1996-2011历年考研英语真题阅读理解及答案

阅读(1996-2011)1999べ、喉1It*saroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegslippingonyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldbumdownthehouse.Luckily,ifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisaster,asuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980s,whenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers*misfortunes.Feelingthreatened,companiesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabels,tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Today,stepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarn,amongotherthings,thatyoumight—surprised!—falloffThelabelonachild*sBatmancapecautionsthatthetoy**doesnotenableusertofly."Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary—thedangersofdruginteractions,forexample—andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisn'tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt.Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbefore,somecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendants,especiallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn'thavechangedanything.InMay,JulieNimmons,presidentofSchuttSportsinIllinois,successfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet."We'rereallysorryhehasbecomeparalyzed,buthelmetsaren'tdesignedtopreventthosekindsofinjuries,"saysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegame,notthehelmet,wasthereasonfortheathlete'sinjury.Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute—agroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight—issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones."Importantinformationcangetburiedinaseaoftrivialities,"saysalawprofessoratCornellLawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguidelines.Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitsway,theinformationonproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalliability.Whatwerethingslikein1980swhenaccidentshappened?Customersmightberelievedoftheirdisastersthroughlawsuits.Injuredcustomerscouldexpectprotectionfromthelegalsystem.[ClCompanieswouldavoidbeingsuedbyprovidingnewwarnings.[DJJuriestendedtofindfaultwiththecompensationscompaniespromised.Manufacturersasmentionedinthepassagetendto.[A]satisfycustomersbywritinglongwarningsonproducts[Blbecomehonestindescribingtheinadequaciesoftheirproducts[CJmakethebestuseoflabelstoavoidlegalliability[DJfeelobligedtoviewcustomers'safetyastheirfirstconcernThecaseofSchutthelmetdemonstratedthat.[AJsomeinjuryclaimswerenolongersupportedbylaw[BJhelmetswerenotdesignedtopreventinjuries[CJproductlabelswouldeventuallybediscarded[DJsomesportsgamesmightlosepopularitywithathletesTheauthor'sattitudetowardstheissueseemstobe.[AJbiased[BJindifferent[CJpuzzling[DJobjectiveInthefirstyearorsoofWebbusiness,mostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.Morerecently,astheWebprovedtobemorethanafashion,companieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey'relookingfor.Nonetheless,manycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability."Businessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesupplier,MsayssenioranalystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany'sprivateintranet.AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.Untilrecently,Internetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiesto"pull"customersintosites.Inthepastyear,however,softwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniesto"push"informationdirectlyouttoconsumers,transmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.Mostnotably,thePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers'computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany'sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsales,productofferings,orotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.Oncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvited,thedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisionfades.That'saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists.ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyards,A,andotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivity,hospitality,andsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefall,whichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge.WelearnfromthebeginningofthepassagethatWebbusiness.[A]hasbeenstrivingtoexpanditsmarket[Bjintendedtofollowafancifulfashion[C]triedbutinvaintocontrolthemarket[DJhasbeenboomingforoneyearorsoSpeakingoftheonlinetechnologyavailableformarketing,theauthorimpliesthat.[A]thetechnologyispopularwithmanyWebusers[BJbusinesseshavefaithinthereliabilityofonlinetransactions[CJthereisaradicalchangeinstrategy[D]itisaccessiblelimitedlytoestablishedpartnersIntheviewofNetpurists,.[AJthereshouldbenomarketingmessagesinonlineculturemoneymakingshouldbegivenprioritytoontheWeb[CJtheWebshouldbeabletofunctionasthetelevisionset[DJthereshouldbenoonlinecommercialinformationwithoutrequestsWelearnfromthelastparagraphthat.[AJpushinginformationontheWebisessentialtoInternetcommerce[BJinteractivity,hospitalityandsecurityareimportanttoonlinecustomers[CJleadingcompaniesbegantotaketheonlineplungedecadesago[DJsettingupshopsinsiliconisindependentofthecostofcomputingpower1999Rissage3Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents*careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationalreform.Veryfewwritersonthesubjecthaveexploredthisdistinction—indeed,contradiction—whichgoestotheheartofwhatiswrongwiththecampaigntoputcomputersintheclassroom.Aneducationthataimsatgettingastudentacertainkindofjobisatechnicaleducation,justifiedforreasonsradicallydifferentfromwhyeducationisuniversallyrequiredbylaw.Itisnotsimplytoraiseeveryone*sjobprospectsthatallchildrenarelegallyrequiredtoattendschoolintotheirteens.Rather,wehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizen,acharacterwhoisincompleteifhecannotcompetentlyassesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofhimselfButthiswasnotalwaysthecase;beforeitwaslegallyrequiredforallchildrentoattendschooluntilacertainage,itwaswidelyacceptedthatsomewerejustnotequippedbynaturetopursuethiskindofeducation.Withoptimismcharacteristicofallindustrializedcountries,wecametoacceptthateveryoneisfittobeeducated.Computer-educationadvocatesforsakethisoptimisticnotionforapessimismthatbetraystheirotherwisecheeryoutlook.Bankingontheconftisionbetweeneducationalandvocationalreasonsforbriningcomputersintoschools,computer-edadvocatesoftenemphasizethejobprospectsofgraduatesovertheireducationalachievement.Therearesomegoodargumentsforatechnicaleducationgiventherightkindofstudent.ManyEuropeanschoolsintroducetheconceptofprofessionaltrainingearlyoninordertomakesurechildrenareproperlyequippedfortheprofessionstheywanttojoin.Itis,however,presumptuoustoinsistthattherewillonlybesomanyjobsforsomanyscientists,somanybusinessmen,somanyaccountants.Besides,thisisunlikelytoprcxlucetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations.But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell-developedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.Ofcourse,thebasicsofusinganycomputerthesedaysareverysimple.Itdoesnottakealifelongacquaintancetopickupvarioussoftwareprograms.Ifonewantedtobecomeacomputerengineer,thatis,ofcourse,anentirelydifferentstory.Basiccomputerskillstake—attheverylongest—acoupleofmonthstolearn.Inanycase,basiccomputerskillsareonlycomplementarytothehostofrealskillsthatarenecessarytobecominganykindofprofessional.Itshouldbeobserved,ofcourse,thatnoschool,vocationalornot,ishelpedbyaconfusionoveritspurpose.Theauthorthinksthepresentrushtoputcomputersintheclassroomis.[AJfar-reachingdubiouslyoriented[Cjself-contradictory[D]radicallyreformatoryThebeliefthateducationisindispensabletoallchildren.[A]isindicativeofapessimismisdisguisefB]cameintobeingalongwiththearrivalofcomputers[Clisdeeplyrootedinthemindsofcomputer-edadvocates[DIoriginatedfromtheoptimisticattitudeofindustrializedcountriesItcouldbeinferredfromthepassagethatintheauthor'scountrytheEuropeanmodelofprofessionaltrainingis.dependentuponthestartingageofcandidatesworthtryinginvarioussocialsections[Cloflittlepracticalvalue[DIattractivetoeverykindofprofessionalAccordingtotheauthor,basiccomputerskillsshouldbe.[Alincludedasanauxiliarycourseinschoolhighlightedinacquisitionofprofessionalqualifications[CJmasteredthroughalife-longcourse[DJequallyemphasizedbyanyschool,vocationalorotherwise1999PassagedWhenaScottishresearchteamstartledtheworldbyrevealing3monthsagothatithadclonedanadultsheep,PresidentClintonmovedswiftly.Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment—althoughnoonehadproposedtodoso—andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPiincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.Thatgroup—theNationalBioethicsAdvisoryCommission(NBAC)—hasbeenworkingfeverishlytoputitswisdomonpaper,andatameetingon17May,membersagreedonanear-finaldraftoftheirrecommendations.NBACwillaskthatClinton's90-daybanonfederalftindsforhumancloningbeextendedindefinitely,andpossiblythatitbemadelaw.ButNBACmembersareplanningtowordtherecommendationnarrowlytoavoidnewrestrictionsonresearchthatinvolvesthecloningofhumanDNAorcells—routineinmolecularbiology.Thepanelhasnotyetreachedagreementonacrucialquestion,however,whethertorecommendlegislationthatwouldmakeitacrimeforprivatefundingtobeusedforhumancloning.Inadraftprefacetotherecommendations,discussedatthe17Maymeeting,Shapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbe"morallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning."Shapiroexplainedduringthemeetingthatthemoraldoubtstemsmainlyfromfearsabouttherisktothehealthofthechild.Thepaneltheninformallyacceptedseveralgeneralconclusions,althoughsomedetailshavenotbeensettled.NBACplanstocallforacontinuedbanonfederalgovernmentfundingforanyattempttoclonebodycellnucleitocreateachild.Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryos(theearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforebirth)forresearchortoknowinglyendangeranembryo'slife,NBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch.NBACmembersalsoindicatedthattheywouldappealtoprivatelyfundedresearchersandclinicsnottotrytoclonehumansbybodycellnucleartransfer.Buttheyweredividedonwhethertogofurtherbycallingforafederallawthatwouldimposeacompletebanonhumancloning.Shapiroandmostmembersfovoredanappealforsuchlegislation,butinaphoneinterview,hesaidthisissuewasstill"upintheair."Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat.[AJfederalfundshavebeenusedinaprojecttoclonehumans[BltheWhiteHouserespondedstronglytothenewsofcloningNBACwasauthorizedtocontrolthemisuseofcloningtechniquetheWhiteHousehasgotthepanel'srecommendationsoncloningThepanelagreedonallofthefollowingexceptthat.[AJthebanonfederalfundsforhumancloningshouldbemadealaw[BJthecloningofhumanDNAisnottobeputundermorecontrol[CJitiscriminaltouseprivatefundingforhumancloning[DJitwouldbeagainstethicalvaluestocloneahumanbeingNBACwillleavetheissueofembryoresearchundiscussedbecause.[AJembryoresearchisjustacurrentdevelopmentofcloning[BJthehealthofthechildisnotthemainconcernofembryoresearch[CJanembryo'slifewillnotbeendangeredinembryoresearch[DJtheissueisexplicitlystatedandsettledinthelawItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat.[AJsomeNBACmembershesitatetobanhumancloningcompletely[BJalawbanninghumancloningistobepassedinnotime[CJprivatelyfundedresearcherswillrespondpositivelytoNBAC'sappeal[DJtheissueofhumancloningwillsoonbesettled1999Passage5Science,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefoilofanapple.Appleshadbeenfoilinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfoil.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousaboutthecauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.Whatkepttheminplace?Whydidn'ttheyfoiloutofthesky?Thefactthattheapplefelldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavens,themoonandtheplanets.Howmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefoilingupintothetree?Newtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.Hewasjustwondering.Hismindwasreadyfortheunpredictable.Unpredicabilityispartoftheessentialnatureofresearch.Ifyoudon'thaveunpredictablethings,youdon'thaveresearch.Scientiststendtoforgetthiswhenwritingtheircutanddriedreportsforthetechnicaljournals,buthistoryisfilledwithexamplesofitIntalkingtosomescientists,particularlyyoungerones,youmightgathertheimpressionthattheyfindthe"scientificmethod"asubstituteforimaginativethought.Fveattendedresearchconferenceswhereascientisthasbeenaskedwhathethinksabouttheadvisabilityofcontinuingacertainexperiment.Thescientisthasfrowned,lookedatthegraphs,andsaid"thedataarestillinconclusive.""Weknowthat,"themenfromthebudgetofficehavesaid,"butwhatdoyouthink?Isitworthwhilegoingon?Whatdoyouthinkwemightexpect?"Thescientisthasbeenshockedathavingevenbeenaskedtospeculate.Whatthisamountsto,ofcourse,isthatthescientisthasbecomethevictimofhisownwritings.Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhimself,buthasconvincedindustrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrue.Ifexperimentsareplannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicate,thenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswhoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeepingoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.Nor,ifregularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientistasthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflect,ismanagementtobeblamedfordiscriminatingagainstthe"oddballs"amongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswho"workwellwiththeteam."TheauthorwantstoprovewiththeexampleofIsaacNewtonthat.[A]inquiringmindsaremoreimportantthanscientificexperiments[Blscienceadvanceswhenfruitfulresearchesareconducted[Clscientistsseldomforgettheessentialnatureofresearch[DIunpredictabilityweighslessthanpredictioninscientificresearchTheauthorassertsthatscientists.[Alshouldn'treplace"scientificmethod"withimaginativethought[Blshouldn'tneglecttospeculateonunpredictablethings[Clshouldwritemoreconcisereportsfortechnicaljournals[DJshouldbeconfidentabouttheirresearchfindingsItseemsthatsomeyoungscientists.[Alhaveakeeninterestinprediction[Bjoftenspeculateonthefuture[CJthinkhighlyofcreativethinking[DJstickto"scientificmethod"Theauthorimpliesthattheresultsofscientificresearch.[AJmaynotbeasprofitableastheyareexpectedcanbemeasuredindollarsandcentsrelyonconformitytoastandardpatternaremostlyunderestimatedbymanagement1998Rissaee1Fewcreationsofbigtechnologycapturetheimaginationlikegiantdams.Perhapsitishumankind'slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakestheidealofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.Buttobefascinatedisalso,sometimes,tobeblind.Severalgiantdamprojectsthreatentodomoreharmthangood.Thelessonfromdamsisthatbigisnotalwaysbeautiful.Itdoesnthelpthatbuildingabig,powerfuldamhasbecomeasymbolofachievementfornationsandpeoplestrivingtoassertthemselves.Egypt'sleadershipintheArabworldwascementedbytheAswanHighDam.Tuikey'sbidforFirstWorldstatusincludesthegiantAtaturkDam.Butbigdamstendnottoworkasintended.TheAswanDam,forexample,stoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthatfloodsleft—allinreturnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichisnowsofullofsiltthatitbarelygenerateselectricity.Andyet,themythofcontrollingthewaterspersists.Thisweek,intheheartofcivilizedEurope,SlovaksandHungariansstoppedjustshortofsendinginthetroopsintheircontentionoveradamontheDanube.Thehugecomplexwillprobablyhavealltheusualproblemsofbigdams.ButSlovakiaisbiddingforindependencefromtheCzechs,andnowneedsadamtoproveitselfMeanwhile,inIndia,theWorldBankhasgiventhego-aheadtotheevenmorewrong-headedNarmadaDam.Andthebankhasdonethiseventhoughitsadvisorssaythedamwillcausehardshipforthepowerlessandenvironmentaldestruction.Thebenefitsareforthepowerful,buttheyarefarfromguaranteed.Proper,scientificstudyoftheimpactsofdamsandofthecostandbenefitsofcontrollingwatercanhelptoresolvetheseconflicts.Hydroelectricpowerandfloodcontrolandirrigationarepossiblewithoutbuildingmonsterdams.Butwhenyouaredealingwithmyths,itishardtobeeitherproper,orscientific.ItistimethattheworldlearnedthelessonsofAswan.Youdon'tneedadamtobesaved.Thethirdsentenceofparagraph1impliesthat.[A]peoplewouldbehappyiftheyshuttheireyestoreality[Bltheblindcouldbehappierthanthesighted[Cjover-excitedpeopletendtoneglectvitalthings[DIfascinationmakespeoplelosetheireyesightInparagraph5,"thepowerless"probablyrefersto.[Alareasshortofelectricity[Bldamswithoutpowerstations[CJpoorcountriesaroundIndia[DJcommonpeopleintheNarmadaDamareaWhatisthemythconcerninggiantdams?[AlTheybringinmorefertilesoil.[BlTheyhelpdefendthecountry.[ClTheystrengtheninternationalties.[DjTheyhaveuniversalcontrolofthewaters.Whattheauthortriestosuggestmaybestbeinterpretedas.[Al"It'snousecryingoverspiltmilk"[BJ"Morehaste,lessspeed"[CJ"Lookbeforeyouleap"[DJ"Hewholaughslastlaughsbest"1998Passage2Well,nogainwithoutpain,theysay.Butwhataboutpainwithoutgain?EverywhereyougoinAmerica,youheartalesofcorporaterevival.Whatishardertoestablishiswhethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal.Theofficialstatisticsaremildlydiscouraging.Theyshowthat,ifyoulumpmanufacturingandservicestogether,productivityhasgrownonaverageby1.2%since1987.Thatissomewhatfasterthantheaverageduringthepreviousdecade.Andsince1991,productivityhasincreasedbyabout2%ayear,whichismorethantwicethe1978-1987average.Thetroubleisthatpartoftherecentaccelerationisduetotheusualreboundthatoccursatthispointinabusinesscycle,andsoisnotconclusiveevidenceofarevivalintheunderlyingtrend.Thereis,asRobertRubin,thetreasurysecretary,says,a"disjunction"betweenthemassofbusinessanecdotethatpointstoaleapinprcxluctivityandthepicturereflectedbythestatistics.Someofthiscanbeeasilyexplained.Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplace—allthatre-engineeringanddownsizing—areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomy,whichisdiivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinery,newtechnology,andinvestmentineducationandtraining.Moreover,mostofthechangesthatcompaniesmakeareintendedtokeepthemprofitable,andthisneednotalwaysmeanincreasingproductivity:switchingtonewmarketsorimprovingqualitycanmatterjustasmuch.Twootherexplanationsaremorespeculative.First,someofthebusinessrestructuringofrecentyearsmayhavebeenineptlydone.Second,evenifitwaswelldone,itmayhavespreadmuchlesswidelythanpeoplesuppose.LeonardSchlesinger,aHarvardacademicandformerchiefexecutiveofAuBongPain,arapidlygrowingchainofbakerycafes,saysthatmuch"re-engineering"hasbeencrude.Inmanycases,hebelieves,thelossofrevenuehasbeengreaterthanthereductionsincost.Hiscolleague,MichaelBeer,saysthatfartoomanycompanieshaveappliedre-engineeringinamechanisticfashion,choppingoutcostswithoutgivingsufficientthoughttolong-termprofitability.BBDO*sAlRosenshineisblunter.Hedismissesalotoftheworkofre-engineeringconsultantsasmererubbish—"theworstsortofambulance-chasing".Accordingtotheauthor,theAmericaneconomicsituationis.notasgoodasitseems[BJatitsturningpointmuchbetterthanitseemsneartocompleterecoveryTheofficialstatisticsonproductivitygrowth.[AJexcludetheusualreboundinabusinesscycle[B]fallshortofbusinessmen'santicipation[CJmeettheexpectationofbusinesspeople[D]failtoreflectthetruestateofeconomyTheauthorraisesthequestion"whataboutpainwithoutgain?"because.[AJhequestionsthetruthof"nogainwithoutpain"[BJhedoesnotthinktheproductivityrevolutionworks[CJhewondersiftheofficialstatisticsaremisleading[DJhehasconclusiveevidencefortherevivalofbusinessesWhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTmentionedinthepassage?[AJRadicalreformsareessentialfortheincreaseofproductivity.[BJNewwaysoforganizingworkplacesmayhelptoincreaseproductivity.[CJThereductionofcostsisnotasurewaytogainlong-termprofitability.[DJTheconsultantsareabunchofgood-for-nothings.1998Passage3Sciencehaslonghadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGalileo's17th-centurytrialforhisrebellingbeliefbeforetheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlake'sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshas,ifanything,deepenedinthiscentury.Untilrecently,thescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscritics—butnolonger.Asfundingforsciencehasdeclined,scientistshaveattacked"anti-science"inseveralbooks,notablyHigherSuperstition,byPaulR.Gross,abiologistattheUniversityofVirginia,andNormanLevitt,amathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorld,byCarlSaganofCornellUniversity.Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedthe