英语写作段落的扩展课件

ABasicCourseinWriting整理课件1ABasicCourse整理课件1DevelopingParagraphsChapter4整理课件2DevelopingParagraphsChapterWhatisaparagraphlike?Aparagraphisaunitofthought;itisatonceaunitinitselfandpartofalargerwhole,thatis,theessay;itislikeamini-essay&thereforeshouldbeunified,coherent,andwell-developed.

Aparagraphisunifiedwhenallthesentencesintheparagrapharefocusedononecentralthoughtoronasingletopic.Whenthewriterwishestointroduceanewthoughtortopic,heshouldbeginanewparagraph.

Aparagraphiscoherentwhenitdevelopsnaturally&smoothly,andonesentenceleadslogicallytoanother.整理课件3Whatisaparagraphlike?ApaLengthofParagraphsParagraphsvaryinlength.Experiencedwritersusuallytrytovarythelengthoftheirparagraphssoastoavoidmonotony.Thelengthofaparagraphdependsonitstopic,itsposition

intheessayanditsrole

inthedevelopmentofthethesisstatement.Alongparagraphexpressesacomplexideawhileashortonemakesamajortransition,anemphaticstatement,orasummary.整理课件4LengthofParagraphsParagraphUnity:concernedwithitscontent;allthesentencesinthepara.leadtoonecentralthemewhichisusu.summarizedinwhatiscalledthetopicsentence.Coherence:concernedwithitsformoritsorganization;allthesentencesshouldbearrangedinaclear,logicalorder&thetransitionsshouldbesmoothandnatural.Transitions.QualitiesofEffectiveParagraphs整理课件5Unity:concernedwithitscontWaysofProducingaFluentPara.Usingparallelstructures;Repeatingwordsorwordsgroups;Usingpronounstorefertonounsinprecedingsentences;Beingconsistentinthepersonandnumberofnounsandpronouns,andthetenseofverbs;Usingtransitionalexpressions整理课件6WaysofProducingaFluentParFundamentalFeaturesof

anEffectiveParagraphacentralideasupportingevidencecloseconnectionbetweenthesentences整理课件7FundamentalFeaturesof

anEf

Friend-typeparentstreattheirchildrenasfriends.Theyaregenerousandwise.Likegoodfriends,theydiscusswiththeirchildrenthelatestnews,sharetheirchildren’smanyinterests,andlistentotheirexpressionofemotion,whetheritisanger,fear,joyorsorrow.Example1TopicSentence:

the1stsentence.

整理课件8Friend-typeparentstreaExample2

Ireallyhadabaddayyesterday.WhenIwenttodosomewashing,Ifelloffonthewetfloorandbrokemyglasses.AfterIhurrieddownstairstotakemybikeonlytofindIhadleftmykeysonthebedroomonthe7thfloor….TopicSentence:

the1stsentence.

整理课件9Example2IreallyhadPollutionexistseverywhere.Peoplethrowawaymuchrubbisheveryday,andmuchofitismadeofplastic.Somefactoriessendoutheavysmokeintheair,andmuchwasteintorivers,andsomefactoriesproduceloudnoisewhichdrivepeoplemad.Example3TopicSentence:

the1stsentence.

整理课件10PollutionexistseverywhOnthesecondfloor,therearetwotoiletsandtwobalconies,andeachofthefourkidshastheirownseparateroomsonthisfloor.TheSmithsoftenenjoytheirmealsinabigsittingroomonthegroundfloor,andiftheweatherisfine,theymighteatinthegarden.Mr.Smithreallyhasabighouse.Example4TopicSentence:

thelastsentence.

整理课件11Onthesecondfloor,theSometimes,thetopicofapara.isnotstatedbutisimpliedinthecontent.Thewindpicksupandbeginstohurlitselfthroughthosedesertedstreets.Signboardsswayviolentlyfromsidetoside,seemingalmosttowanttogowiththewindthatblowsthem.Treescomplainasthestrongwindtearsattheirbranches,causingthemtobendandbowdown.Withthewindcomestherain,stinginganyoneunfortunateenoughnotyettohavereachedthesafetyofhome.Topic:

thesceneofaviolentstorm

整理课件12Sometimes,thetopicofaReadthefollowingparagraphandanswerquestionsafterit.Usingaspellcheckeronacomputercanbeagreatadvantageforawriter.First,thewritercancheckthespellingofmanyofthewordsinthepaper.Thespellcheckertriestomatchthespellingofthewordwithawordinitsdictionary.Manyspellcheckershaveatleast100,000wordsintheirdictionaries.Second,thewritercanaskthespellcheckertosuggestaspelling.Ifthewordisalreadyspelledcorrectly,thewritercanasktheprogramtoignorethesuggestedspelling.Ifthewordismisspelled,thewritercanrequestthattheprogramcorrecttheerror.Manywritersrelyonspellcheckerstoimprovetheaccuracyoftheirwriting.1.Whatisthetopicoftheparagraph?2.Underlinethetopicsentence.3.Identifythewordsorphrasesusedtoconnectthesentencesclosely.Topic:thespellchecker.TopicSentence:

the1stsentence.

整理课件13ReadthefollowingparagraphaReadthefollowingparagraphandanswerquestionsafterit.Somepeopleseethingsonlyin"blackandwhite."Inthisexpression,blackandwhiterepresentoppositeextremes,withnomiddlegroundbetweenthem.Mostissuesintheworldarenotsosimpleasblackandwhite.Onesideofanissueisnotallwhite─rightorgood─andtheothersideisnotallblack─wrongorevil.Intherealworldtherearemanygrayareaswhereblackandwhitemixtorepresentthetruesituation.

[fromWordsandTheirStories,VOASpecialEnglish]Whatisthetopicoftheparagraph?Underlinethetopicsentence.Identifythewordsorphrasesusedtoconnectthesentencesclosely.

Topic:“blackandwhite”.TopicSentence:

the1stsentence.

整理课件14ReadthefollowingparagraphaPlanningaParagraphFirst,thinkofthetopicorthemeormainidea,andexpressitinacompletesentence.Second,thinkofthedetailsorexamplesorfactsthatmaybeusedtosupportthemainidea.Workoutanoutlinetoputthesedetailsingoodorder.整理课件15PlanningaParagraphFirst,th

WaysofDevelopingaParagraph整理课件16

WaysofDeveloping1.DevelopmentbyTimeinchronologicalsequence=inorderoftime按时间先后顺序

thingsarementionedaccordingtothetimewhentheyhappened,thefirstthingfirst&thelastthinglasttheeasiest&clearestwayintellingastoryorrecountinganevent整理课件171.DevelopmentbyTimeinchro[Analysis]Sample(1)<P92>Mainidea:

Timeexpressions:

Sample(2)<P92>Mainidea:Timeexpressions:historyoftherailroad

inthesixteenthcentury,bytheearlynineteenthcentury,in1825,thatsameyear,soon,duringthe1830s,bytheearly1840sthewriter’sfirstdayatanewschool

asImountedthestairstomynewclassroom;then;duringtherecess;soon;attheendoftheday整理课件18[Analysis]historyoftherailrExpressionsfor

DescribingChronologicalRelationsnow,nowadays,when,before,after,while,duringbetween___and___,in___(year),since___later,earlier,formerlyattheturnofthecentury(decade)inthefirsthalfofthecenturyinthe1990s,etc.atbirth,inchildhood,ininfancy,inadolescence,asanadult,inadulthood,inoldage,atdeathsimultaneously,simultaneouswith,atthesametimeas,theformer,thelatter,previous,previously,priortofirst,second,etc.;inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,etc.tobeginwith,next,then,subsequently,inthenextplaceinconclusion,finally,lastly,intheend整理课件19Expressionsfor

DescribingCh2.DevelopmentbyProcessexplainhowsth.isdoneaccordingtoitsrightsequencesoastoavoidmistakesorfailuresusu.followachronologicalorderandgiveastep-by-stepdescriptionimperativesentences&sentenceswiththeindefinitepron.youasthesubjectareoftenusedingivinginstructionsusepresenttenseiftheinstructionsarestillapplicable整理课件202.DevelopmentbyProcessexplSample1<P94>[Analysis]

Theparagraphdescribesstepbystepwhatthingsshouldbedonebeforemovinghouseandthepresenttenseisused.However,onethingneedstobenoticedinthisparagraph:thoughmanythingsshouldbedonebeforemovinghouse,thereseemstobenofixorderinwhichonethingshouldbedonebeforeanotheraslongastheyarealldone.Thisisanotherwaytodevelopaparagraphbyprocess.

Thereareonlytwotransitionalwordsinthisparagraph:Beforethemencometomovethefurniture,···Andlastly,···

整理课件21Sample1<P94>[Analysis]ThepSample2<P95>

1.Firstly,youshould...getregularexercise...

2.Justbeforetheexam,ithelpstowriteshortnotes...

3.Onthedayoftheexam,don'tdoanystudying...Canyoufindoutthosewordsandphrasesthatindicatethetimesequenceintheparagraph?整理课件22Sample2<P95>

1.Firstly,youExpressionsfor

WritingProcessDescriptionsoccur,before,atthispoint,become,until,atthesametime,happen,while,after,grow,as,first,…secondly,…lastly…takeplace,once,next,becarriedout,then,

changeinto,assoonas整理课件23Expressionsfor

WritingProce3.DevelopmentbySpace

First,chooseavantagepoint

(有利位置),fromwhichthingsareviewed.Second,stateclearlythespatialrelations

(空间关系)amongtheobjectsbeingdescribed.Third,concentrateonthebest-knownfeaturesoftheplace&ignorestheminorones.Lastly,describetheplaceinpresenttense.整理课件243.DevelopmentbySpaceFirst,Sample1:Oxford<P97>整理课件25Sample1:Oxford<P97>整理课件25[Analysis]

Thisparagraphisadescriptionoftheolduniversitytown,Oxford.Inthisparagraph,theauthorobviouslystandsatthecenterofOxfordanddescribeswhatsurroundshim.整理课件26[Analysis]整理课件26Sample2:

TheTerracePark<P98>整理课件27Sample2:

TheTerracePark<P9[Analysis]

Theparagraphgivesyouaclearandorderlypictureofaprettypark.Wheredoyouthinktheauthorstands?Hemustbebyonesideofthepark,forthatiswherehestartshisdescription.Themostimportantfeatureoftheparkisthepitches,andotherfeaturesarethetrees,theriver,theflowersandothersportsfacilities.Thepresenttenseisusedinthedescription.

整理课件28[Analysis]整理课件28Expressionsfor

DescribingSpatialRelationshipswhere,inwhich,towhich,fromwhich,etc.

under,over,inside,beside,ontopof,etc.

along,through,asfaras,etc.

north,northern,south,southern,etc.

totheleft,totheright,tothenorth,etc.

attheback,infront,inthemiddle,etc.

adjacenttoparallelrectanglecorrespondingtoparalleltosemicircledistanceperpendiculartoslopemidpointplanespaceinterioroppositesurfacediagonaloverlappingverticaledgepyramidhorizontallimitexteriorintersection整理课件29Expressionsfor

DescribingSp4.DevelopmentbyExampleoftenusedinexplainingthingsmakewritingvivid,convincing&memorablemakedry,abstractideasortheoriesinteresting,concrete&easytounderstand整理课件304.DevelopmentbyExampleofte[Analysis]

Thefirsttwosentencesofthisparagraphseemtopresentarathermysterioustheory.Butwhenyoureadtheexample,youfinditreallyinterestingandmayevenstarttobelievethatthereissometruthinit.Exampleshelptoexplainwhatyouwanttosayorprove.Theymakedryandabstracttheorieseasytounderstand.Sowhenyouwriteanexplanatoryparagraph,youshouldalwaysthinkofgoodexamplestoillustrateyourviewsandpoints.Usingthephrase"Forexample"isaconvenientwaytostart.Sample1<P100>整理课件31[Analysis]Sample1<P100>整理课件Sample2<P100>[Analysis]Inthisparagraph,theauthordevelopsthecontrollingsentencewithaseriesoffactsinvolvingwell-knownpeople.Theseenablethewritertomakeabstractkeyidea“persistentinvestigation”concrete.Theyalsoadddramaticqualitiesthatmaketheinformationinteresting.Wemaynoticethatitisnotalwaysnecessarytosay“forexample”or“forinstance”whenanexampleisgiven.整理课件32Sample2<P100>[Analysis]整Expressionsfor

GivingSpecificDetailsforexampleasanillustrationforinstanceinoneinstanceforonethinginthisinstancetoillustrateasanexampleinotherwordstake______forexampleasfollowsconsider______forexampleletmeillustrateinpracticeletmeciteasproofaccordingtostatistics

accordingtostatisticalevidence整理课件33Expressionsfor

GivingSpecif5.Developmentby

Comparison&ContrastThemethodofcomparisontendstofocusonthesimilaritiesofthetwoobjectsbeingcomparedwhilethemethodofcontrastemphasizesthedifferencesbetweenthetwoobjectsbeingcontrasted.Therearetwomajorwaysoforganizingparagraphsofcomparisonorcontrast.Onewayistoexamineonethingthoroughlyandthenexaminetheother.Inthisway,theaspectsexaminedinthetwothingsshouldbeidenticalandinthesameorder.Thismethodiscalledblockcomparison/contrast.Theotherwayistoexaminetwothingsatthesametime,discussingthempointbypoint.Thismethodiscalledalternatingcomparison/contrast.整理课件345.Developmentby

Comparison&[Analysis]

Asyoureadtheparagraph,youfindthattheauthorfirstmentionsthedisadvantagesoflivinginabigcity.Fourmajorproblemsarelistedtoillustratethestressurbanpeoplehavetolivewithdaily.Thenhebeginstostatetheadvantagesoflifeinacountryvillagebyusingthewords"Incontrast."Fourniceaspectsofcountrylifearementioned,givingyouabeautifulpictureofthecountryside.Bycontrast,youcanimmediatelyseethegreatdifferencesbetweencitylifeandcountrylife.Andblockcontrastisadoptedhere.

Sample1<P102>整理课件35[Analysis]Sample1<P102>整[Analysis]UnlikeSample1,thisparagraphfocusesonthesimilaritiesofthetwoobjectsbeingcompared,joggingandTaiji.Neitherofthetwoneedsmanyfacilitiesorhelpfromothers.Butforawiderangeofpeople,bothareveryeffectiveforkeepingfit,and,therefore,verypopular.Andobviously,thisparagraphisalsodevelopedbyblockcomparison.

Sample2<P102>整理课件36[Analysis]Sample2<P102>整理Expressionsfor

MakingComparisonandContrastToCompare:

similarto,atthesamerateas,similarly,as,like,alike,justas,likewise,inlikemanner,correspondto,inthesameway,correspondingly,tohave______incommon,resemble,commoncharacteristics,etc.,resemblance,tobeparallelin______,almostthesameas,bothToContrast:differfrom,unlike,however,incontrastto,still,inoppositionto,nevertheless,onthecontrary,otherwise,ontheoppositeside,evenso,ontheotherhand,lessthan,differentfrom,morethan,although,fasterthan,etc.,while整理课件37Expressionsfor

MakingCompar6.Developmentby

Cause&EffectInourdailyconversation,questionswithwhyareoftenaskedandanswered.Thisiscalledcausalanalysis(因果分析).Therearetwobasicwaysoforganizingaparagraphdevelopedbycauseandeffect:stateaneffectanddevotetherestoftheparagraphtoexaminingthecauses;stateacauseandthenmentiontheeffects.整理课件386.Developmentby

Cause&EffSample1<P105>[Analysis]

Inthisparagraph,theopeningsentencepointsoutwhattherecordcompanieshavebeendoingrecently,andtherestoftheparagraphtellsushowthisaffectstheclassicalmusicindustryinanegativeway.Obviouslythefirstsentencestatesthecauseandthentherestoftheparagraphstatestheeffect.Intheparagraph,thoughwordslike"why"or"reason"arenotused,thecause-effectrelationshipisclearlyimpliedinthecontent.整理课件39Sample1<P105>[Analysis]整Sample2<P105>[Analysis]

Thisparagraphstartswiththeeffect─thehousinginNewYorkisworseforthePuertoRicans.Thenaseriesofcausesarementioned,suchasPuertoRicanswhoemigratearepoor,cheapapartmentsarehardtofind,andcheapapartmentsareintheworseareas.Afterreadingtheparagraph,youcanseewhythehousinginNewYorkisworseforthePuertoRicans.Sample1isagoodexampleofacauseparagraph.Pleasefindouttheexpressionsusedforcauseintheparagraph.整理课件40Sample2<P105>[Analysis]整Expressionsfor

DiscussingCauseandEffectso,consequently,asaresult,thus,therefore,theresultof,accordingly,becauseof,resultin,forthisreason,owingto,theeffectof,since,theconsequenceof,hence,dueto,haveaneffecton,because,

thereasonfor,

thecauseof,

Itfollowsthatas,nowthat,sothat,seeingthat,thanksto,forfearthat,

outof,such____that,owe_____to,soas____to,classifications,make____possible,

makeitpossible/impossiblefor_____todo整理课件41Expressionsfor

DiscussingCa7.DevelopmentbyClassificationToclassifyistosortthingsintocategoriesaccordingtotheircharacteristics.Weclassifymanythings.Ifweclassifyapples,forinstance,wemayclassifythemaccordingtosizeintolargeonesandsmallones;accordingtocolorintoredonesandgreenones;accordingtopriceintoexpensiveonesandcheapones;accordingtolocalityofgrowthintoimportedanddomesticallyproduced.整理课件427.DevelopmentbyClassificatiWhenyoufaceanumberofideas,peopleorobjects,youmayclassifythemintogroupsaccordingtotheirsimilaritiesordifferences.Bysodoing,yougivethereaderaclearandin-depthviewofthemandsometimes,afeelingoforder.Clearclassificationoftenhelpsthereadertoseethedifferentvaluesofpeopleorideas.Themostimportantthingforagoodclassificationistohaveaclearandproperprincipleofclassification.整理课件43WhenyoufaceanumberofideaParallelismofcategoryisessentialtoagoodclassification.Ifweclassifytypesofsports,wemayspeakoftrackandfieldevents,swimming,ballgames,etc.Ifweclassifysportsintojumping,ballgames,running,floorexercise(自由体操)andbackstroke(仰泳),wewouldviolateparallelism,forballgamesshouldbeconsideredageneralcategory,whilejumpingandrunningaresubcategoriesofthetrackandfieldevents,gymnasticsisageneralcategory,andfloorexerciseaparticularformofit.Inshort,inagoodclassificationthepartsmustbeparallel,andtheyshouldadduptothewholesubject.整理课件44ParallelismofcategoryisessSample1<P107>[Analysis]

Whenyoureadthisparagraph,youseeclearlyhowclassificationisappliedtodescribetheIndians.AtfirstthewordIndianisrathervaguetoyou.YoumaythinkthatIndiansareNativeAmericansandmustbeidenticaltoeachotherinmanyways.However,astheparagraphclassifiesthesepeopleintocategoriesbytheirdifferentcharacteristics,suchasoccupations,waysoflifeandlanguages,youbegintoknowtheIndiansbetter:theyarepeopleswithdifferentcultures,histories,languagesandwaysoflife.整理课件45Sample1<P107>[Analysis]整理课件Sample2<P108>[Analysis]

Inthisparagraph,youseeaclearclassification.Thepeopleonthebeacharedividedintotwomajorgroups,adultsandchildren.Then,theadultsarefurtherdividedintotwotypes,someenjoysittingintheshade,watchingtheseaandlisteningtothesoundofwaves;otherspreferbaskinginthesuntogetthemselvestanned.Thechildrenarealsodividedintotwogroups,theolderonesandtheyoungerones,withdifferentthingsattractingthemmost.

整理课件46Sample2<P108>[Analysis]ISample3<P109>[Analysis]

Accordingtotheauthor,bookownerscanbedividedintothreekinds:thosewhodonotreadtheirbooks,thosewhoreadcarelesslyshortpartsoftheirbooks,andthosewhoreadcloselyandcarefullyeveryoneoftheirbooks.Inhisopinion,onlythethirdkindcanbesaidtoownbooks.整理课件47Sample3<P109>[Analysis]整理课件ExpressionsforClassificationmainkindsof,unimportant,majorkindsof,insignificant,basickinds,similar,fundamental,dissimilar,significant,contradictory,important,opposing,primary,secondary,opposite,minor,contrastingclearlydistinguishable,easilydistinguished,incontestabledifferences,incontestablesimilarities,classify,dividekinds,types,attributes,methods,sources,characteristics,divisions,origins,eras,parts,regions,factors,categories,bases,times,classes,qualities,aspects,classifications,mutuallyexclusive,accordingto_____,withrespectto____,____fallsinto_____categories,_____canbedividedinto_____classes整理课件48ExpressionsforClassificationABasicCourseinWriting整理课件49ABasicCourse整理课件1DevelopingParagraphsChapter4整理课件50DevelopingParagraphsChapterWhatisaparagraphlike?Aparagraphisaunitofthought;itisatonceaunitinitselfandpartofalargerwhole,thatis,theessay;itislikeamini-essay&thereforeshouldbeunified,coherent,andwell-developed.

Aparagraphisunifiedwhenallthesentencesintheparagrapharefocusedononecentralthoughtoronasingletopic.Whenthewriterwishestointroduceanewthoughtortopic,heshouldbeginanewparagraph.

Aparagraphiscoherentwhenitdevelopsnaturally&smoothly,andonesentenceleadslogicallytoanother.整理课件51Whatisaparagraphlike?ApaLengthofParagraphsParagraphsvaryinlength.Experiencedwritersusuallytrytovarythelengthoftheirparagraphssoastoavoidmonotony.Thelengthofaparagraphdependsonitstopic,itsposition

intheessayanditsrole

inthedevelopmentofthethesisstatement.Alongparagraphexpressesacomplexideawhileashortonemakesamajortransition,anemphaticstatement,orasummary.整理课件52LengthofParagraphsParagraphUnity:concernedwithitscontent;allthesentencesinthepara.leadtoonecentralthemewhichisusu.summarizedinwhatiscalledthetopicsentence.Coherence:concernedwithitsformoritsorganization;allthesentencesshouldbearrangedinaclear,logicalorder&thetransitionsshouldbesmoothandnatural.Transitions.QualitiesofEffectiveParagraphs整理课件53Unity:concernedwithitscontWaysofProducingaFluentPara.Usingparallelstructures;Repeatingwordsorwordsgroups;Usingpronounstorefertonounsinprecedingsentences;Beingconsistentinthepersonandnumberofnounsandpronouns,andthetenseofverbs;Usingtransitionalexpressions整理课件54WaysofProducingaFluentParFundamentalFeaturesof

anEffectiveParagraphacentralideasupportingevidencecloseconnectionbetweenthesentences整理课件55FundamentalFeaturesof

anEf

Friend-typeparentstreattheirchildrenasfriends.Theyaregenerousandwise.Likegoodfriends,theydiscusswiththeirchildrenthelatestnews,sharetheirchildren’smanyinterests,andlistentotheirexpressionofemotion,whetheritisanger,fear,joyorsorrow.Example1TopicSentence:

the1stsentence.

整理课件56Friend-typeparentstreaExample2

Ireallyhadabaddayyesterday.WhenIwenttodosomewashing,Ifelloffonthewetfloorandbrokemyglasses.AfterIhurrieddownstairstotakemybikeonlytofindIhadleftmykeysonthebedroomonthe7thfloor….TopicSentence:

the1stsentence.

整理课件57Example2IreallyhadPollutionexistseverywhere.Peoplethrowawaymuchrubbisheveryday,andmuchofitismadeofplastic.Somefactoriessendoutheavysmokeintheair,andmuchwasteintorivers,andsomefactoriesproduceloudnoisewhichdrivepeoplemad.Example3TopicSentence:

the1stsentence.

整理课件58PollutionexistseverywhOnthesecondfloor,therearetwotoiletsandtwobalconies,andeachofthefourkidshastheirownseparateroomsonthisfloor.TheSmithsoftenenjoytheirmealsinabigsittingroomonthegroundfloor,andiftheweatherisfine,theymighteatinthegarden.Mr.Smithreallyhasabighouse.Example4TopicSentence:

thelastsentence.

整理课件59Onthesecondfloor,theSometimes,thetopicofapara.isnotstatedbutisimpliedinthecontent.Thewindpicksupandbeginstohurlitselfthroughthosedesertedstreets.Signboardsswayviolentlyfromsidetoside,seemingalmosttowanttogowiththewindthatblowsthem.Treescomplainasthestrongwindtearsattheirbranches,causingthemtobendandbowdown.Withthewindcomestherain,stinginganyoneunfortunateenoughnotyettohavereachedthesafetyofhome.Topic:

thesceneofaviolentstorm

整理课件60Sometimes,thetopicofaReadthefollowingparagraphandanswerquestionsafterit.Usingaspellcheckeronacomputercanbeagreatadvantageforawriter.First,thewritercancheckthespellingofmanyofthewordsinthepaper.Thespellcheckertriestomatchthespellingofthewordwithawordinitsdictionary.Manyspellcheckershaveatleast100,000wordsintheirdictionaries.Second,thewritercanaskthespellcheckertosuggestaspelling.Ifthewordisalreadyspelledcorrectly,thewritercanasktheprogramtoignorethesuggestedspelling.Ifthewordismisspelled,thewritercanrequestthattheprogramcorrecttheerror.Manywritersrelyonspellcheckerstoimprovetheaccuracyoftheirwriting.1.Whatisthetopicoftheparagraph?2.Underlinethetopicsentence.3.Identifythewordsorphrasesusedtoconnectthesentencesclosely.Topic:thespellchecker.TopicSentence:

the1stsentence.

整理课件61ReadthefollowingparagraphaReadthefollowingparagraphandanswerquestionsafterit.Somepeopleseethingsonlyin"blackandwhite."Inthisexpression,blackandwhiterepresentoppositeextremes,withnomiddlegroundbetweenthem.Mostissuesintheworldarenotsosimpleasblackandwhite.Onesideofanissueisnotallwhite─rightorgood─andtheothersideisnotallblack─wrongorevil.Intherealworldtherearemanygrayareaswhereblackandwhitemixtorepresentthetruesituation.