第11课：英语文化习俗资料汉译

第六单元第11课：英语文化习俗资料汉译BritishPubEtiquetteandCustoms(Excerpt)[1]VisitorstoBritainmayfindthebestplacetosamplelocalcultureisinatraditionalpub.Butthesefriendlyhostelriescanbeminefieldsofpotentialgaffesfortheuninitiated.英国酒吧的礼仪与习俗(节选)[1]到英国旅游的人会发现，传统的酒吧是最能领略当地文化的地方。但对于初来乍到的外国人来说，这些友好的酒吧却可能是一些让人失礼的“雷区”。[2]AnanthropologistandateamofresearchershaveunveiledsomeofthearcaneritualsofBritishpubs一startingwiththedifficultyofgettingadrink.Mostpubshavenowaiter一youhavetogotothebartobuydrinks.AgroupofItalianyouthswaitedfor45minutesbeforetheyrealizedtheywou1dhavetofetchtheirown.Thismaysoundinconvenient,butthereisahiddenpurpose.[2]一位人类学家和一组研究人员从外国人买酒时所遇到的困难入手，揭示了英国酒吧某些鲜为人知的老规矩。大多数英国酒吧都没有服务员，你得自己到吧台去买酒。一伙意大利年轻人等了45分钟才明白他们得自己去买酒。这听起来似乎很不方便，但却有着深刻的内涵意义。[3]Pubetiquetteisdesignedtopromotesociabilityinasocietyknownforitsreserve.Standingatthebarforserviceallowsyoutochatwithotherswaitingtobeserved.ThebarcounterispossiblytheonlysiteintheBritishIslesinwhichfriendlyconversationwithstrangersisconsideredentirelyappropriateandreallyquitenormalbehaviour."Ifyouhaven'tbeentoapub,youhaven'tbeentoBritain.”Thistipcanbefoundinabooklet,PassporttothePub:TheTourists'GuidetoPubEtiquette,acustomers,codeofconductforthosewantingtosampleBritishlifeandculture.[3]在以寡言少语而知名的英国社会里，酒吧仪俗的形成是为了促进社会交往。在酒吧排队时可以和其他等着买酒的人闲聊几句。在英伦诸岛上，把与陌生人亲切交谈看作是完全适宜和正常行为的唯一场所可能就是吧台了。“你如果没去过酒吧，那就等于没到过英国。”这个忠告可在一此题为《酒吧护照：旅游者酒吧仪俗指南》的小册子中找到。对那些想要领略英国生活与文化的人来说，这本小册子就是他们的行为准那么。[4]Thetroubleisthatifyoudonotfollowthelocalrules,theexperiencemayfallflat.Forexample,ifyouareinabiggroup,itisbestifonlyoneortwopeoplegotobuythedrinks.Nothingirritatestheregularcustomersandbarstaffmorethanagangofstrangersblockingallaccesstothebarwhiletheychatandditheraboutwhattoorder.[4]问题是如果你不入乡随俗的话，你将一无所获。譬如说，你们假设是团体前往，那最好是派一个或两个人前去买酒。酒吧常客和酒保最腻味的事，就是一大伙陌生人一边闲聊一边又拿不定主意喝什么酒好，把通往吧台的路给堵住。[5]AmazinglyfortheBritish,wholovequeues,thereisnoformalline-up;thebarstaffareskilledatknowingwhoseturnitis.[5]就爱排队的英国人而言，在酒吧里看不到正式的排队，这令人感到惊讶。酒保有本事知道该轮到谁了。[6]Youarepermittedtotrytoattractattention,buttherearerulesabouthowtodothis.Donotcallout,tapcoinsonthecounter,snapyourfingerorwavelikeadrowningswimmer.Donotscowlorsighorrollyoureyes.Andwhateveryoudo,donotringthebellhangingbehindthecounter一thisisusedbythelandlordtosignalclosingtime.Thekeythingistocatchthebarworkerseyes.Youcouldalsoholdanemptyglassorsomemoney,butdonotwavethemabout.Doadoptanexpectant,hopeful,evenslightlyanxiousfacialexpression.Ifyoulooktoocontentedandcomplacent,thebarstaffmayassumeyouarealreadybeingserved.[6]你可以设法引起酒保的注意，但这是有规可循的。不能大声嚷嚷、用钱币敲打吧台、叭叭地弹手指或者像快溺水的人那样挥动手臂，也不要绷着脸、唉声叹气或翻白眼。还有一件事千万得注意，不要摇晃挂在吧台后面的铃，那是酒吧老板用的，表示打烽的时间到了。关键是要引起酒保的注意。你可以举着空杯子或钱，但不要来回摇晃。脸上要流露出期待、满怀希望甚至略带焦急的表情。你如果显得太心满意足的样子，酒保会误以为已经为你提供服务了。[7]Alwayssay“please”andtrytoremembersomeoftheBritishbarstaffs'pethates.Theydonotlikepeopletokeepotherswaitingwhiletheymakeuptheirminds.Theydon'tlikepeoplestandingidlyagainstthebarwhentherearealotofcustomerswantingforservice.AndtheydonotlikepeoplewhowaituntiltheendoftheorderbeforeaskingforsuchdrinksasGuinnessstoutwhichtakeconsiderablylongertopourthanotherdrinks.[7]要把“请”字挂在嘴边，并尽量记住英国酒保最厌恶的一些事。他们不喜欢酒客点酒时因拿不定主意而让别人等候，不喜欢在好多客人等着买酒时有人却围着吧台闲站着，也不喜欢有人在点单最后才说要喝像健力士烈性黑啤酒那样的酒，因为比起别的酒来，倒这种酒的时间要长得多。[8]OneDutchtouristwhospentsixmonthsvisiting800ofBritain's61,000pubsandinterviewing50publicansandbarworkersandmorethan1,000customerssaid:“IcannotunderstandhowtheBritishevermanagetobuythemselvesadrink."Buttheydo,andifyoufollowthesetipsyoushouldbeabletodoso,too.[8]一位荷兰游客曾经用半年时间去了英国61,000家酒吧中的800个，还访谈了50位酒吧老板和酒保以及1,000多个酒客。他说「我就搞不明白英国人是怎么给自己买到酒的J可事实上他们就能，而且只要你按着本文所给的忠告去做，你也能如愿以偿地买到酒。[9]Speakingoftips,youshouldneverofferthebarstaffacashgratuity.Thecorrectbehaviouristoofferthemadrink.Pubspridethemselvesontheiregalitarianatmosphere.Atipincashwouldbeareminderoftheirservicerole,whereastheofferofadrinkisafriendlygesture.[9]说到小费，你可千万别给酒保现金作为赏钱。正确的做法是请他们喝一盅。英国酒吧为自己的平等气氛而感到自豪。现金小费会使人联想到酒保是伺候人的，而请他们喝一杯那么是友好的表示。[10]Sonowyouhaveadrink,butwhataboutmeetingthelocals?Pub-goerswillindicateinunspokenwaysiftheyareinterestedinchatting.Concentrateonthosewhohaveboughtdrinksandarestillloiteringatthebar.Thosewhohavemovedtositattablesareprobablynotseekingcompany.Lookforpeoplewith“open"bodylanguage,facingoutwardsintotheroom.Don'teverintroduceyourselfwithanoutstretchedhandandabigsmile.Nativeswillcringeandsquirmwithembarrassmentatsuchbrashness.TheBritish,quitefrankly,donotwanttoknowyournameandshakeyourhand—atleastnotuntilaproperdegreeofmutualinteresthasbeenwellestablished(likemaybewhenyoumarrytheirdaughter).[10]现在你学会了怎样买酒喝，可又该怎样与当地人接触呢？当地酒客如果有兴趣交谈的话，就会用一些非言语方式表现出来。注意看那些已经买了酒可还在吧台前晃荡的人。那些已经离开吧台并找到椅子坐下的人可能只想独斟。要找那些用形体语言说明“可接触”的人，他们往往脸朝外，目光朝向屋里的人。千万不要伸出手来笑容满面地自我介绍。对于这种轻率鲁莽，当地人会因尴尬而战战兢兢，坐立不安。坦率地说，英国人不想知道你的姓名，也不想跟你握手一一至少在相互间尚未形成某种共同利益关系(譬如你娶他们的女儿为妻)之前不会。第12课：汉语文化习俗资料英译中西节日文化内涵被抽空(节选)[1]中国社会调查事务所的一份调查显示，53.6%的年轻人过“洋节”是为了“找个快乐的理由”；对于“洋节与中国传统节日有何区别”，57.1%的男性认为“中国传统节日停留在吃、穿等物质享受5层面上，而洋节更注重精神的交流”，60.7%的女性认为“洋节轻松自在，中国传统节日过得累”。CulturalConnotationsAreTakenAwayfromBothChineseandWesternFestivals(Excerpt)AninvestigationmadebyChina'sSocialSurveyOfficeshowsthat53.6%oftheyoungpeoplecelebrateWesternfestivalsjustforthepurposeof“findinganexcuseforfun”.Asfor“thedifferencebetweenWesternandtraditionalChinesefestivals”,57.1%ofthemalesthinkthattraditionalChinesefestivalsarelimitedtomaterialenjoyment,suchasdeliciousfoodandfineclothes,whileWesternfestivalslaymorestressonspiritualexchange.And60.7%ofthefemalesholdthattheyarecarefreewhencelebratingaWesternfestival,butareexhaustedduringatraditionalChinesefestival.[2]我们的传统节日大都与古代的农业生产紧密相连。当我们告别农耕社会奔赴工业社会之后，传统节日在工业大生产时代功能开始式微，西学东渐，西节也迅速在这片土地上枝叶繁茂起来，甚至有喧宾夺主之势。圣诞节、情人节、复活节、万圣节、感恩节似乎已经成了光辉的“中国节”，商家的精明造势加上年轻一代的推波助澜一一传统节日渐行渐远，西方节日大行其道。Mostofourtraditionalfestivalsarecloselyrelatedtoancientfanningactivities.Afterthereplacementofaagrariansocietybyanindustrialone,thefunctionoftraditionalfestivalsbegantodeclineinatimeofindustrialmassproduction.AsWesternlearningwasintroducedintoChina,Westernfestivalssoonbloomedonthisland,evenwithatendencyofovershadowingthenativefestivals.ItseemsthatChristmas,SaintValentine,sDay,EasterSunday,AllSaints'DayandThanksgivingDayhaveallbecomeglorious“Chinesefestivalsv.Duetothepromotionoftheshrewdbusinessmenandthewillingassistanceoftheyoungergeneration,traditionalChinesefestivalsaregraduallyrecedingfromuswhileWesternfestivalsarebecomingmoreandmorepopular.[3]西方节日来势凶猛，但硬要说它们像当年的坚船利炮那么可怕或许有点夸大其词。西方世界的节庆文化虽然在基督教诞生之前就开始萌芽，其真正壮大那么是在基督教兴盛之后。自利玛窦于万历十年(公元1582年)利用儒学经典在中国传播圣经算起，基督教来中国已经四个多世纪了。AlthoughWesternfestivalsarecomingtousinanirresistiblemanner,itmaysoundexaggerativetoinsistthattheyareasdreadfulasthearmoredshipswithbiggunsinthosedaysoftheOpiumWar.ThecultureoffestivalcelebrationintheWesthadbuddedbeforetheemergenceofChristianity.However,itdidn'tbecomepowerfuluntiltheprosperityofthereligion.Eversincethe10thyear(1582AD)ofWanli(titleofthereign(1573-1620)ofZhuYijun,the13themperoroftheMingDynasty),whentheItalianmissionaryMatteoRiccitookadvantageofConfucianteachingstopreachtheBibleinChina,Christianityhasbeenhereforoverfourcenturies.[4]相比之下，中国传统节日却没有得到有力保护。1949年以后，大多数节日都被视为封建剩余而废除，幸存下来的也只有春节、端午和中秋，其中只有春节被列入了法定假日。1949年以来我们的全民放假日只有7天，直至1999年国务院发布《全国节日及纪念日放假方法》才增至10天。这与中国宋代的69天、日本的15天、韩国的16天和美国的23天相比，明显过于短暂。传统节日的受冷落与洋人节日的受追捧构成了这个时代最戏剧化的景象。Incontrast,traditionalChinesefestivalshaven'tbeenwellpreserved.After1949,mostofthemwereabolishedasfeudalistvestiges.SurvivalsaretheSpringFestival,theDragonBoatFestivalandtheMid-AutumnDay,withtheSpringFestivalbeingtheonlyonethatislistedinourlegalholidays.China'sofficialholidayshadbeennomorethan7dayseversince1949.Itwasn,tuntil1999,whentheStateCouncilissuedtheuSolutiontotheHolidayProblemofFestivalsandAnniversaries^,ourholidayswereincreasedto10days.Comparedwiththe69daysduringtheSongDynasty,15daysinJapan,16daysinSouthKoreaand23daysintheUS,oursareobviouslytooshort.ThecoldtreatmentoftraditionalChinesefestivalsandthehotpursuitofWesternfestivalsconstituteamostdramaticsceneofthisage.[5]节日不仅仅是日常生活的调剂，更是维系民族认同感的纽带。巧合的是，联合国教