测性go to到达such.that 如此，以至于nature 本性，特点for instance 比方说(插入语)have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific booksfrom libraries，.他们有极大困难获得专业的科普书籍difficulty二troublehave a difficulty二unwilling to do sth.they are unwilling to 他们不想这样做enter 进入，签名 sign 签名二have sth. donehave taken out借书for fear虚拟生怕，担忧trace踪迹have a difficulty in =unwilling to do sth.不愿做 .I have a difficulty shopping with you,强调客观性=I am unwilling to shop with you.更强调主观性