存在主义与文学课件

1、存在主義 與 文學董 崇 選 中山醫大應用外語系教授懂更懂學習英文網站負責人網址：http:/.tw一、哲學與文學：Philosophy is the rational investigation of the truths and principles of being, knowledge, or conduct. Logic, ethics, aesthetics, epistemology, metaphysics (ontology, cosmology), etc.Literature is writing regarded as having permanent worth th

2、rough its intrinsic excellence. Poetry, drama, fiction, prose.哲學是抽象推理論說的文學，文學是具体展示例証的哲學。二、存在主義的哲學： A. Basic Ideas:Existence precedes essence. 存在 先於 本質。Existence is absurd. 存在是荒謬的。 Surd (無理根): 無定值、無精確答案Essence is the result of free choice. 本質 為 自由抉擇之結果。KierkegaardHeidegger2. Heidegger & Jaspers: Heid

3、egger (海德格)：Dasein: “being there,” “existence,” “being in the world” “thrown into the world” being as finite and transient in time 丟在、有限、短暫 (Being and Time) Angst: “being for death,” nothingness, 焦慮 active participation2. Heidegger & Jaspers: Jaspers (雅斯柏斯): World-theories as human responses 世界觀 (Ps

4、ychology of World Views) The three methods: scientific, existentialist, metaphysical 科學、人生、玄界 (Philosophy) Seeking truth in nature, in human communication, or in “the one being” (“The Absolute,” “God”) Sartre三、 存在主義的文學：1. Sartre (沙特): Being and Nothingness (論文): For man existence precedes essence. B

5、eing is objective, and existence has a subjective quality. Being-in-itself vs. Being-for-itselfThe Flies (劇本): Orestes kills Aegistheus to teach his people to be free and responsible, taking with him the crowd of repulsive flies. 1. Sartre (沙特): Nausea (小說): Roquentin records the process of his “nau

6、sea” (噁心) about the fact that things and people cannot help existing, and yet there is “absolutely no reason for existing.” 存在無理卻存在 No Exit (獨幕劇): Garcin, Estele, Ines a bare room/Hell 沒有出口 meaningless repetition 無意義的重複Camus2. Camus (卡繆): The Stranger異鄉人 (小說): Meursault does not mourn for his mother

7、s death, kills an Arab, and rejects a clergymans preaching. He feels he is “the stranger” in the world.The Myth of Sisyphus西西法斯神話 (論文): Sisyphus is the absurd hero confronting an unintelligible world but knowing his futile struggle towards the heights.Heminway3. Hemingway 海明威 :The Sun Also Rises 妾似朝

8、陽又照君 (小說): Barnes tells the story of “the lost generation” (Brett Ashley, Michael Campbell, etc.), who have no direction for life. A Farewell to Arms 戰地春夢 (小說): Frederic Henry & Catherine Barkley escape to Switzerland only to have a tragic end. Choosing love instead of war.Beckett4. Beckett 貝克特 : Wa

9、iting for Godot 等待果陀 (劇本): Two tramps (Vladimir/Didi & Estragon/Gogo) are forever waiting for Godot while Pozzo & Lucky pass by. Pozzo drives Lucky as if he were an animal but becomes blind led by Lucky, who becomes dumb.4. Beckett: Endgame 殘局 (劇本): The blind bed-bound autocrat Hamn, whose parents Nagg and Nell