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1人生价值观（billgates）moneypowerfame个人集体（billgates）green（bill（billgates听从/不听从）=Cansuccessbedisastrous?成功，失败在17世纪，英国医生哈维（WilliamHarvey，1578—1657）人研究的基础上，做了大量离1661年，意大利解剖学家马尔比基（MarcelloMalpighi，1628—1694）将改进了的显微镜用WilliamHarvey(1578-1657),EnglishPhysician,discoveredthecirculationofthebloodandtheroleofheartinpropellingit,thusrefutingthetheoriesofGalenandlayingthefoundationformodernphysiology.Harvey’sdiscoverysubjectedhimtoseverecriticismbysomecontemporaries,butthiswasmorethancompensatedforbythelaterwidespreadrecognitionofhiscontribution.Healsoundertookresearchinembryology,setforthinExercitationesdeGenerationeAnimalium(EssaysontheGenerationofAnimals).TheCollegeofPhysicianselectedHarveyin1654,anhonorhedeclinedbecauseoffailingdeath.HediedinLondononJune3,Harvey'selucidationofbloodcirculationoverturnedtheworkofGalenandadvancedthatofAndreasVesaliusandHieronymusFabricius.Toreachhisconclusions,Harveydependedonhisownobservationsandreasoning,numerousanimaldissections,autopsies,andclinicalobservations.HisAnatomicalExerciseontheMotionoftheHeartandBloodinAnimals(1628)recordedhisfindings.However,thoughHarveyunderstoodthattheheartpumpedbloodfromtheatriaintotheventriclesandthenintotherestofthecirculatorysystem,hehadnoknowledgeoftheinfluenceofoxygeninthebloodnorknowledgeoftheexistenceofcapillaries.Harveywasthetoproposethattheheartisapum anthatpropelsbloodonacircularcoursethroughthebody,leavingthrougharteriesandreturningtotheheartthroughveins.WilliamHarvey(1578-1657)wasbothaphysicianandaremarkablenaturalhistorian.Hisgreatachievementwasthedemonstrationofthecirculationoftheblood,adiscoverywhichreplacedcenturiesoftheoryandspeculationwitowledgefirmlybasedonaccurateobservationandexperiment.Hisworkwasofvitalimportanceinillustratingthesequenceofhypothesis,experiment,andconclusionwhichhasernedallmedicaldiscoverysincehistime.Hewasthefounderofmodernphysiology.HewasactiveintheaffairsoftheCollegeofPhysicians,beingelectedin1654,anhonourhedeclinedbecauseofhisincreasingyears,being76yearsold.InthatsameyearhedonatedhislibrarytotheCollege.Hediedon3June1657andwasinterredatHempstead.(tobespecificHarvey'smonumentalworkDeMotuCordiswaspublishedin1628.InhisdedicationtoKingCharlesI,helikenedthepositionofthemonarchinhiskingdomwiththatoftheheartwithinthebody.Untilthattime,medicalopinionwasernedbytheviewsofthesecondcenturywriter,Galen,whoseworkshadgainedapositionamonglearnedphysiciansthatwasalmostakintoholywrit.TheGalenicalviewwasthatthebloodwasformedintheliverfromnutrientsderivedfromtheintestine.Itpassedfromtheretotheheart,whereitwasimbuedwith‘vitalspirits’,andthentraversedtheseptum(whichdividestherightandleftsidesoftheheart)throughinvisible‘pores’.Thedifferentfunctionsoftheveinsandarterieswereunknownandthebloodwasconsideredtoebbandflowintheveinstoreachthetissuesofthebody.Harvey'sobservationsclearlyshowedtheGalenicalviewtobeerroneous.Usingexperimentsinanimalssuchasthesnake,hedemonstratedthatthebloodpassedfromtheveinstotherightsideoftheheart(therightventricle),thatthesupposedporesintheseptumoftheheartdidnotexist,andthattherightventriclepropelledthebloodintothelungs.Itthenreturnedtotheleftsideoftheheart.Theleftventriclewasthickerandmorepowerfulthanitscounterpartontherightside,becauseitpumpedbloodnotjustthroughthelungsbutthroughouttheentirebody.Harveyclearlydemonstratedthatbloodinthearterieswasalwayscarriedawayfromtheheart,andhowthevalvesintheveins,originallydescribedbyhisteacher,Fabricius,ensuredthatthevenousbloodalwaysflowedtowardstheheart.HecalculatedhowmuchbloodmightbepropelledfromtheheartwitheachheartbeatandshowedtherewasnolikelihoodthatthelivercouldsynthesizesufficientbloodtoentertheheartasproposedbytheGalenists.Fromingeniousbutclassicallysimpleexperimentsandobservations,Harveyconcludedthattheonlyexplanationfortheheart'sactionmustbethatadefinedamountofbloodconstantlycirculatedthroughoutthebody.Harvey'sdiscovery,comparabletotheanatomicalstudiesofVesalius,wasofgreatimportanceindestroyingtheinfluenceofGalen,whosedogmaticassertionshadbythen epernicious.Itwasperhapsnaturalthatsonovelandoriginaladiscoverywouldgeneratecontroversy.Onthecontinent,LeydenwastheuniversitytoacceptHarvey'sconclusions;inmanyotherschools,particularlyinParis,itwasafurtherhalfcenturybeforeHarvey'sworkwasfullyappreciated.Soimportantwashiswork,however,thatbythebeginningoftheeighteenthcenturythegreatDutchteacherofmedicineinLeyden,HermannBoerhaave,statedthatnothingthathadbeenwrittenbeforeHarveywasanylongerworthyofconsideration.Harveywasinterestedinmanyotheraspectsofcomparativeanatomyandphysiology,forexampletheproblemofreproduction,thenpoorlyunderstood.Buthisdiscoveryofthecirculationofthebloodremainshislastingmemorial.Hisdeathin1657precededbythreeyearsthefoundation,byCharlesII,oftheRoyalSocietyofLondon.Itwas,however,inlargepartduetotheinfluenceofWilliamHarveythattheSocietychoseasitsmotto‘Nulliusinverba’]Harvey'sfatherThomasHarvey,wasajuratofFolkestonewhereheservedtheofficeofmayorin1600.Recordsandaldescriptionsdelineatehimasanoverallcalm,diligentandinligentmanwhose"sons...revered,consultedandimplicitlytrustedinhim...(they)madetheirfatherthetreasureroftheirwealthwhentheyacquiredgreatestates...(He)kept,employedandimprovedtheirgainingstotheirgreatadvantage."HarveygraduatedasaBachelorofArtsfromCaiusCollegein1597.[2]HethentraveledthroughFranceandGermanytoItaly,whereheenteredtheUniversityofPadua,in1599.DuringHarvey'syearsofstudythere,hedevelopedarelationshipwithFabriciusandreadFabricius'DeVenarumOstiolis.HarveygraduatedasaDoctorofMedicineatof24fromtheUniversityofPaduaon25April1602.AftergraduatingfromPadua,HarveyimmediayreturnedtoEnglandwhereheobtainedthedegreeofDoctorofMedicinefromtheUniversityofCambridgethatsameyear.Followingthis,HarveyestablishedhimselfinLondon,joiningtheCollegeofPhysicianson5October1604.ElectedaFellowoftheCollegeofPhysicianson5June1607,HarveyacceptedapositionatSt.Bartholomew'sHospitalthathewastooccupyforalmostalltherestofhislife.SucceedingaDrWilkinsonon14October1609,hebecamethePhysicianinchargeatSt.Bartholomew'sHospital,whichenjoinedhim,"inGod'smostholyname"to"endeavoryourselftodothebestofyourknowledgeintheprofessionofphysictothepoorthenpresent,oranyotherofthepooratanytimeoftheweekwhichshallbesenthomeuntoyoubytheHospitaller...Youshallnot,forfavor,lucreain,appointorwriteanythingforthepoorbutsuchgoodandwholesomethingsasyoushallthinkwithyourbestadvicewilldothepoood,withoutanyaffectionorrespecttobehadtotheapothecary.Andyoushalltakenogiftorreward...foryourcounsel...ThisyouwillpromisetodoasyoushallanswerbeforeGod..."[5]Harveyearnedaroundthirty-threepoundsayearandlivedinasmallhouseinLudgate,althoughtwohousesinWestSmithfieldwereattachedasfringebenefitstothepostofPhysician.Atthispoint,thephysician'sfunctionconsistedofasimplebutthoroughysisofpatientswhowerebroughttothehospitalonceaweekandtheconsequentwritingofprescriptions.hethussoonattainedanimportantandfairlylucrativepractice,whichclimaxedwithhisappointmentas'PhysicianExtraordinary'toKingJamesIon3February1618.但是他仍然坚持HarveycontinuedtoparticipateintheLumleainlectureswhilealsotakingcareofhispatientsatSt.Bartholomew'sHospital。HiswilldistributedhismaterialgoodsandwealththroughouthisextendedfamilyandalsoleftasubstantialamountofmoneytotheCollegeofPhysicians..ThenextimportantphaseofHarvey'slifebeganwithhisappointmenttotheofficeofLumleianlectureron4August1615.TheLumleianlectureship,foundedbyaLordLumleyandaDr.Caldwellin1583,consistedinpronouncinglecturesforriodofsevenyears,withthepurposeof"spreadinglight"andincreasingteralknowledgeofanatomythroughoutEngland.HarveybeganhislecturesinApril1616.H