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TwomajorelementsinEuropeanculture:theGreco-Roman/Judeo-ChristianDemocracymeans:“exerciseofpowerbythewholepeople”,butby“thewholepeople”,theGreeksmeantonlytheadultmalecitizens,andcitizenshipwasasetofrightswhichamaninheritedfromhisfather,women,children,foreignersandslaveswereexcluded,theyhavenorights.Homerepics:theIliad/theOdysseyDramadevelopedinthe5thcenturyB.CTragedian悲剧作家Aeschylus希腊的悲剧诗人埃斯库罗斯—Prometheus普罗米修斯bound/Persians/Agamemnon阿伽门农,特洛伊战争中希腊军队的统帅Sophocles—Oedipus[希神]俄狄浦斯theking/Electra/Antigone[希神]安提歌尼(底比斯王俄狄普斯之女,因违抗禁令而自杀身亡)Euripides欧里庇得斯(希腊的悲剧诗人)—Andromache/Medea美狄亚(希腊神话中科尔喀斯国王之女,以巫术著称,曾帮助过伊阿宋取得金羊毛)/Trojan特洛伊womenComedist喜剧作家Aristophanes—Frogs/clouds/BirdswaspsPhilosophySocrates苏格拉底:Dialogues<谈话录>他坚持的观点是人类的美德是一种知识，因此一切恶行都是无知的结果。Plato柏拉图:Dialogues对话录/theApology/Symposium(dealingwithbeautyandlove)/theRepublicPlato’sphilosophyiscalledidealism理想主义,唯心论.Aristotle亚里斯多德:Ethics伦理学/Politics/Poetics诗论/Rhetoric修辞学重点Whatshouldbeman’saiminlife?Aristotle’sanswerwashappiness,butnothappinessinthevulgarsense,butsomethingthatcouldonlybeachievedbyleadingalifeofreason,goodnessandcontemplation沉思.Cynics犬儒主义P29Diogenes第欧根尼：希腊哲学家，哲学犬儒学派奠基人，强调自我控制和推崇善行。说他曾提着灯在雅典大街漫步寻找诚实的人,decidedtolivelikeadogandtheword“cynic”means“dog”inGreek,herejectedallconventions–whetherofreligion,ofmanners,dress,housing,food,orofdecency.RomanhistoryP38Theyear27B.CdividedthehistoryofRomeintotwoperiods:beforethen,Romehadbeenarepublic,inthatyear,OctaviustooksupremepowerasemperorwiththetitleofAugustus.Twocenturieslater,theRomanempirereacheditsgreatestextend,encirclingtheMediterranean地中海,reachingScotlandinthenorthandspreadingintoArmeniaandMesopotamiaintheeast.Theemperorsreliedonastrongarmy—thefamousRomanLegions古罗马军团(约有3000至6000步兵,辅以数百名骑兵)andanefficientbureaucracy官僚机构toexerttheirrule,whichwasfacilitatedbyawelldevelopedsystemofroads.ThustheRomanenjoyedalongperiodofpeacelastingtwohundredyears,aremarkablephenomenoninhistoryknowasthepaxRoman罗马帝国统治下的和平.Virgil维吉尔(古罗马诗人,公元前70-公元前19)ThegreatestofLatinpoets,wrotethegreatepic,作品theAeneid《埃涅伊德》.AboutBibleP52TheBibleisacollectionofreligiouswritingscomprisingtwoparts:theoldTestament旧约全书andthenewTestament.TheformerisaboutGodandthelawsofGod;thelatter,thedoctrine教义ofJesusChrist,theword＂Testament＂means“agreement”–namelytheagreementbetweenGodandman.RiseofChristianityP73AttheheartofChristianityisthelifeofJesus:howhelivedanddiedtoredeem救赎thewholehumanrace.WhyJesusbecrucified十字架钉死?Jesuspropagated传播thefaithaboutGod—menshouldbelieveinGodandlovehimandbehavelikeGod’schildrenandloveanother.“everyoneisequal”beforeGod.InAD30,inGalilee,Jesuswasregardedas被认作adangerousmanthatthreatentheclique派系inpower.Attheendofthreeyears,hewentwithhisdisciples信徒toJerusalem耶路撒冷forthePassover逾越节,butwasbetrayedbyJuda.Jesuswasrushedtotrialandcrucifiedasarevolutionarypreacheranddangerousreformer.TranslationsoftheBibleP86Aramaicdialect亚拉姆语Hebrew希伯莱Vulgateedition拉丁文圣经What’smeanscodeofChivalry骑士制度?P94Asaknight,hewaspledged誓言toprotecttheweak,tofightforthechurch,tobeloyaltohislordandrespectwomenofnoblebirth贵族出身.TheseruleswereknownasacodeofChivalry.基督教是如何成为合法的唯一宗教并被尊为国教P76Constantine康斯坦丁大帝,whowonwarbetweenrivalsforthethrone君主andtheemperorofRoman.HebelievedthatGodhadhelpedhiminwinningthebattle,issuedtheEdictofMilanin313.Itgranted准予religionsfreedomtoall,andmadeChristianitylegal.In392A.D,emperorTheodosiusmadeChristianity,theofficialreligionoftheempireandoutlawed宣布...为不合法allotherreligious.Thecrusades十字军名字的由来？为什么东征及东征的意义P99Toexpresstheirreligiousfeelings,manypeopleinthemiddleAgeswentonjourneystosacred神圣的placeswhereearlyChristianleadershadlived.ThemostimportantofallwasJerusalem耶路撒冷.Butin1071PalestinefelltothearmiesoftheTurkishMoslemswhounliketheArabsattackedtheChristianpilgrims朝圣者，killingmanyofthemandsoldmanyothersasslaves.Newofthiskindroused激起greatindignationamongChristiansinwesternEurope.TheresultwasaseriesofHolywars圣战calledcrusades十字军东侵whichwentonabout200years.AllthesoldiersgoingtoPalestineworearedcrossonthetunics束腰外衣assymbolofobedience顺从toGod.Significance:1*althoughthecrusadesdidnotachievetheirgoaltoregaintheHolyland,theyhadanimportanteffectonthefutureofboththeeastandwest.Theybroughttheeastintoclosercontactwiththewest,andtheygreatlyinfluentonhistoryofEurope.2*crusadeshelpedtobreakdownfeudalism封建主义.3*thecrusadesalsoresultedinrenewingpeople’sinterestinlearningandinvention.NationalEpicsP105TheepicwastheproductoftheHeroicAge古希腊的“英雄时代”1*Beowulf(700~750A.D),anAnglo-Saxon盎格鲁-撒克逊人epic.2*SongofRolan罗兰之诗—about12thA.DItisthemostwell-knownofagroupofFrenchepicsknowsasLaChansondegestes.P111Dante但丁Alighieri,Italy,greatestpoet.Thedivinecomedy《神曲》P118Renaissance文艺复兴means?14th~mid17thP129Theword“Renaissance”meansrevival,specificallyinthisperiodofhistory,revivalofinterestinancientGreekandRomanculture.Subject:humanity人权/Christianity神权文艺复兴时期的新文学GiovanniBoccaccio卜伽丘,Decameron《十日谈》,其中收集了以逃避黑死病为忧郁背景的100个故事，100talestoldbyontheirwaytoescapetheblackdeathof1348,thetalesarewitty,licentious放荡的,fullofpraiseoftrueloveandwisdomandalsosatire讽刺文学onthehypocrisy伪善ofthepriestandthearistocrat贵族.MartinLuther路德，马丁：(1483-1546)德国神学家、欧洲宗教改革运动的领袖。他反对教会阶层的富有和腐败，认为只要在信仰的基础上即可获得超度，而不须借助于教会的典籍，这些观点使他于1521年与天主教会脱离。他肯定了1530年的奥格斯堡忏悔会，成功的建立了堤路德教会andhisDoctrinesP145Germanleaderoftheprotestantreformation欧洲宗教改革运动.Hequotedthescripture基督教经文insupportofhisbeliefthatmenareredeemedbyfaithandnotbythepurchase（以某种代价）换得ofindulgences特许.JohnCalvin卡尔文，约翰：(1509-1564)法裔瑞士新教神学家，他破除了罗马教会统治（1533年），在今天为人所知的基督教学院（1536年）中将他自己的神学教义推向前进andCalvinism卡尔文主义：约翰·卡尔文的宗教教义，强调上帝是万能的，以及仁慈上帝对人的超度作用p147Frenchtheologian,work:institutesoftheChristianreligionCalvinismstressedtheabsoluteauthorityoftheGod’swill,holdingthatonlythosespeciallyelectedbyGodaresaved.Hebeliefwasthatanyformofsinfulnesswasalikelysign.MigueldeCervantes塞万提斯1547-1616，renaissanceinSpain.1*withthepublicationofdonQuixote<<堂吉诃德>>，theEuropeannovelenteredanewstage.2*donQuixotewasaparody滑稽satirizing讽刺性描写averypopulartypeofliteratureatthetime,theromanceofchivalry.It’ssourcesareromanticaswellasrealistic,truthfulandimaginative.3*itisrecognizedasthefatherofthemodernEuropeannovel,andhashadgreatimpactonworldliterature.WilliamShakespeare莎士比亚，威廉：(1564-1616)英国戏剧家和诗人，他的作品被认为是英语文学作品中最伟大的戏剧，其中大多在伦敦的全球戏院演出过，包括历史作品，例如理查德二世；喜剧包括无事生非和皆大欢喜；悲剧包括哈姆雷特、奥赛罗和李尔王。他还作过154首十四行诗。他最早的戏剧集子，第一对开本，包含了36个戏剧，并在他死后出版(1623年）renaissanceinEnglandP176Shakespearewasamanofthelaterenaissancewhogavethefullestexpressiontohumanistideals.HewasinLondonasactor,poetandplaywright,withoccasionalvisitstohishometown.Hamlet哈姆勒特kingLear李尔王Macbeth麦克白Othello奥赛罗AsyoulikeitAnthonyCleopatraThesonnets十四行诗SirIsaalNewton牛顿1642-1727P193Ofallhisachievementinphysics,hisdiscoveryofthelawoftheuniversalgravitation万有引力isthemostimportant,whichstatesthateverybodyattractsotherwithforcedirectlyproportionaltotheproductoftheirmassesandinverselyproportionaltothesquareofdistancebetweenthem.FrancisBacon培根，弗朗西斯：(1561-1626)英国哲学家、随笔作家、朝臣、法理学家和政治家。其作品包括论科学的价值和发展（1605年）和新工具论（1620年），在这部著作里他提出了以观察和实验为基础的科学认识理论，作为归纳法理论逐渐为人所知P196AnEnglishphilosopher,essayistandstatesman.Works:theadvancementoflearningThenewAtlantisNewmethod新工具Essays培根语录重要Twomethodsinthenovumorganum新工具论:1*inductionmeansreasoningfromparticularfactsorindividualcasestoageneralconclusion.归纳法：由特殊的事实或例子推理出的普遍性规律的过程2*deductionmethod演绎法emphasizedreasoningfromaprinciplesotheunknownandfromthegeneraltothespecific.从所述前提得出一个结论；从一般推向特殊的推论JohnLocke洛克1632-1704,英国哲学家P204Englishempiricist经验主义者andanoutstandingpoliticalphilosopher.Hismaterialistviews唯物主义观点areexpressed明确的inoneofhischiefworks:Essayconcerninghumanunderstanding1960Hisbasictheoryisthatallourideasareultimately根本、最终derived起源fromsensationorfromreflection,thatthesetwomakeupexperienceandthatallourknowledgespringsfrom来自experience.JohnMilton米尔顿1608-1674,英国诗人P212Epicpoems:paradiselost《失乐园》/paradiseregained/Samsonagonist力士参孙ReneDescartes笛卡尔，莱恩：(1596-1650)法国数学家，哲学家，因将笛卡尔坐标体系公式化而被认为是解析几何之父。他的哲学思想基于唯理性的前提“我思故我在”1596-1650P213Aphilosopher,physicistandmathematiciam.HisbelievedthatmodernphilosophybeginswithBacon培根inEnglandandwithReneDescartesinFrance.Majorworks:rulesfordirectionofthemindDiscourseon详论methodMeditationsconcerningfirstphilosophyandobjectionsandrepliesFrenchclassicism古典运动andwhatisclassicism?P127Classicismimpliestherevivaloftheformsandtraditionsoftheancientword,areturntoworksofoldGreekliteraturefromHomer荷马toPlato柏拉图andAristotle.亚里士多德ButFrenchclassicismofthe17thcenturywasnotconsciousofbeingaclassicalrevival.Itintendedtoproducealiterature,Frenchtothecore,whichwasworthyofGreekandclassicalideals—newclassicism.Thisnewclassicismreacheditsclimax顶点inFranceinthe17th.Moliere莫里哀p223ThebestrepresentativedramatistofFrenchclassicalcomedies.Tartuffe伪君子答尔丢夫Lemisanthrope愤世嫉俗L’Auare吝啬人What’senlightenment?启蒙运动启蒙运动事18世纪欧洲的哲学运动。起源于17世纪的科学革命及洛克与牛顿的思想，其基本信念是高尚理智，认为理智是一切知识和人类事务的指针。由此产生进步思想和对传统基督教的挑战。TheenlightenmentwasanintellectualmovementoriginatinginFrance,whichattractedwithwidespreadsupportamongtherulingandintellectualclassesofEuropeandnorthAmericainthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury.ItcharacterizestheeffortsbycertainEuropeanwriterstousecriticalreasontofreemindsfromprejudice,unexaminedauthorityandoppressionbychurchorstate.Thereforetheenlightenmentissometimescalledtheageofreason.Themostimportantforerunnersoftheenlightenmentweretwo17thcenturyEnglishmenJohnLockeandIsaacNewton.TheirtheoriesfosteredthebeliefinnaFrenchphilosophy3巨头代表作及观点p235Montesquieu孟德斯鸠：法国哲学家和法学家。他是早期法国启蒙运动的杰出人物。著有隐含攻击君主制和古代政体的有影响力的作品如波斯人信札(1721年）和谴责政府的论法的精神(1748年）Persianletter/thespiritofthelawshebelievedthatthelegislative,executiveandjudicialpowermustbeconfidedtodifferentindividualorbodies,actingindependently.Voltairelettersanglaise/candiedifgoddidnotexist,itwouldbenecessarytoinventhim.Rousseauthesocialcontractview:asocialcontractwasestablishedwheneachindividualgavehisrightstoageneralwill-asanequalparticipantinthepoliticallife.WolfgangvonGoethe歌德，约翰·沃尔夫贡(1749-1832)德国作者和科学家。精通诗歌、歌剧和小说。他花了50年时间写了二部戏剧长诗浮士德（出版于1808年和1832年）。他也致力于各个领域的科学研究，在植物学方面享有盛誉，并在几次政府担任职务1749-1832GreatestofallGermanpoets,outstandingfigureofworldliterature,sincetherenaissance.Thesorrowsofyoungweather少年维特的烦恼WilhelmMeister’sapprenticeshipWilhelmMeister’stravelsFaust浮士德：德国传说中的一个魔术师和炼金术士，他将灵魂卖给魔鬼，以换取力量和知识PoetryandtruthJohannChristophfriedrichvoSchiller席勒，约翰·克里斯托夫·弗雷德里希·冯：(1759-1805)德国作家，主要的浪漫主义者，以他的历史剧如唐·卡洛斯(1787年）和华伦斯坦(1798-1799年）及说教长诗著名p264TheGermandramatist,poet,historianandesthetician美学家,ranksasoneofgreatestofGermanliteraryfigures.Therobber强盗Cabalandlove阴谋与爱情Wallenstein华伦斯坦Wilhelmtell威廉泰尔Whatisromanticism?P2841*romanticismwasmovementinliterature,philosophy,musicandartwhichdevelopedinEuropeinthelate18thandearly19thcenturies.2*startingfromtheideasofRousseau卢梭inFranceandfromthestormandstressmovementinGermany,itheldthatclassicism,dominantsincethe16thcentury,failedtoexpressman’semotionalnatureandoverlookedhisprofoundinnerforces.3*romanticismemphasizedindividualvaluesandaspirationsabovethoseofsociety.4*asareactiontotheindustrialrevolution,ittookedtothemiddleagesandtodirectcontactwithnatureforinspiration.5*itgaveimpetustothenationalliberationmovementin19thcenturyEurope.与浪漫主义有关的作家;英国：Wordsworth华兹华斯，威廉：(1770-1850)英国诗人，其最重要的全集抒情歌谣（1798年）同塞缪尔·泰勒柯尔斯基合作出版，为建立英格兰诗歌的浪漫主义风格做出了贡献。他于1843年被授予桂冠诗人Coleridge柯尔雷基，塞缪尔·泰勒：(1772-1834)英国诗人批评家浪漫主义流派的倡导者，同威廉·华兹华斯一起出版了抒情歌谣（1978年），里面包括了他最为著名的诗歌《老水手的故事》Blake布莱克(①姓氏②William,1757-1827,英国漫画家,诗人③Robert,1599-1657,英国海军上将)积极浪漫主义Keats济慈，济慈，约翰：(1795-1821)英国最伟大的诗人之一，他的作品音调优美，古典意象丰富，包括“圣爱格妮斯之前夜”、希腊古瓮”和“秋颂”（均写于1819年）:odetoanightingale积极浪漫主义Shelley雪莱(1797-1851)英国作家，以其哥特式小说弗朗肯斯坦，又名现代的普罗米修斯(1818年）最为著名:odetothewestwind积极浪漫主义Byron拜伦(1788-1824)英国诗人，被公认为是浪漫主义运动的先驱。那象征着孤独、反抗和沉思的“拜伦式英雄”的形象最早出现在曼弗雷德（1817年）里。他的其它著作有查尔德·哈洛尔德游记（1812至1818年）、希永的囚徒（1816年）以及讽刺长诗唐璜（1819至1824年）。由于他的恋爱经历和反传统的生活方式，拜伦在当时是名誉扫地的。他死于为希腊脱离土耳其而独立所做的工作中：donJuan唐璜德国：歌德、席勒法国：Rousseau卢梭(1712-1778),法国启蒙思想家,哲学家,教育家和文学家、Hugo雨果，维克托·玛丽：(1802-1885)法国作家，1851年拿破仑掌权后被驱逐，1870年返回法国。他的小说包括巴黎圣母院(1831年）和悲惨世界(1862年）,积极浪漫主义Aleksanderpushkin普希金(1799-1837)俄国作家，他创作了小说叶甫盖尼·奥涅金(1831年），剧本鲍里斯·戈都诺夫(1831年），以及许多叙事性和散文性诗和短篇小说p311StoodinthevanoftheromanticmovementinRussia.Ruslanandliudmila鲁斯兰和柳德米拉—firstimportantpoemBorisgodunou—bestplay,historictragedy历史悲剧EugeneOnegin尤金。奥涅金—tookhis8years,berecognizedashismasterpiece.Itisaverse-novelbasedonByron’s唐璜。Oneginsetsupthetypeofthesuper-famousmanforthenumerousRussiannovelstocome.Honore’deBalzac巴尔扎克，奥诺德：(1799-1850)法国作家和现实主义小说奠基人，他在作品集人间喜剧中描述了法国社会生活的全景p380Hasbeencalled“TheFrenchdickens狄更斯.”,asdickenshasbeencalled“theEnglishBalzac”Thehumancomedyinspiredbythatofdatote’sdivinecomedy.ItisthetitlegivenbyBalzactothewholecollectionofhisnovels,aseriesofbooks,acomprehensivepictureofcontemporaryFrenchsocieby.他决定在人间喜剧的框架内呈现一幅现代文明的完整图画，此套书包括了多部杰作如高老头。Realism现实主义?P391Themodernphilosophicaldoctrine,opposedtoidealism,thatphysicalobjectsexistindependentlyoftheirbeingperceived.与理想主义相对的一种现代哲学信条，认为外部事物独立于它们的表象而存在的现实主义作家。RealisminnorthernEuropeP407Ibsen易卜生，亨利克：(1828-1906)挪威戏剧作家。他的现实主义作品影响了现代剧的发展。他的主要作品包括《皮尔·英特》(1867年），《玩偶之家》(1879年）和《群鬼》(1881年）Adoll’shouse玩偶之家Anenemyofthepeople人民公敌Thewildduck野鸭Heddagabler海达。加布勒Bernaidshaw肖伯纳，1856-1950，英爱尔兰剧作家，散文家wontheNobelprizein1925.Heartbreakhouse伤心之家St.joan圣女贞德Manandsuperman人与超人Thedoctor’sdilemma医生的窘境TheapplecartMajorBarbara巴巴拉少校Pygmalion皮格马力翁惠特曼，美诗人，著《草叶集》Leavesofgrass――hismasterpiece:Ibelievealeafofgrassisnolessthatthejourney-workofthestars,andthepismireisequallyperfect,andagrainofsand,andtheeggofawren.Whenlilacslastinthedooryardbloom：bestknownpoem,expresseshisgriefoverthedeathofLincoln.马克吐温marktwainLifeontheMississippiThecelebratedjumpingfrogofcaraverascountryTheadventurestoHuckLeberryFinnThegildedageTheadventuresofTomsawyerTheprinceandthepauperWhatismodernism?现代主义泛指20世纪前半叶在不同艺术中所推行的经验性方法。许多艺术家痛感现存艺术规范的僵化与武断，对人类在世界上的地位和目标抱持怀疑，就是这种经验的起因。达达主义超现实主义和各种反正统流派都是现代主义的表现形式。Modernismwasacomplexanddiverseinternationalmovementinallthecreativearts,originatingabouttheendofthe19thcentury.Itprovidedthegreatestcreativerenaissanceofthe20thcentury.Itwasmadeupofmanyfacts,suchassymbolism,surrealism,cubism,expressionism,futurismetc.Modernismhasbeencalled“thetraditionofthenew”.Itprovidedfreshwaysoflookingatman’spositionandfunctionintheuniverse.Modernismhasalsobeencalledthe“dehumanization非人性的ofart”，hasbecomethesynonymofrevolutioninform.自我、本我、超我，弗洛伊德的现代心理分析。Freuddividedhumanpersonalityintotherefunctionalparts--Id,ego,superego.Freudiansystem:Id--thecontaineroftheinstinctualurges.Itisconcernedwithwhatapersonwantstodo.Ego—therational,thoughtful,realistic,personalityprocess,itisconcernedwithwhatapersoncando.Superego—theidealizedimagethatapersonbuildsofhimselfinresponsetoauthorityandsocialpressures.现代主义文学Eliot艾略特英国诗人1888-1965,生于美国的英国诗人、剧作家、文艺评论家,曾获1948年诺贝尔文学奖Thewasteland荒原ThelovesongofJ.AlfredPrufrockFourquartetsLawrence1885-1930劳伦斯，英国诗人、小说家Hewasconsideredoneofthe“makers”ofmodernEnglishfiction.Takehumanrelationship,especiallythatmenandwomen,ashismajortheme.Sonsandlovers儿子与情人Womeninlove恋爱中的女人Ladychatterley’slove查泰莱夫人的情人Therainbow虹Thelostgirl迷失的少女JamesJoyce1882-1941乔伊斯，意识流小说，英爱尔兰作家，他创新的文学手法对现代小说有着深远影响。Hisworksarecharacterizedbyexperimentwithlanguage,symbolismandsuchnarrativetechniquesasinteriormonologue内心独白andstreamofconsciousness.意识流Vlysses尤利西斯Aportraitoftheartistasayoungman一个青年艺术家的画像—自传性质ErnestHemingway海明威，美国作家。第一次世界大战期间先后做过救护车司机、新闻记者、探险家和被驱逐者，本世纪20年代移居巴黎从事短篇小说和小说的写作，作品有太阳照样升起(1926年），表钟为谁鸣(1940年），及老人与海(1952年）等，作品大都描写英勇无畏而孤独的人物，带有精炼的文学风格。他1954年获诺贝尔文学奖HewasawardedtheNobelprizein1954forhismasteryoftheartofmodernnarration.现代叙事手法Thesunalsorises太阳照样升起Afarewelltoarms永别了武器Forwhomthebelltolls丧钟为谁鸣AlbertCamus加缪，作品充满荒诞：(1913-1960)法国作家和存在主义哲学家，其作品如陌生人（1942年）及瘟疫（1947年）涉及人类自身状况的荒谬性。他获得了1957年的诺贝尔文学奖HereceivedtheNobelprizein1957.Inhisbooks,Camuswasinterestedinphilosophicalproblems,suchasthemeaningoflifeandman’ssearchforvalues.Onefamousthemeinhisbookisthatofthe“absurd”荒谬,whichaccordingtohimisagulfbetweenman’sdesireforahappyworldgovernedbyreason,andtheactualirrationalworld.Camusthoughtmanshouldnotsimplyacceptthis“absurd”world,butshouldrevoltagainstit.Hisrepresentativeworksishisnovel:thestrange局外人Literatureandphilosophysince1945AngryyoungmeninEngland.英格兰的愤怒青年ItwasatermreferringtoagroupofEnglishwriterwhofoundthemselvestobesocialmisfits.不适应社会的人其中的代表者：KingsleyAmis1922-1995金斯利。艾米斯，作品《幸运的吉姆》luckyJimJohnOsborne1929-1994约翰。奥斯本，《愤怒中回顾》lookbackinanger.BeatgenerationinAmerica美国的颓废一代Itwasanameadop