大学英语四级英语阅读猜词公开课一等奖省优质课大赛获奖课件

WordAttackStrategies

阅读猜词技巧所谓猜测词义,是指在阅读过程中依据对语篇信息、逻辑、背景知识及语言结构等综合了解去猜测或推断某一生词、难词、关键词词义。猜词技巧也是一个很主要应试技巧.在很多英语测试中,几乎都包含有判断生词或关键词词义题目.如:1)InLine...theword"..."couldbestbe

replacedbywhichofthefollowing?2)Accordingtotheauthortheword

"..."means_____.3)Byword"..."theauthormeans____.4)Whichofthefollowingisnearest/

closestinmeaningto"..."?

一针对性解释

1．依据定义(definition)猜测词义假如生词是句子或段落所解释定义，了解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。E.g.

1)

Anthropologyisthescientificstudyofman.

2)Inslangtheterm"jam"constitutesastateofbeinginwhichapersonfindshimselforherselfinadifficultsituation.Ventilation,asyouknow,isasystemormeansofprovidingfreshair.Itplaysaveryimportantpartinthefieldofengineering."ventilation"这个词意思是"通风".定义句谓语动词多为：be,tobe,

mean,define,

dealwith,beconsidered,referto,becalled,beknownas,

betermed"(被定义为)represent,signify,constitute等。Apersonorthingbeyondcomparison,amodelofexcellence,isknownasaparagon."paragon：模范、优异人或物"2.依据复述(restatement)猜测词义

即使复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，不过提供信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。复述部分能够适当词、短语或是从句。e.g.1)Semantics,thestudyofthemeaningofwords,isnecessaryifyouaretospeakandreadintelligently.e.g.2)Modernmedicineandnewmethodsoffoodproductionallowadultstolivelongerandbabiestosurvive,notdiesoonafterbirth.(Here“notdie”helpsustoknowwhatsurvivemeans.)

3）Hewasaprestidigitatorwhoentertainedthechildrenbypullingrabbitsoutofhats,swallowingfire,andothersimilartricks.（以定语从句为线索猜测词义）prestidigitator："变戏法者".

4)Jackisnowaflorist,whokeepsashopforsellingflowersinourdistrict.

florist"花店主"

在复述中组成同位关系两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分号，引号，和括号等。

e.g.Capacitance,ortheabilitytostoreelectriccharge,isoneofthemostcommoncharacteristicsofelectroniccircuits.

Tornadoes(violentanddestructivewhirlwind)

normallyoccuronhot,humid(alittlewet)

day,butnotnecessarilyinthesummer.tornado"即一个非常猛烈、破坏性很大旋转风.很显著,这是"旋风﹑龙卷风";humid即有点湿,其词义很清楚是"潮湿"意思.

需要注意是：同位语前还常有or,similarly,thatistosay,

thatis,toputitanotherway,inotherwords,namely,orother,tobeprecise,say,i.e.等副词或短语出现。

e.g.HesuffersfromSAD,

whichisshortforseasonal

affectivedisorder,

asyndromecharacterizedbysevereseasonalmoodswings.Beforethemainbusinessofaconferencebeginsthechairmanusuallymakesashortpreliminary(roductory)speech,ormakeafewpreliminaryremarks.Inotherwords,hesaysafewthingsbywayofintroduction.

"preliminaryspeech"意思是在开会之前主席所做一些简单介绍,或者说是"开场白".3.依据举例(examples)猜测词义

恰当举例能够提供猜测生词主要线索,表示列举关系信号词有:

like,

forexample,

forinstance,

suchas,especially,include,consistof,speciallye.g.1)Theconsequencesofepochaleventssuchaswarsandgreatscientificdiscoveriesarenotconfinedtoasmallgeographicalareaastheywereinthepast.

Definedmostbroadly,folkloreincludesallthecustoms,beliefandtraditionthatpeoplehavehandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration.

"folklore":"民俗学,民俗传统"e.g.2)Thesimplestwaytohelptheenvironmentisnottoimpactonit.Treadaslightlyasyoucan,takeaslittleaspossible,andputbackasmuchasyoucan.

(Impactcanbeunderstoodthroughtheexamplesoftreadinglightly,takinglittleandputtingbackmuch.)

3)Todayyoungcoupleswhoarejuststartingtheirhouseholdsoftenspendlotsoftheirmoneyonappliances,forinstance,washingmachines,refrigeratorsandcolorTVs.appliances即"家用电器"。二内在逻辑关系

1．依据对比(opposite)

关系猜测词义

在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性描述，我们能够依据生词或难词反义词猜测其词义。e.g.1)AndrewisoneofthemostsuperciliousmenIknow.Hisbrother,incontrast,isquitehumbleandmodest.

e.g.2)Mostofusseeeverythingasindependentfromoneanother.Buttherealityisthateverythingispartofoneinterconnected,interrelatedwhole.

(Withthehelpof“But”,wecanguessthatinterconnectedandinterrelatedhavetheoppositemeaningofindependent.)

表示对比关系词汇和短语主要是or,unlike，not，but，however，despite，inspiteof，incontrast和while,whereas,though,instead(of),ratherthan,otherwise,nevertheless,nonetheless,ontheotherhandetc.引导并列句等。

e.g.Agoodsupervisorcanrecognizeinstantlytheadeptworkersfromtheunskilledones.

Inthepasttheworldseemedtoruninanorderlyway.Now,however,everythingseemstobeinastateofturmoil.turmoil:混乱.2．

依据比较关系猜测词义

同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上相同(sameorsimilar)关系。e.g.Greenlovestotalk，andhisbrothersaresimilarlyloquacious.

表示比较关系词和短语主要是similarly，like，justas，as...as...,thesameas,or,also等。Thenewtaxlawsupersedes,orreplaces,thelawthatwasineffectlastyear."supersede"一词大约意思来,即"取代,接替".Motherwastall,fatandmiddle-aged.Theprincipaloftheschoolwasanolderwoman,almostasplumpasmother,andmuchshorter.plump:"肥胖"3．依据因果关系猜测词义

在句子或段落种，若两个事物、现象之间组成因果关系，我们能够依据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。

e.g.1)Tomisconsideredanautocraticadministratorbecausehemakesdecisionswithoutseekingtheopinionsofothers.

表示因果关系信号词还有:since,as,for,so,

thus,consequently,therefore,hence,dueto,resultin,

resultfrom,asaresult,

forthisreason,

accordingly,

sothat,so...that,

such...that

2）SinceIcouldnotaffordtopurchasetheoriginalpainting,Iboughtareplica.Aninexperiencedeyecouldnottellthedifference.

"replica"应是一张"复制品".3)ThereweresomanydemonstratorsintheRedSquarethathehadtoelbowhiswaythroughthecrowd.4．依据同义词替换关系猜测词义

在句子或段落种，我们能够利用熟悉词语，依据语言环境推断生词词义.e.g.1)Althoughheoftenhadtheopportunity,Mr.Trittwasneverabletostealmoneyfromacustomer.Thiswouldhaveendangeredhispositionatthebank,andhedidnotwanttojeopardizehisfuture.

2)Doctorsbelievethatsmokingcigarettesisdetrimentaltoyourhealth.Theyalsoregarddrinkingasharmful.3)Ifyouhappenedtobesittinginthewoodsoutsidethecity,youmighthavewitnessedastrangesight.Youwouldhaveseenaveryproudlookingmanridingalonghorseback,sayingsomething三外部相关原因

外部相关原因是指篇章(句子或段落)以外其它知识。有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时,就需要利用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。E.g.

1)Husband：it'sreallycoldouttonight.Wife:

Sureitis.Myhandsare

practicallynumb.Howaboutlightingthestove?

2)Thesnakeslitheredthroughthegrass3)Treesbringwaterupfromtheground,

allowingwatertoevaporateintotheatmosphere.

(Fromourcommonsensewecangetthemeaningofevaporateas“tochangefromaliquidstatetoagas.”)

.四.构词法依靠方面知识，从生词本身猜测词义1．依据前缀猜测词义

e.g.

1)Hefellintoaditchandlaythere,semiconscious,forafewminutes.

conscious（清醒，有意识），结合前缀semi（半，部分，不完全），我们便可猜出semiconscious词义“半清醒，半昏迷”。

Whenadoctorperformsanoperationonapatient,heusuallygivesananaesthetictomakehimunconscious,becausehedoesnotwanthispatienttofeelpainortoknowwhatishappeningtohim.

"anaesthetic"一词意思应该是"麻醉剂".2)I'milliterateaboutsuchthings.

词根literate意为“有文化涵养，通晓”，前缀il表示否定，所以illiterate指“一窍不通，不知道”。

2．依据后缀猜测词义e.g.Insecticideisappliedwhereitisneeded.

后缀cide表示“杀者，杀灭剂”，结合大家熟悉词根insect（昆虫），不难猜出insecticide意为“杀虫剂”。2)Thenthevapormaychangeintodroplets.

后缀"let"表示“小”，词根drop指“滴，滴状物”。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出droplet词义“小滴，微滴”3．依据复合词各部分猜测词义e.g.1)Growingeconomicproblemswerehighlightedbyaslowdowninoiloutput.

highlight或许是一个生词，不过分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由high（高，强）和light（光线）两部分组成，合在一起便是“以强光照射，使突出”意思。

2)BullfightisverypopularinSpain.

Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）结合在一起，指一个在西班牙颇为流行体育运动——斗牛。Practice

Readthefollowingsentencescarefullyandguessthemeaningofthewordsinyellow.1.Sheis

bilingual.Inotherwords,shespeaksEnglishandFrenchequallywell.(直接定义bilingual:会说两种语言)2Itisdifficulttolistallofmyfather’sattributes

becausehehassomanydifferenttalentsandcharacters.(近义复述.attribute:特质；才能)

3.Itisbelievedthatwhenashe-wolflosesherlitter,sheseeksahumanchildtotakeitsplace.(对比和比较表示.litter:狼仔;仔狼)4.Afteradayofhunting.Haroldisravenous.Yesterday,forexample,heatetwobowlsofsoup,salad,alargechicken,andapieceofchocolatecakebeforehewasfinallysatisfied…(举例表示.ravenous:“饿极了”)5.Wehadlotsofcandlesonthetablesandthewaiterswerecarryingcandlesontheirtrays.(常识trays“托盘”或“盘子”)6.

Stillotherpeoplearenotavoidingwork;strictlyspeaking,theyaremerelyprocrastinating—delayin