语言学样题及答案

1、-. z.I. Directions : Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best pletes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%10=20%)1. Linguistics is the scientific study of _C_. A. a particular language B. the English languageC. human lang

2、uages in general D. the system of a particular language 2. The consonant f in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: _B_. A. voiceless, bilabial, stop B. voiceless清音, labiodental唇齿音, fricative摩擦音 C. voiced, bilabial双唇音, stop闭塞音D. voiced浊音, labiodental, fricativ

3、e3. There are different types of affi*es or morphemes. The affi* ed in the word learned is known as a(n) _C_. A. derivational morpheme派生词素B. free morpheme 自由词素C. inflectional morpheme 屈折词素D. free form 自由形态5. I bought some roses _A_ I bought some flowers. A. entails B. presupposesC. is inconsistent w

4、ith不符合D. is synonymous with 与同义6. Ys utterance说话方式in the following conversation e*change violates违犯 冒犯 the ma*im of _C_. *: Who was that you were with last night Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks A. quality B. quantityC. relation D. manner7. Changes in a language are changes in the gra

5、mmar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, _C_, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed外来词, added, lost or altered改变. A. phrases 短语B. sentencesC. morphemes 词素D. utterances 话语8.Predication analysis 预测分析is a way to analyze _D_ meaning. A. phoneme B. word C. phrase D. sentence

6、9.According to Searle， those illocutionary acts言外行为 whose point is to mit承诺 the speaker to some future course of action are called _A _. A. misives 承诺类B. directives 指令类C. e*pressives 表达类D. declaratives 宣告类18. The famous quotation from Shakespeares play Romeo and Juliet A rose by any othername would

7、smell as sweet well illustrates _A_.A. the conventional 传统性nature of language B. the creative nature of language C. the universality of language 普遍性D. the arbitrariness of language19. Of the following sound binations， only _A_ is permissible可允许的 according to thesequential rules in English. A. kibl B

8、. bkil C. ilkb D. ilbk20. Synta*句法学 is the study of_B_。 A. language functions B. sentence structure C. te*tual organization D. word formation21. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature区别性特征 of human languageD A. Arbitrariness B. Productivity C. Cultural transmission D. Finiteness 有限性22.

9、The speech act theory 言语行为理论was first put forward byB A.John Searle B. John Austin C. Noam Chomsky D.M.A.K Halliday23.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion概念 观念 of D A.reference B. meaningC. antonymy D. conte*t24.The words kid, child, offspring后代、子孙 are e*amples ofB A

10、.dialectal synonyms 方言的同义词 B. stylistic synonyms C. emotive synonyms 情绪化的同义词 D. collocational synonyms25. The distinction between parole言语 and langue语言was made byD A.Halliday B. Chomsky C. Bloomfield D. Saussure26._ refers to the study of the internal内在的、本质 structure of words and the rules of the wo

11、rd formation. A. Phonology B. MorphologyC. Semantics D. Sociolinguistics27. The distinctive features of a speech variety言语变体 may be all the following E*CEPT A. le*ical B. syntactic C. phonological D. Psycholinguistic心理语言学28. The word tail once referred to the the tail of a horse马尾, but now it isused

12、 to mean the tail of any animal. This is an e*ample ofA. widening of meaning B. narrowing of meaning C. meaning shift D. loss of meaning29. Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human languageA. Arbitrariness B. Displacement.C. Duality D. Diachronicity30. What type of sentence is Mark li

13、kes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry. A. A simple sentence B. A coordinate sentence 并列句 C. A ple* sentence D, None of the above31. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called A. hyponymy B. synonymyC. polysemy D. homonymy32. The study of the mental proces

14、ses of language prehension and production is_. A. corpus linguistics 语料库语言学 B. sociolinguistics C. theoretical linguistics 理论语言学 D. Psycholinguistics33. A special language variety that mi*es languages 混合语言and is used by speakers of different languages for purposes of trading is called_. A. dialect 方

15、言 B. idiolect个人语型C. pidgin D. Register 语域34. When a speaker e*presses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performing_. A. an illocutionary act 言外行为 B. a perlocutionary act 言后行为 C. a locutionary act 言内行为 D. none of the above35. _ refers to the learning and deve

16、lopment of a language. A. Language acquisition 语言习得 B. Language prehension 语言理解 C. Language production 语言生成 D. Language instruction 语言教学36. The word Motel es from motor + hotel. This is an e*ample of _ in morphology. A. backformation 逆生词法 B. conversion转换法C. blending 混拼词 D. acronym 首字母缩略词37. Language

17、 is t tool of munication. The symbol Highway Closed on a highway serves A. an e*pressive function 表达功能B. an informative function. 信息功能 C. a performative function 表演功能 D. a persuasive function 有说服力的功能38. is defined as the study of the relationship between language and mind. A. semantics B. pragmatics

18、 C. cognitive linguistics 认知语言学 D. sociolinguistics39. A vowel is different from a consonant辅音 in English because of A. absence of obstruction 没有阻塞 B. presence of obstruction 存在堵塞 C. manner of articulation 发音方法 D. place of articulation 发音部位40. The definition the act of using, or promoting the use of

19、, several languages, either by an individual speaker or by a munity of speakers refers to A. Pidgin B. Creole克里奥尔语C. Multilingualism 多语制 D. Bilingualism 习用两种语言41.In English if a word begins with a lor a r, then the neat sound must be a vowel. This is a(n) A. assimilation rule *规则B. sequential rule 序

20、列规则 C. deletion rule 省略规则 D. grammar rule 42. Which of the following is an e*ample of clipping A. APEC. B. Motel.C. *ero*. D. Disco.43. The type of language which is selected as appropriate to a particular type of situation is called A. register B. dialect C. slang D. variety. Decide whether the fol

21、lowing statements are True(T) or False(F). (20 points, 1 point each)1.Historical linguistics is asynochronicstudy of language. F2.The phatic交流感情的 function can often be entirely完全地 personal and totally without any implication含意 of munication to others. F3.Deal is phonetically transcribed转录 as di: . T

22、4.Phonology is concerned with speech production and speech perception领悟 认识能力. F5.The word bridge to mean a method of playing cards is a loanshift词变异 from Italian. T6.The English syllable音节 may have as many as four consonants in the coda position结尾位置. T7.In the e*ample: He couldnt open the door. It w

23、as locked tight, the relation between the door and It is that of reference. T8.Positional relations are a manifestation证明 of one aspect of PARADIGMATIC RELATIONS聚合关系 observed by F. de Saussure. In some elementary 根本的linguistic te*tbooks, they are also called HORIZONTAL RELATIONS横向关系 or simply CHAIN

24、RELATIONS链关系. F9. Ogden and Richards argue that the relation between a word and thing it refers to is not direct.T10.Gradable antonymy层级性反义词 is the sense relation between two antonyms which differ in terms of degree while plementary antonymy is the sense relation between two antonyms which are pleme

25、ntary互补性 to each other. T11.Speech act theory言语行为理论 is in fact a theory of the illocutionary act言外行为. T12.A speaker flouts轻视 the Ma*im of Quantity数量规则 when his contributions to the conversation are not truthful. F13.A lot of issues in psycholinguistics are controversial有争议性的. T14.When Mr. Goodell sa

26、id Ive had enough dumbbells哑铃 in my office(p. 168), he meant he had some weights in his office for practicing strength练习强度. F15.Foregrounding前台操作 前台设制 refers to specific linguistic devices, i.e., deviation偏差 and parallelism平行类似, which are used in literary te*ts. T16.CALL refers to the use of a puter

27、 in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language. T17.In his standard theory标准理论, N. Chomsky gave up the terms of deep structure and surface structure. F18.Nowadays in the literature, the term contrastive analysis比照分析 is gradually been replaced by the study of cross-linguistic influences

28、跨语言的影响. T19.In cross-cultural munication跨文化交际, when people have trouble and do not know how to behave correctly, they tend to turn to their source culture for help. This is a strategy策略 often used by municators传播者 in a new cultural setting, while it may not always work. T20.It is indeed necessary to

29、 reconsider重新讨论 how much we, as human beings, really understand about the nature of language and its role in our life. T21.Historical linguistics历史语言学 is a synochronic study of language. F22.Ogden and Richards argue that the relation between a word and thing it refers to is not direct. T 23.Gradable

30、 antonymy is the sense relation between two antonyms which differ in terms of degree while plementary antonymy is the sense relation between two antonyms which are plementary to each other. T24.A speaker flouts the Ma*im of Quantity when his contributions to the conversation are not truthful. F25.Th

31、ere is only one argument in the sentence Children play basketball. F26.Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the conte*tual view, which places the study of meaning in the conte*t in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.T27.

32、Language is the unique 独特的possession所有物 财产 of human beings. F28.Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. F29.Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. F30. Traditional grammar lays emphasis on correctness正确性, linguistic e*cellence, the use

33、of Latin models and the priority优先性 of the spoken language. T. Briefly answer the following questions. 1. What are the design features of language Can you list the main featuresP8It refers to the defining properties性质 of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of munication. 语言识别特征

34、是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness任意性There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. Productivity多产性Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. Duality双重性Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. Displacement移位性Language can

35、 be used to refer to conte*ts removed from the immediatesituations of the speaker. Cultural transmission文化传递 2. What are the four ma*ims格言 of the cooperative principle合作原则 How does the violation of these ma*ims give rise to conversational implicatures P87(1) the ma*im of quantity (数量准则)a) make your

36、contribution as informative as required(for current purpose of the e*change)b) do not make your contribution more informative than is required.E*ample:A: When is Jerrys birthday partyB: Sometime ne*t month.So, B doesnt wish to tell you when Jerrys birthday party is going to be held.(2) the ma*im of

37、quality质量准则a) do not say what you believe to be falseb) do not say that for which you lack adequate evidenceE*ample:A: Would you like to attend our traveling at weekendB:Im afraid I have got an invitation at weekend.So, B doesnt want to attend your traveling.(3) the ma*im of relation (关系准则)a) be rel

38、avantE*ample:A: how did the math e*am go today, susanB: we had a basketball match with the other class and we beat them.So, B doesnt wish to talk about the math e*am.(4) the ma*im of manner方式准则a) avoid obscurity of e*pression 防止隐晦b) avoid ambiguity防止歧义c) be brief 简短d) be orderlyE*ample:A ：Shall we g

39、et some thing for the kidsB ：yes,but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.Implicature: I donot want the kids to know what we are talking about getting some ice-cream3. What is deep structure and what is surface structure P54Deep structure D-structure深层构造Formed by the *P rule in accordance with the heads subcatego

40、rization此类划分 properties, is called deep structure.Surface structure S-structure 表层构造Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformation, is called surface structure.4. E*plain with e*amples homonymy同音异义 同形异义 polysemy一词多义 hyponymy上下位关系. P68-69答：(1)

41、Homonymy同音异义refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form. When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones同音字.(piecepeace) When two words are identical in spelling, they arehomographs同形异义字.(bow v. bow n.)When two words are identical in both sound and spe

42、lling, they areplete homonyms完整的同音字(scale n.scale v.) (2)Polysemy多义词 means that the same one word may have more that onemeaning. For e*ample: table, has at least seven meanings.(3) Hyponymy means that the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. For e*ampl

43、e: furniture is super-ordinate, its hyponyms are bed, table, desk, dresser, wardrobe衣橱, settee长靠椅5. What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts 言外语言行为Searle has specified明确说明 What is the illocutionary point of each type？ P82John Searle (1) Representatives(阐述类)- stating or describing ,saying

44、 what the speaker believes to be true.e.g : I swearI have never seen the man before.2directives (指令类)-trying to get the hearer to do somethinge.g : Open the window! (3) missives (承诺类) -mitting the speaker himself to some future course of actionE.g: I promise to e.(4) e*pressives ( 表达类) -e*pressing f

45、eelings or attitude towards an e*isting state.e.g : Im sorry for the mess I have made.(5) declaration (宣布类)- bringing about immediate changes by saying somethinge.g: I fire you! I now declare the meeting open.6. Try to make sense of the following witty dialog and to identify the cohesive ties and e*

46、plain briefly.Speaker A: Time flies.我和时光飞逝Speaker B: You cant; they fly too quickly.你不能，时间飞得太快Speaker A means that time flies quickly. Time is a mean and fly is a verb. However, in Bs understanding, he thinks that time is a verb and fly is a noun. So he say that A can not measure flies flying speed,

47、 because they fly too quickly.avoid ambiguity防止歧义 manner ma*im7. The following conversational fragment is to some degree odd. To what e*tent can the oddness be e*plained by reference to Grices CP and ma*imsA: Have you seen Peter today P86mannerB: Well, if I didnt deny seeing him I wouldnt be telling

48、 a lie.Speaker B uses a long and proli* 冗长的way to e*press the meaning of yes, I have, thus violating the manner ma*im of Bebrief (avoid proli*ity冗长)8. Describe the stages of first language acquisition. First language acquisition refers to a childs acquisition of his mother tongue. i.e. how the child es to understand and speak the language of his munity. phonological development vocabulary development grammatical development pragmatic development. Discuss a minimum of TWO of the following questions. Why do modern li