新视野大学英语4

Unit3,book4LongingforaNewWelfareSystemPeriod：2periodsTeachingobjectives:Studentsshouldbeabletomasternewwords,phrasesandexpressionsusedinthetext.(Putthestressonthewordbuilding,collocationandtheusageofthephrasesandexpressions)understandthetextcorrectlyandgraspthemainidea3.learnaboutthesentencestructureandthetextstructureconductaseriesofreading,listening,speaking,translatingandwritingactivitiesconcerningthethemeofthetextTeachingProcedurePre-readingActivity(lOminutes)Whoarethemaincharactersinthetext?(Pairwork)(JohnCallahan:welfareclient;Suzanne:socialworker/caseworker)Fromthetitle,<4LongingforaNewWelfareSystem^^canyoupredictwhattheauthorwilltalkabout?.Problemsofthepresentwelfaresystem;2)newsystemWhichpartdoestheauthorgivemorespace?(firstone)4.BackgroundinformationofthetextSocialwelfare：Publicassistanceprograms,commonlycalled“welfare"，providecashorin-kindbenefitsforparticularcategoriesofthefinanciallyneedy.TheU.S.welfaresystemoperatesonboththefederalandstatelevels.ThefederalwelfareprogramisknownasSocialSecuritythatprovidesbenefitsorassistanceforchildcare,disability,foodandmedicalassistance(alsoknownasMedicaid).Thestatewelfareprograms,ontheotherhand,provideassistancetobothindividualsandlocalcommunitieswithstateschoolingandsocialinsurance.U.S.welfareprogramsgrewsignificantlyinthedecadesfollowingWorldWarII,butincreasesinwelfarecostsduringthe1960sand1970sbroughtintoquestiontheextentandqualityofpublicassistance.Intheearly1980stheReaganAdministrationreducedwelfareexpendituresandsuggestedturningresponsibilityforwelfarefundingovertothestates.ThecutsinfederalfundingthattookeffectduringtheReaganAdministrationdidinfacteffectivelyplacetheresponsibilityformaintainingfundinglevelsonthestates—and,insomecases,onthelargercities.Theresulthasbeenawideningofthealreadyexistingdisparitiesinsocialservicesspendingbetweenstates,andbetweencitiesandregionswithinastate.Socialwelfareisanintegratedpartofacountry'ssocialpolicy.Thewebsiteoffersdefinitionsofsuchconceptsaswelfareandwelfarestateanddiscussionsonwelfaresystemsofothercountries(inadditiontotheU.S.).While-readingActivityAskstudentssomesignpostquestionstoeachparagraphtoseehowwellthestudentsunderstandeachparagraphandtrainSsskimmingability.(SomeofthequestionsareonP.66Comprehensionofthetext)LanguagePoints:Awelfareclientissupposedtocheat.(Para.1)Meaning:Peoplebelievethatawelfareclientcheats/ischeating.besupposedto:begenerallybelievedorexpectedtobeordoIhaven'tseenitmyself,butit'ssupposedtobeagreatmovie.我还没有看过这部影片,但据说它挺不错的。She'ssupposedtohavehadfivehundredpairsofshoes.据说她有500双鞋。beexpectedorrequiredtodoorbesth.accordingtoarule,acustom,anarrangement,etc.You'resupposedtobuyaticket,thoughnotmanypeopledo.尽管没有多少人买票,但你应该买。You'resupposedtoasktheteacherifyouwanttoleavetheroom.如果你要离开教室,得跟老师说。Facedwithsharingadinnerofrawpetfoodwiththecat,manypeopleinwheelchairsIknowbleedthesystemforafewextradollars.(Para.1)Meaning:Inthefaceofsharinguncookedpetfoodwiththecat,manyofmywheel-chairedacquaintanceshavetolieabouttheircircumstances,thusgettingalittleextramoneyfromwelfaregivers.facewith：meet(sth.badordifficult)Facedwiththeevidence,hehadtoconfess.面对证据，他不得不坦白。••,bleedthesystemforafewextradollars...(Para.1)Meaning:forcethesystemtopayafewextradollarsIhaveoptedtolivealifeofcompletehonesty.Soinstead,Igooutanddrumupsomebusinessand

drawcartoons.(Para.2)Meaning:Ihavechosentoliveacompletelyhonestlife.SoIdon'tlietogetsomeextrawelfaremoney,butIgooutandtryhardtogetsomebusinessanddrawcartoons.opttodosth.:choosetodosth.;decidetodosth.inpreferencetoanythingelseWhenheleftschool,heoptedtogotocollegeandstudyforadegree,ratherthangettingajobstraightaway.毕业后他选择上大学读学位,而不是直接工作。••,drumupsomebusiness...(Para.2)drumup:tryhardtogetsupport,customers,business,etc.Hehadflowntothenorthofthecountrytodrumupsupportforthecampaign,他飞至リ该国北方去为竞选争取支持。Thedepartmentstoreisofferingbigdiscountstodrumupbusiness.这家百货商店正提供很大的折扣来招揽生意。Oh,Fmtemptedtogetpaidunderthetable.(Para.2)Meaning:Ifeeladesiretomakemoneysecretly/tobepaidwithoutbeingknowntoothers.underthetable:inasecretwayTheywerechargedwithtakingmoneyunderthetable•他们被指控私下拿钱。Capitalswillbethemajorconsiderationundertable.资金将是需私下考虑的主要内容。Note:ThisexpressionisusedmainlyinAmericanEnglish;theusualBritishexpressionis"underthecounter".ButevenifIyieldedtothattemptation,bigmagazinesarenotgoingtogetinvolvedinsomestickysituation.(Para.2)Meaning:ButevenifIcouldn'tresist/gaveintothattemptationandwantedtobepaidwithoutbeingknowntocaseworkers,bigmagazinesIamworkingforwon'tagreetogetthemselvesintotroublebytellingliesformysake.yieldto:stopresisting(sth.)Iyieldedtoanimpulse.我听凭ー时的冲动行事了。Thegovernmentrefusedtoyieldtothehostagetakers'demand.政府拒绝答应人质挟持者的要求。(formal)bereplacedbysth.Old-fashionedmethodsyieldedtonewtechnology.老式的方法已被新技术所取代。Radiohaslongbeenunderpressuretoyieldtotelevision.收音机长期处于被电视机取代的压カ之中。Veryhigh-profile.(Para.2)Meaning:Thebigmagazinesappeartobeopenandabove-boardastheyhonestlyreporttothewelfarecaseworkerstheamountofmoneyImake.Pleasenotethesarcastictoneofthewriter.Whenwerefertosomebodyasahigh-profilepersonorsomethingasahigh-profileevent,wemeantheyattractalotofattentionorpublicityDeepdown,caseworkersknowthattheyarebeingmadefoolsofbymanyoftheirclients,andtheyfeeltheyareentitledtohaveclientsbowtothemascompensation.(Para.3)Meaning:Intheirtruefeelings,caseworkersknowthattheirclientsarefoolingthemforextramoney,and,inreturn,theyfeeltheyhavetherighttogetthesewelfarebeneficiariestobehavehumbly.deepdown:insb.'struefeeling;infactratherthanbyappearunderthetableDeepdown(insideyou),Iknowyoulovemereally.在你心底里,我知道你是真心爱我的。Heknew,deepdown,thathewouldhavetoadmithisguilt.他心里明白他将不得不认罪。…theyarebeingmadefoolsofbymanyoftheirclients...(Para.3)makeafoolofsb.:obehavingfoolishlyHe'dbeenmadeafoolof.他被人骗了。Yourbrotherismakingafoolofyou.你兄弟在愚弄你。Compare:makeafoolofoneself:behaveinawaythatmakesotherpeoplethinkthatoneissillyorlackingingoodjudgmentHewasdrinkingandmakingafoolofhimself.他喝酒时,出尽了洋相。•,feeltheyareentitledtohaveclients...(Para.3)beentitledto:havetherighttohaveordosth.Youwillbeentitledtoyourpensionwhenyoureach65.你到65岁时,可以享受养老金。Everyone'sentitledtohisorherownopinion.每个人都有权发表自己的意见。Shereadapoementitled"TheAppleTree'1.她读了一首名为《苹果树》的诗歌。Fmnotbeingbitter.(Para.3)Meaning:Iamnotfeelingangrydeliberately/onpurpose.Thestructure“bebeing+adjective/noun“isusedtotalkaboutactionandbehavior.You'rebeingstupid.(=You'redoingstupidthings.)Iwasbeingverycareful.(=Iwasdoingsomethingverycarefully.)Wedonotusethisstructuretotalkaboutfeelings.Forexample：I'mhappyjustnow.(NotI'mbeinghappyjustnow.)Iwasverydepressedwhenyouphoned.(NotIwasbeingdepressed...)•,adetectiveinshorts.(Para.3)shorts:n.trousersthatendabovethekneesorreachtheknees,whichisoftenwornbychildrenorbyadultsinhotweather,andwhenrelaxingorplayingsportstennisshorts网球短裤SheputonapairofshortsandaT-shirt.她穿上运动短裤和T恤衫。•,sawsomenewposterspastedonthewall.(Para.4)seesth.doneCompare:seesb.do(doing)sth.Thiswasmycuetobeg.(Para.7)Meaning:ThisremarkwasasignalmadebySuzanneformetoaskforforgiveness.•,1talkedback.(Para.7)talkback:answersb.rudely,esp.sb.inauthorityDon'ttalkback.It'srude.别顶嘴,不礼貌。Childrenwhotalkbackareregardedascheekyanddisrespectful.顶嘴的孩子被认为是又厚脸皮又不懂礼貌。Suzannetriestolecturemeaboutrepairs...(Para.9)lecture:v.criticizesb.ortellthemhowonethinkstheyshouldbehave,esp.whenitisdoneinanannoyingwayDon*tstartlecturingme!别开始教训我!He'salwayslecturingmeaboutthewayIdress.他老说我穿着不得体。n.alongangrytalkthatsb.givestoonepersonoragroupofpeoplewhentheyhavedonesth.wrongIknowIshouldstopsmoking-don'tgivemealectureaboutit.我知道我丿ッ该戒烟——别跟我长篇大论。••,whichisalwaysbreakingdown...(Para.9)breakdown:(ofamachineorvehicle)stopworkingbecauseofafaultThetelephonesystemhasbrokendown.电话线路出故障了。Thecarbrokedownonthewaytotheairport,andIhadtogetataxi.轿车在去长机场的途中抛锚了,我只好叫了一辆出租车。•••I'veheardthatyouputalotmoremilesonthatwheelchairthanaverage.(Para.9)Meaning:I'veheardthatyouuseyourwheelchairmoreoftenthantheaverageclientsdo.Nowonderthat'swhyyourwheelchairisalwaysbreakingdown.I'manactiveworker,notavegetable.(Para.10)vegetable:n.(figurative)apersonwhoisphysicallyalivebutnotcapableofmuchmentalorphysicalactivity,forexamplebecauseofanaccidentorillness(Thisusagecanbeoffensive.)Severebraindamageturnedhimintoavegetable.严芭的大脑损伤使他变成了植物人。apersonwhohasaboringlifeSincelosingmyjobI'vefeltlikeavegetable.丢了工作后,我觉得人都变呆了。••,soIcangetaroundinawheelchair.(Para.10)getaround:(BrEalsogetabout)movefromplacetoplaceorfrompersontopersonShegetsaroundwiththehelpofastick.她拄着拐杖,四处走动。Badnewsgetsaroundquickly.坏消息传播得很快。Governmentcutsinwelfarehaveresultedinhungerandsuffering...(Para.11)resultin:makesth.happenThecyclonehasresultedinmanythousandsofdeaths.这场龙卷风使几千人丧生。Thesepoliciesresultedinmanyelderlyanddisabledpeoplesufferinghardship.这些政策导致许多老年人和残疾人生活艰难。Shelookedintoeverycornerinsearchofunreportedappliances,...(Para.13)lookinto:examinePolicearelookingintothedisappearanceoftwochildren,警察正在调查两名儿童失踪的事情。insearchof:lookingforManyoftherefugeesaretravelingtothenorthoftheregioninsearchoffoodandshelter.许多难民正奔向该地区北部,寻找食物和庇护所。buttherewasalwaysathickpileofformstofilloutattheendofeachvisit,accountingforeverypenny.(Para.13)Meaning:...butIhadtofilloutalotofformsattheendofeachvisit,explaininghowIspentthemoneyIhadgotfromthewelfaresystem.fillout:(alsofillin)complete(aform,etc.)bywritinginformationThepolicemanfilledoutaparkingticket,警察填好・张违章停车罚款单。accountfor:beorgiveareasonfor(sth.ordoingsth.)Heaccountedforthemissingitemsaslostbutfoundthemlater.他解释说那些不见了的东西丢失了,但后来又找到了。Ifinditverydifficulttoaccountforthefactthattwoofourbeststudentsfailedtheexam.我觉得很难解释为什么两名最好的学生考试不及格。••,buildingupmymarket.(Para.14)buildup:createordevelopShe*sbuiltupaverysuccessfulbusiness.她建立起一家成功的企业。We'vebuiltupgoodrelationshipswithourclients.我们与客户建立了良好的关系。It'simpossibletojumpoffwelfare...(Para.14)Meaning:Itisnotpossibletoshiftawayfromwelfareanddependononeselfallofasudden.••,nothavetogothroughanembarrassingsituation...(Para.14)gothrough:experienceorsufferHewouldgothroughfireandwaterforhiscountry.为了国家他赴汤蹈火也在所不惜。Hehasalreadygonethroughmanysufferings,他已经受了许多苦难。Thereneedstobealawyerwhocanactasachampionfortherightsofwelfareclients,becausethesystemsoeasilylendsitselftoabusebythewelfaregiversaswellasbytheclients.(Para.15)Meaning:Welfareclientsneedalawyerwhocanenthusiasticallysupport,defendandfightfortheirrights,asthesystemcanbesoeasilyabusedbybothparties—thewelfaregiversandtheclients.Thereneedstobealawyerwhocanactasachampionfortherightsofwelfareclients,...(Para.15)Noticetheword"there"isfollowedbytheverb"needs".Someotherverbscanalsobeusedinthisway.Forexample:Thereseemstobesomeproblems.Couldyoubequiet?Therehappenstobealecturegoingon.Theretendstobejealousywhenanewlittlebrotherorsistercomesalong.InasmalltowninGermanythereoncelivedapoorshoemaker.Thereremainsnothingmoretobedone.Suddenlythereenteredastrangefiguredressedallinblack.Therefollowedanuncomfortablesilence.Withsomeverbs(e.g.say,think,feel,report,understand,presume),thepassivestructureispossiblewith"there”.Therearethoughttobemorethan3,000differentlanguagesintheworld.TherewassaidtobedisagreementbetweenthePrimeMinisterandtheHomeSecretary.…soeasilylendsitselftoabuse...(Para.15)lendoneselfto:beeasilyusedforaparticularactivityorresultHervoicedoesn'treallylenditselfwelltobluessinging.她的嗓音不太适合唱蓝调歌曲。Someproblemsdonotlendthemselvestofinancialsolutions.有些问题不适合用钱来解决。siton:beanofficialmemberofagroupofpeoplethatrepresentorcontrolanorganizationShesatonthecompany'sboardforfiveyears,她在公司的董事会当了5年董事。Hesitsonanumberofcommittees.他是好几个委员会的委员。Howmanypeoplesitonthecommission?这个委员会有多少委员?onestepatatime?(Para.16)one/astepatatime:goingslowlyLet'stakethingsa/onestepatatime.让我们ー步ー步地做这些事。Onestepatatime,you'llfinallygothroughthewholething.慢慢来,你会做完整件事的。Somedaypeoplelikemewillthriveunderanewsystemthatwillencouragethem,notseektoconvictthemofcheating.(Para.17)Meaning:Onedayinthefuture,disabledpeoplelikemelivingonwelfarewilldowellandgetsuccessfuliftheoldsystemistransformedintoanewonethatencouragesitsclientsinsteadofseekingtoprovethemtobecheating.…notseektoconvictthemofcheating.(Para.17)convictsb.ofHewasconvictedoffraud/robbery/theft.他被判犯有诈骗罪ノ抢劫罪ノ盗窃n.apersonwhohasbeenfoundguiltyofacrimeandsenttoprisonanescapedconvict一逃犯Compare:accuse,chargeIfyouaccusesomebodyofdoingsomethingwrong,yousaythattheydidit.Forexample,somebodycanbeaccusedofbeingdishonest,orofhavingafaultlikelaziness.Ifsomebodyhasdonesomethingagainstthelaw,theycanbeaccusedofacrimeandputontrialinacourtoflaw.Whenthepolicechargesomebodyorchargehimorherwithcommittingacrime,theyformallyaccusethemofit.Thepolicechargeapersonwithacrimewhentheyhaveevidencethatthepersonwasresponsibleforit.Youcanalsochargesomebodywiththingslikenotdoingtheirdutyorlying.Youdonotusecharge"whenreferringtominorfaults.UnderstandingFigurativeLanguageInUnit5,Book2,wementionedmanydifferentwaysofusingfigurativelanguage.Similes(明喻,直喻).Thesearefigurativeexpressionsthatdirectlycompareonethingtoanotherbyusingthewordsasorlike.Metaphors(暗喻),inwhichcomparisonsareonlyimplied,withoutusingas,likeandthelike.Personification(拟人)，figurativeexpressionswhichcomparenon-humanthingstohumans.Ofcourse,therearemanymorefiguresofspeechthanhasbeenmentioned.Herearesometipsforyoutorecognizefigurativewaysofsayingthings:Makesurethatyouareawarethatthewriterismakingacomparison.Keepclearlyinyourmindjustwhatisbeingcomparedtowhat.Don'tlosethebasicpointbygettingconfusedaboutthecomparisonandforgettingwhatthewriterisexplaininginthefirstplace.Lookforsuchwordsaslikeandas,whichoftenintroducecomparison.Trytofigureoutwhythewriterhasmadethecomparison.NowherearesomeexamplesfromReadingPassageAtohelpyouunderstandfigurativelanguage.Example1Oh,I'mtemptedtogetpaidunderthetable.(Para.2,ReadingPassageA,Unit3)Explanation:underthetable—withoutothersknowingthatI*mbeingpaid.ButevenifIyieldedtothattemptation,bigmagazinesarenotgoingtogetinvolvedinsomestickysituation.(Para.2,ReadingPassageA,Unit3)Explanation:stickysituation—situationthatonecannotgetridoforgetoutofButafterafewyearsinasystemthatpracticallyrequirespeopletolie,theybecomeliketheoneIshallcall“Suzanne”,adetectiveinshorts.(Para.3,ReadingPassageA,Unit3)Explanation:adetectiveinshorts—thecaseworkerisbeingcomparedtoadetectivewhowearsshortslikeasportsman,chasedtheclientsandtriedtofindoutfaultswiththeclients.Friendsandfamily.(Para.9,PassageA,Unit3)Explanation:Friendsandfamilyareclearlynotparalleltoeachother.Here"family"isasubstitutionofwholeforparts.The"family"heremeansmembersofthefamily.I'veheardthatyouputalotmoremilesonthatwheelchairthanaverage.(Para.13,PassageA,Unit3)Explanation:"Putalotmoremileson"isclearlyprovidinganimagethatthewheelchairisusedtoooftenorevenoverused.I'manactiveworker,notavegetable.(Para.14,PassageA,Unit3)Explanation:"Avegetable"hereisacomparisontosomeonewhocannotmoveandhasnofeelings.Shelookedintoeverycornerinsearchofunreportedappliances,ormaids,oraroastpigintheoven,oranewhelicopterparkedoutback.(Para.17,PassageA,Unit3)Explanation:Herewefeeltheforceofexaggerationandironictonetotheeffectthattheclientdislikedthecaseworker's"visits”.Ofcoursenobodywouldactuallyhaveanewhelicopterintheirbackyard.C.Post-readingActivity.Askstudentstosumupthemainideaofthetextandtoanalyzethewritingtechniquesofthetext.AnalyzethestructureofthetextThereadingpassageexplorestheproblemsofthepresentwelfaresystemandexpressesthedesiretohaveanewsystem.Thepassagescanbebroadlydividedintothreeparts:howpeoplebehaveunderthepresentwelfaresystemandwhattheproblemsarewithitandwhatshouldberequiredofthenewsystem.Lookatthefollowingchartandyouwillfind:Thefirstpartofthepassageismadeupof3paragraphs:fromParagraph1toParagraph3,focusingonhowthepeopleconcernedbehaveunderthepresentwelfaresystem.Paragraph1isaboutthewelfareclients:theyarealwayscheatingmoreoutofthewelfare.Paragraph2tellsus,withoneexampleoffered,thattherearewelfareclientswhochoosetolivealifeofcompletehonesty,tellingwelfarecaseworkershowmuchtheymake.Paragraph3isabouttherelationshipbetweenwelfareclientsandwelfarecaseworkers:Welfareclientshavetobowtocaseworkersrespectfully,andthelatterfeeltheydeserveit.Welfarecaseworkers,underthepresentwelfaresystem,becomedetectives.Thesecondpartofthepassageconsistsof11paragraphs,fromParagraph4toParagraph14.Thispartdealswiththeproblemsofthepresentwelfaresystem:welfarecaseworkers,likedetectives,tryingtofindanythingunreported,welfareclients,difficultiesinobtaininghelp,theembarrassingsituationforwelfareclientswhentryingtomakemoneyandlastlytheproblemofthewelfaresystemandthelegalsystem.Paragraphs4to8areaboutwelfarecaseworkerslikedetectivestryingtoconvictwelfareclientsofcheating,withoneexampleoffered.FromParagraphs9to12welearnhowextremelydifficultitisforwelfareclientstohavetheirwheelchairsrepaired,withoneexampleoffered,too.Paragraph13describesthewelfareclients,embarrassingsituationofbeingquestionedtoaccountforeverypennywhenmakingmoneyoutoftheirownabilities.Paragraph14indicatestheproblemwiththewelfaresystemthatthelawdoesnotencourageclientstoworkparttimeandmakeagradualshiftawayfromwelfare.Thethirdpartofthepassagehas3paragraphs,fromParagraph15toParagraph17,dealingwithwhatshouldbedonewiththepresentwelfaresystem.Paragraph15demandsthatwelfareclientsshouldhavelawyerstoprotecttheirrights.Paragraph16suggeststhatthewelfare