云南财经大学英语思辨复习资料

1、Unit1Part1CriticalthinkinginvolvesthinkingaboutthinkingTheavailabilityheuristicinvolvesunconsciouslyassigningaprobabilitytoatypeofeventbasedonhowoftenonethinksofeventsofthattype.Anissuesimplyraisesaquestion.Thepartofanargumentthatprovidesareasonforacceptingtheotherpartiscalledthepremise.Ageneralrule

2、weunconsciouslyfollowinestimatingprobabilitiesiscalledaheuristic.Theconclusionofanargumentiswhatthepremisesupposedlysupportsordemonstrates.Thetendencytoweighnegativeevidencemoreheavilythanpositiveevidenceiscalledanegativitybias.A(n)argumentpresentsaconsiderationforacceptingaclaim.Assumingthatsociety

3、ingeneralsharestheviewsheldbyusandthepeopleweknowisthefalseconsensuseffect.Part3“”isanobjectiveclaim.(F)Whetheranobjectiveclaimistrueorfalsedependsonwhetherpeoplethinkitistrueorfalse.(F)Criticalthinkingshouldincludebiasesoremotions.(F)Experiencedphilosophersorotherspecialistsintheirfieldsrarelymakem

4、istakesinreasoning.(F)Part4EducatedguessesorrulesofthumbareoftencalledheuristicsEmotion,greed,andbiasareallfactorsthatcanunderminecriticalthinking.Whataretheultimateobjectivesofthinkingcritically(Checkallthatapply.)(C,D)A.TomakevisedecisionsB.TocometocorrectconclusionsC.TomakehastygeneralizationD.To

5、developadversarythinkingAllDobermansaredogs.Somedogsliketobark.ThereforesomeDobermansliketobark.Thetendencytoacceptthisargumentatfirstglancemaybedueto.(D)A.self-servingbiasB.negativitybiasC.confirmationbiasD.beliefbiasThisbiasispresentwhenmostmembersofagroupthinktheyarebetteratsomethingthanmostother

6、membersofthegroup.(A)A.Better-than-averageillusionB.FundamentalattributionerrorC.BeliefbiasD.Bandwagoneffect6.Whatbiasisineffectwhenyouassumethatthecandidatewhosenameyouseethemostoftenisprobablythemostpopularcandidate(B)A.ObediencetoauthorityB.AvailabilityheuristicC.MajorityrulesD.BandwagoneffectPar

7、t51.Anargumentconsistsof,atminimum,_B_.A.aconclusionB.onepremiseandaconclusionC.twoormorepremisesandconclusionD.apremiseWhataretheultimateobjectivesofthinkingcritically(Checkallthatapply.)(A,D)A.TocometocorrectconclusionsB.TodevelopadversarythinkingC.TomakehastygeneralizationsD.TomakewisedecisionsSu

8、zanneis99%certainmostofhertestanswersarecorrect.Inreality,mostofheranswersarenotcorrect.WhattypeofbiasmightSuzannebedemonstrating(A)A.OverconfidenceeffectB.PoorestimationC.Beliefbias4.CharlesandhiscolleagueMikeschildrenattendclassesatthesameschool.Charlesbelievesthathischildrensexceptionalperformanc

9、eatschoolisduetotheirsuperiorhand,hebelievesthatMikeschildrenachievehightestscoresduetosheerluckandtendstoattributetheirfailurestoapossiblelackofhardworkanddedication.Whichofthefollowingisillustratedinthisscenario(A)A.In-groupbiasB.AvailabilityheuristicC.BandwagoneffectD.Selectionbias5.Acriticalthin

10、kertriesto_B_.A.overstateconclusionsB.evaluateargumentsC.understateconclusionsD.persuadeanaudienceAfterseeinganumberofreportsconcerningsharkattacks,youdecidenottovisitthebeachforspringbreak.Whichcognitivebiasisatplay(C)A.In-groupbiasB.BandwagoneffectC.AvailabilityheuristicPart61.Thisisthetendencytoc

11、arryoutordersfromasuperiorwithoutquestion.A.NegativityBiasB.BandwagoneffectC.FundamentalattributionerrorD.ObediencetoauthorityThemethodusedtocometocorrectconclusionsistoevaluateourthinkingbystandardsof_B_.A.informationaltheoryB.logicandcommonsenseC.statistics,history,andresearch3.Whattypesofargument

12、sshouldyouavoid(A)A.Weak,invalidandirrelevantB.Strong,invalid,andrelevantC.Weak,valid,andrelevantD.Strong,valid,andrelevantistheideathatifapersonthinkssomethingismorallywrong,thenitismorallywrongforthatpersonandhe/shedoesnotneedtoconsideranyfurthertruth.A.MoralabsolutismB.MoralobjectivismC.Moralsubj

13、ectivism5.Whatistheresultofexpressingabelief,judgment,oropinioninadeclarativesentence(A)A.AclaimB.AquestionC.AnexclamationUnit2Part1EveryargumentmusthaveatleastonepremiseandaconclusionWhenthereisanunstatedpremise,youshouldusethecontextandcontenttoclarifyiftheargumentisdeductiveorinductive.Whenthepre

14、misesofavalidargumentaretrue,thentheargumentissound.Themoresupportthepremiseprovidestotheconclusionofaninductiveargument,thestrongertheargument.Part21.Whichoftheseisanargument(B)A.Iamagreatthinker.B.Ithink.ThereforeIam.C.IbelievethatIexist2.Whatarethetwopartsofanargument(B)A.StatementandconclusionB.

15、PremiseandconclusionC.PremiseandreasoningD.Premiseandstatement3.“She1)wasoutlatelastnightwhichledto2)herbeingoverlytiredthismorning.3)So,shewontshowupforclass.”HowwouldyoumapthisA.1-2-3B.2-1-3C.3-2-14.Trueorfalse:Commonsenseandbackgroundknowledgeareimportantcomponentsofcriticalthinking.(B)A.FalseB.T

16、ruePart3“Thefinancialcostofthedeathpenaltyislessthatoflifeinprison.Also,itdoesnotdetercrime.”Whatisneededtomakethisintoanargument(A)A.AconclusionB.Apremise2.Whichwordorwordsindicateaconclusionisabouttofollow(C)A.HoweverB.ThereasonisC.Consequently3.Whichofthesewordsindicatesapremise(B)A.ThereforeB.Si

17、nceC.ConsequentlyD.Hence4.Whichtypeofpersuasionreliesoninformationorarguments(A)A.LogosB.PathosC.Ethos5.“Ihavetovoteforhim.Heisfrommyhometown.”Thisisanexampleof(A)A.EthosB.PathosC.LogosPart4Theconclusionofanargumentisalsocalledthe_A_.A.thesisB.answerC.argumentD.premise“Haroldisatwin.Therefore,Harold

18、hasasibling.”Whatistheunstatedpremise(A)Alltwinshavesiblings.B.Haroldisnotanonlychild.Inadeductiveargument,thepremises_B_theconclusion.A.supportB.demonstrate4.Whattypeofreasoninginvolvesweighingconsiderationsfororagainstmakingacertaindecision(D)5.Thistypeofreasoningcomparesalternativehypothesestofin

19、dtheonewiththebestpredictiveaccuracy.(B)A.CommonSenseExplanationB.InferencetotheBestExplanationC.BalanceofConsiderations1.Thefirstandessentialstepinunderstandinganargumentisto_A_.A.spottheconclusionB.identifythepremiseC.determinewhetheritistrueD.determinewhetheritisvalid2.Amoviecanbeconsideredasa/an

20、:(A)A.noneoftheoptionsB.conclusionC.argumentD.premise3.Identifyatruestatementaboutpremises.(A)A.Theyareabsentinapieceofpurerhetoric.B.Allthepremisesbeingusedtojustifyaconclusionmustbestatedexplicitly.4.Trueorfalse:AnifB.FalseInaninductiveargument,whenthepremisesdonotadequatelysupporttheconclusion,th

21、eargumentis_C_.C.weakPart6Anargumentissound_B_theargumentisvalidandthepremisesaretrue.A.generallywhenB.ifandonlyif2.Adeductiveargument(B)A.triestosupporttheconclusion.B.provesordemonstratestheconclusion.3.Whenthinkingcritically,“argument”means(B)A.aviolentconflictB.attempttosupportorprovesomething.C

22、.aheatedexchange4.Whichlistofwordsindicateaconclusionwillfollow(A)A.Accordingly,consequently,thereforeB.Giventhat,because,sinceC.Accordingly,because,thereforeD.Hence,giventhat,because5.“IhaveanallergicreactiontonutssoIcouldnteatthecake.Further,Idonchocolate.Hence,Iskippeddessert.”Whatwordindicatedth

23、econclusion(B)A.SoB.HenceC.FurtherUnit3Part1Syntacticambiguityresultswhenthereisastructuralproblemintheclaim.A(n)analyticaldefinitionspecifiesthefeaturesathingmusthaveinorderforthetermbeingdefinedtoapplytoit.Adefinitionbyexampleisalsocalleda(n)ostensivedefinition.Semanticambiguityariseswhenawordorph

24、rasehasmorethanonemeaning.Part2Whenwritinganessay,youshouldstrivetobe_A_inyourtreatmentofthetopic.C.haphazardIdentifytheprinciplesofpersuasivewriting.(Checkallthatapply.)A.Personalconsiderationsshouldbeincludedinthediscussion.B.Strongestargumentsshouldbepresentedfirst.C.Everylastcriticismofonelimite

25、d.spositionshouldberefuted,evenifspaceortimeisD.Ifanopponentsargumentisgood,oneshouldconcedethatitisgood.3.Whatprincipleisinvolvedwhenensuringthatallpointsinanessaypertaintotheissueunderdiscussion(C)A.OutliningtheessayB.LogicalsequencingC.StickingtotheissueWhichofthefollowingisacomponentofanargument

26、ativeessayA.RhetoricalflourishestoaddinterestB.Rebuttalofargumentsthatsupportcontrarypositions5.“Secretariesmakemoremoneythanphysicians.”Doesthisclaimsufferfromgroupingambiguity(A)A.YesB.No6.Agooddefinitionstrivestobe_C_.A.PersuasiveB.ConvincingC.NeutralPart31.Whichofthefollowingisnotavagueterm(D)A.

27、SpicyB.PassionateC.HotD.1002.WhataresomeoftheemotionsthatcanariseduetoavagueclaimA.AnnoyanceB.FrustrationC.AngerD.Alloftheabove3.Thesecrettogoodwritingis_C_.A.persuasionB.verbosityC.revisionD.ambiguity4.Whenanissueisburiedwithinahistoricalordescriptivediscussion,whattypeoferroriscommitted(A)A.Glanci

28、ngblowB.Kneejerkreaction5.Whenwritingyourintroduction,whatshouldyoutrytoavoid(B)Whatprinciplerequiresthatallpointsinanessayareclarifiedinanorderlyfashion(A)A.LogicalsequencingB.StickingtotheissuePart4“AaronsawBenafterhisBarMitzvah.”Whattypeofambiguityisthis(A)A.PronounreferenceB.Noambiguity2.A_D_def

29、initioniswhatisusuallyfoundinadictionary.A.precisingB.persuasiveC.stipulativeD.lexical3.Inthecase,the“defendant”willrefertoProfessorPlum.Whattypetionofisdefinithis(C)A.RhetoricalB.LegalC.Stipulative4.Whatisthepurposeofrhetoricaldefinitions(A)A.PersuadeB.DefineC.StipulateA(n)_C_referstogivinganotherw

30、ordorphrasethatmeansthesameasthetermbeingdefined.A.analyticaldefinitionB.lexicaldefinitionC.definitionbysynonymD.definitionbyexample6.“WhenIspeakofanimals,IdefinitionisthisA.LexicalB.AnalyticalPart5(C)”Whatpetyof1.Whenanauthorfailstoorganizethoughtsintheessay,whattypeofproblemcanarise(C)A.Burdenofpr

31、oofB.LengthypreambleC.Streamofconsciousness2.Whatisnotacomponentofanargumentativeessay(A)A.Emotionallychargedclaims.B.Arebuttalofcounterclaims.C.Astatementoftheissue.Whatarepossibleexplanationsastowhyapassagemightbeunclear(D)A.IncorrectworduseB.VaguelanguageC.IntentionallyabstruseD.Alloftheabove4.Tr

32、ueorfalse:Takingabreakfromanessayisoftenagoodwaytocatchproofreadingerrors.(A)A.TrueB.False5.“Theparentsscoldedthechildrenandtheyscreamedalot.”Whattypeofambiguisthis(B)A.GroupingB.PronounreferenceC.Modifyambiguity6.Whichismoregeneral(A)A.SuelivesinalargebluehouseB.Suelivesinathreestorybluehouse.Unit4

33、Part1Sometimespowerfulhopesanddesiresinfluenceourjudgmentwhenweengageinwishfulthinking.Conditionsthatmayundermineourabilitytotrustourownobservationsasasourceoftruthcanbephysicalormental.3.Aclaimthatcomesfromthemostauthoritativesourcemaystillbewrong.Backgroundknowledgeisacrucialpartofbecomingacritica

34、lthinker.Part2Asourcesexpertiseshouldbedirectlyrelatedtotheissue.Asourcesaccomplishmentsarerelevanttohisorexpertiseifhertheyarerelatedtothequestionathand.Itistooeasytoloseobjectivitywhenonesinterestsandconcernsareatstake.ourhopesandexpectationscanaffectourperceptions,wemustmonitortheirabilitytoaffec

35、ttheaccuracyofourobservations.Part31.Simplybeingtaller,speakinglouder,orseemingmoreassertivecanoftenmakeapersonappearmorecredible.(T)2.Credibilityisanall-or-nothingfeature;aclaimeitherhasitoritdoesn(F)t.Aclaimthat“fits”withourbackgroundinformationislikelytobeassignedalowerdegreeofinitialplausibility

36、thanonethatdoesnotfitaswell.(F)Thecontentofaclaimcanbejudgedindependentlyofwhereitcamefrom.(F)Part41.Identifytheirrelevantfeaturesthataresometimesusedtojudgeapersoncredibility.(Checkallthatapply.)(C,D,E,F,G)sA.EducationalqualificationsB.ExperienceC.AgeD.AccentE.EthnicityF.GenderG.Mannerisms2.Beliefs

37、basedonourobservationsareonlyasgoodasour_B_A.Abilitytointerpretourobservations.B.Memory.C.AbilitytoarticulateourobservationsTherearetwogroundsforsuspicionwhencredibilityistheissue.Whatarethey(D)A.TheclaimandyourownintuitionB.TheclaimandyourreactionC.CommonsenseandthemediaD.Theclaimitselfanditssource

38、4.Whichoftheseisnotusuallyanimportantfactorinasource(A)D.Education5.Whichisgenerallytrueoftalkradiohosts(D)A.TheyoftenlieB.TheydonotdocumentassertedfactsscredibilityC.TheydontpresentinterestingnewD.TheyoftenreflectapoliticalideologyPart5Thelargebodyofjustifiedbeliefswehaveaccumulatedfromourobservati

39、onsandfrominformationreceivedfromothersisour_C_.Weshouldbeskepticalofaclaimitselfwhenacredibilityproblemispresentedbyits_C_.C.content3.Whichoftheseisthemostimportantfactorinconsideringawebsite(A)A.WhoarethesourcesbehinditsinformationB.HowmanypeopleaccessitdailyC.HowlongithasbeeninexistenceD.Whatcomp

40、aniessupportitwiththeirmoney4.Whichofthesesourcesisdedicatedtofactchecking(C)A.TheEconomistB.CNN5.Whichistrue(B)scredibiA.Themajormetropolitannewspapersareteemingwithfactualerrors.B.Themajormetropolitannewspaperssometimesmakemistakeinreporting.C.Themajormetropolitannewspapersnevermakemistakeinreport

41、ing.Part6Accordingtothetext,aclaimlacksinherentcredibilitywhenitconflictswithanyofthreethings.Whichoftheseisnotoneofthosethreethings(D)A.OthercredibleclaimsB.WhatwehaveourselvesobservedC.OurbackgroundinformationD.Thebeliefsofpeoplewelikeandadmire2.WhichofthesewouldprobablyNOTnegativelyinfluenceourob

42、servationsandrecollectionsofanevent(B)A.TirednessB.AttentionC.DistractionD.Emotions3.Whichoneoftheseprofessionsoftencarriesanegativebiasduetoanunkemptappearance(B)A.PoliticianB.ArtistC.LawyerD.Doctor4.Whichoneoftheseisnotagoodreasonforstereotypestobeignoredwhenjudgingaperson(A)A.Theyprovidebackgroun

43、dinformationB.TheycreateaninitialbiasC.TheycreatefalsereputationsD.Theycloudpossiblegoodjudgment6.Whatpercentofthecommentsfromprofessionalwebsiteevaluatorsarefocusedonawebsitesvisualdesign(B)A.Morethan80%B.Lessthan20%C.Morethan50%Unit5Part1Aeuphemismisaneutralorpositiveexpressionusedinplaceofanexpre

44、ssionthatusuallyhasnegativeassociations.A(n)innuendoisasubtleorindirectderogatoryremarkthatisoftenmaskedwithpositivephrasing.stereotypeisaculturalbelieforidea,usuallysimplifiedorexaggerated,aboutasocialgroupofsurrogatesuggeststhereisevidenceforaclaimbutdoesnotactuallycitetheevidence.Adysphemismisane

45、gativeexpressionusedinplaceofanexpressionthatusuallycarriespositiveassociations.HyperboleisoverstatementorexaggerationArhetoricalanalogylikensonethingtoanotherinordertomakeoneofthemappearbetterorworsethantheother.Anexplanationusedtoexpressandinfluenceattitudesisa(n)rhetoricalexplanation.Aslanterisar

46、hetoricaldevicethatgivesaclaimapositiveornegativeconnotation.Thetechniqueofrepetitionmakesthesamepoint,overandoveragain,todrivehomeapoint.Ademagogueusesextremerhetoricandpropagandatoargueforfalseideasandpreposteroustheories.Rhetoricisusedtopersuadewhilelogicisusedtodemonstrateaclaimorsupportaclaim.P

47、art41.Whichofthefollowingfallaciesisarhetoricaldevice(C)A.FalsedichotomyB.ArgumentumadBaculumC.HyperboleD.SlipperySlope2.“Capitalpunishmentisthejustpunishmentofaheinouscrime.”Whattypeofdefinitionisthis(A)A.RhetoricalB.HyperboleC.AnalogyD.Lexical3.“AndyvotedfromSenatorAbadisbecauseeveryoneatthecountr

48、yclubsupportedAbadandAndyfollowsthecrowd.”Whattypeofrhetoricaldeviceisthis(A)A.RhetoricalexplanationB.RhetoricaldefinitionC.AdhominemD.Rhetoricalanalogy4.Whatdowecallthepowerwordsorexpressionsthatelicitvariouspsychologicalandemotiveresponses(A)A.RhetoricalforceB.EthosC.LogosD.CriticalforceWhencandid

49、atessaturatetheairwaveswithcampaignadvertisements,thetechniquetheyareusingisknownas_A_.A.RepetitionB.RhetoricalanalogyC.IngroupbiasD.HyperbolePart5Whatisarhetoricaldevicethatisawordorphrasewitheitherapositiveornegativeconnotation(C)A.WeaselerB.LogosC.SlanterD.Bias2.Whichoftheseismockery(C)A.Pigsnort

50、B.CowtowC.Horselaugh3.“Whowasthemostinfluentialcomposerofthe20thCenturyFewexpertswillsayitwasAlbanBerg.”Whattypeofrhetoricaldeviceisthis(D)A.RhetoricalexplanationB.RepetitionC.RhetoricalanalogyD.Proofsurrogate4.Whichrhetoricaldeviceinsinuatesorusesthepowerofsuggestiontosaysomethingnegativeaboutsomeo

51、neorsomething(D)A.AdhominemB.DysphemismC.PerjuryD.Innuendo5.Whatisthesourceofthepersuasivepowerofrhetoric(B)A.LogicB.PsychologyC.Neurophysiology6.Whatisasynonymforrhetoricalforce(B)A.CriticalthinkingB.EmotivemeaningC.LogicalanalysisPart6Trueorfalse:Stereotypesareallnegative.(B)A.TrueB.FalseB.Dinosau

52、rC.AdvancedinyearsD.Elder3.“Ihaveamountainofhomeworktodo.”Whattypeofrhetoricaldeviceisthis(A)A.HyperboleD.Innuendo4.“PresidentObamaisjustlikeAbrahamLincolninhisleadershipstyle.”Whatrhetoricaldeviceisthis(D)A.RhetoricaldefinitionB.RhetoricalexplanationC.RhetoricalcomparisonD.Rhetoricalanalogy5.“Capit

53、alpunishmentisthejustpunishmentofaheinouscrime.”Whattypeofdefinitionisthis(C)A.AnalogyB.LexicalC.RhetoricalD.Hyperbole6.Whichofthefollowingisaeuphemismforoverweight(B)A.ObeseB.FullfiguredC.ChunkD.FattyUnit6Part1Mistakesinreasoningarecalledfallacies.Anargumentthatissupportedbyappealstopersonalfeeling

54、siscalledanappealtoemotionArgumentumadhominemtranslatesasargumenttothepersonAstrawmanfallacyoccurswhenawriterattemptstodismissanargumentbydistortingormisrepresentingit.Thefallacythatplaysonsomeonesfearofbeinganoutcastisknownasthepeerpressurefallacy.Theperfectionistfallacyforcesapersontochoosebetween

55、faultlessornothing.toacknowledgeafactbecauseitisunpleasantisknownasdenial.8.Wishfulthinkingoccurswhenweforgetthatwantingsomethingtobetruedoesnmakeittrue.Part2t1.Whattypeoffallacyiscommittedwhentheargumentisnotrelatedtotheissueathand(C)A.PertinentfallacyB.CommonfallacyC.RelevancefallacyD.Rhetoricalfa

56、llacy2.“WhyareyoutellingmetoquitsmokingYouusedtosmoke2packsaday.”Whtypeoffallacyisrepresented(A)A.RelevancefallacyB.DoublestandardfallacyC.DoublespeakfallacyD.Whymefallacy3.Thisisamistakeinreasoningoranargumentthatdoesntsupportorprovewhatitistryingtosupportorprove.(C)A.ProblemB.ConnotationC.Fallacy4

57、.Whatkindoffallacyisanadhomineminadvance(A)A.PoisoningthewellB.GuiltbyassociationC.CircumstantialD.Genetic5.Whichofthefollowingisnotatypeoffalsedilemma(C)A.Line-drawingfallacyB.PerfectionistfallacyC.AdhominemPart3“IamswampedwithmyotherclassesandIworkfulltime.Therefore,Ithinkthatthisclassistoohardfor

58、me.”Whattypeoffallacyisrepresen(C)A.SlipperyslopeB.MisplacedburdenofproofC.IrrelevantconclusionD.StrawmanTrueorfalse:Inlogic,beggingthequestionmeanstoraiseaquestion.(B)A.TrueB.False3.IntowhichcategoryoffallacydoesanappealtoignorancefallDA.AdhominemB.AppealtomisplacedproofC.FalsedilemmaD.Misplacedbur

59、denofproof4.“IdontagreewithputtingGodbackintopolicymaking.ThatideaoriginatedwiththeTeaPartyandIwantnothingtodowiththatgroup.”Whatcyistypeoffallarepresented(A)A.GeneticB.HistoricalC.StrawmanD.Ettu5.“YoudontbelieveinlaborunionsWell,theNazisalsooutlawedlaborunions.Whatdoesthattellyou”Whattypeoffallacyi

60、srepresented(D)A.ScaretacticsB.StrawmanC.FalsedilemmaD.GuiltbyassociationPart4Apictureofaforestfirealongwithanadvertisementforhomeownersinsuranceiswhattypeoffallaciousreasoning(C)A.ArgumentfromoutrageB.PerfectionistfallacyC.ScaretacticD.Falsedilemma“Howcouldthatpoorgentleman,stuckinawheelchairforthe