课件第三章词语选择

时尚英语词汇•山寨异地恋剩女•婚百搭限时抢购水货microblogCopycatlong-distancerelationship3S

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womanoffbeatrookiestreaking第三章词语的选择语言的形式与意义之间的关系可粗略划分成以下三种：F1→M1;

F1→Mx;

Fx→M1（F代表形式，

M代表意义，x＞1）明辨词义不仅是翻译的起点，而且也是翻译的基础和关键环节。用词错误往往会影响整个句子、乃至整篇文章的意思，正所谓“差之毫厘，谬以千里。”Operate：He

took

the

machine

to

pieces

to

try

andfind

out

how

it

operated.他把机器拆开，想看看机器怎么运转的。If

there’s

an

electrical

failure,

it’s

possible

tooperate

the

lift

manually.如果停电，可以由人力开动电梯。Changes

are

being

introduced

to

make

thedepartment

operate

more

efficiently.正在进行，以提高部门的工作效率。Specially

equipped

troops

areoperatingundercover

activities

in

thehills.专门

在山上进行

训练。We

have

representatives

operating

in

mostcountries.在许多国家都有

开展业务。Exchange

rates

are

currently

operating

tothe

advantage

of

exports.目前的汇率走势对出口有利。Destructive

forces

are

clearly

operatingwithin

the

community.显然社区中有破坏

在活动。发展是硬道理。Development

is

the

absolute

/

cardinal/primary

principle.假日经济在我国已经呈现出广阔的发展前景。The

holiday

economy

promisesremarkable

growth.The

holiday

economy

holds

great

promiseof

growth.The

holiday

economy

has

remarkablepotential

f

rowth.The

holiday

economy

has

the

prospect

ofremarkable

growth.英译汉中常用的确定词义段一、根据词语搭配和上下文选择词义– He

reached

his

hand

out

for

the

book

I

offered

him.他伸出手来接我给他的书。– We

tried

to

reach

them

by

cable.试着用电报跟他们联络。•– She

reached

up

and

pickedar

off

abranch.•她抬起手从一根枝上摘下一只梨。– The

speaker's

voice

couldn't

reach

to

the

back

ofthe

auditorium.•礼堂后排听不到人

。–The

insecticide

was

put

out

of

the

child's

reach.•杀虫剂放在孩子够不着的地方。– The

upper

reaches

of

Minjiang

River

serves

asecological

barriers

of

Sichuan

Province

and

even

thewest

ofChina.岷江上游是 省乃至我国西南重要的生态屏障We

had

a

grand

viewofa

sea

of

clouds

when

weclimbed

to

the

top

of

the

mountain.当

爬上了山巅时，看到了云海的壮观景象。We

must

do

away

with

the

grandiose

style

ofwork.须摈弃浮夸的工作作风。It

is

indeed

the

most

magnificent

drawing-roomI

have

ever

seen.那的确是我所见到的最豪华的客厅。The

buildings

around

the

Circus

are

rathernondescript,

though

some

of

them

are

largeand

quite

imposing.广场周围的建筑物并不起眼，不过其中有一些还比较高大、宏伟。Whenever

the

sta y

national

anthem

isperformed,

I

am

invariably

emotionallyroused.每当奏起庄严的国歌时，我 感情上受到激发。1.集中精力把经济建设搞上去go

all

out

for

economic

development2.坚持persist,不搞对抗logue,

refrain

from不搞劳民伤财的“形象工程”refrain

from

building

“vanity

projects

”thatwaste

both

money

and

manpower对内搞活，对外开放revitalize

domestic

economy,

open

up

tothe

outside

world5.spoof搞花架子do

something

superficial搞活国营大中型企业invigora arge

and

medium-sized

state-owned

enterprises更加注重搞好宏观调控pay

more

attention

to

exercising

macro-control开放搞活open

up

andenliven

theeconomy靠扩大财政赤字搞建设increase

the

deficit

tospend

more

ondevelopment11）With

theinvention

of

writing,

a

greatadvance

was

made,

for

knowledge

couldthen

be

not

only

communicated

but

alsostored,libraries

made

education

possible,and

education

in

its

turnadded

tolibraries.译文：由于文字的发明，人类取得了巨大的进步，因为此时知识不仅可以交流，而且可以 。图书为开展教育活动提供了可能性，而教育又反过来增加了 的数量和内容。develop=发展?His

plane

developed

engine

trouble

onlyseven aftertake-off.他的飞机起飞后只飞行了七英里就发生了机械故障。Modern

aircraft

are

so

heavy

that

the

wingsmust

develop

a

very

large

life

force

in

orderto

sustain

the

aircraft.现代飞机很重，机翼必须产生很大的升力才能保持飞机在空中飞行。Most

of

the

money

came

from

selling

thesecret

of

a

new

type

of

potato

hehaddeveloped.大部分钱是靠出售他培育土豆新品种的秘方得来的。As

early

as

his

second

film,

Chaplin

haddeveloped

his

own

manner

of

acting,

theonethat

was

to e

world

famous.早在

演第二部

时，他就已形成了自己的表演风格，这就是他后来闻名于世的那种表演风格。It

is

believed

thatbefore

writing

wasdeveloped,

people

in

China

used

tokeeprecords

byputting

a

number

of

stonestogether.人们认为，在出现书写之前，

常把石头放在一起来记事。Some

married

people

who

are

not

satisfiedwith

their

family

may

resort

to

the

internetto

develop

an

extramarital

affair.一些对家庭不满意的已婚男女也会借助互联网去搞恋。Photographers

return

andthe

photos

arequickly

developed.摄影 回来了，很快把

冲洗好了。In

develo a

design,

the

engineer

mustapply

his

knowledge

of

engineering

andmaterial

science.在进行设计时，工程师必须应用自己在工程学和材料学方面的知识。While

people

in

other

countries

in

theworld

were

trying

to

catch

wildanimals

and birds

and

were

stillcollecting

seeds

and

nuts,

farmers

inChina

were

develo the

science

ofagriculture.当世界上其他国家还在捕猎飞禽走兽、采集坚果的时候，就已经在从事农业科技研究了。二、根据词语搭配和上下文变通词义段词义引申词义的转化词义的具体化词义的抽象化1、词义的转化The

factors

which

are

likely

toinfluenceinvestment

spending

do

not

stop

here.译：可能影响投资开支的因素并不止这些。Whether

you

like

it

or

not,

globalization

is

hereto

stay.

We

are

not

goingto

reverse

the

trend.译：不管你对它的态度如何，经济全球化已成为 生活的一部分，这个趋势

。Our

products,

if

maintained

properlyandregularly,

can

at

least

see

twenty

years’

service.译： 的产品如果适当地定期检修，至少可以使用20年。4）That’s

a

tall

story

about

the

town’shigh

street.译:

有关这城主街的说法是在令人难以置信。2、词义的具体化There

is

more

to

their

life

thanpolitical

andsocial

and

economic

problem,

more

thantransient

everydayness.他们的生活远不止那些政治的、社会的和经济的问题，远不止一时的柴米油盐问题。The

factoryis

famous

for

its

arsenal

of

technicalgeniuses.这家工厂以拥有众多技术精英而著称。Our

unique

concept

was

a

response

tobuyerneeds,

bringing

greater

reliability,

higher-quality

output,exceptional

user-friendlinessand

operational

ease.唯一的信念就是要适应 者的需要，生产更可靠的、质量更高的产品，让使用者感到格外好用和操作方便。Dobbin

hadbeen

in

the

coffee-room

for

an

houror

more

Hehad

tried

all

the

p

rs

but

could

notreadthem．在咖啡室少说也待了一个钟头。他翻遍了所有的报纸，可什么也没看进去It

isall

very

well,

again,to

have

atiger

in

the,

but

to

have

one

in

thedriver's

seat

isanother

matter

altogether.当然油箱里装满优质

倒是好事，但是驾驶室里要是坐着横冲直撞的 就完全是另一回事了。I

want

to

be

TV’s

Czar

of

scriptand

grammar．想成为电视这一行的霸主，所有 我说了算。3、词义的抽象化The

interest

rates

have

see-sawed

between

10and

15

percent.利率一直在10％到15％之间不断波动。Brain

drain

has

been

Kangding’s

No.1

concern;as

a

matter

of

fact,

it

has

been

an

epidemic

inthisarea.人才外流一直是康定的头号问题，实际上，它已经成为那一地区带普遍性的严峻问题。There

is

amixture

of

the

tiger

and

the

inthe

character

of

the

imperialists.主义者的性格既

，又狡猾。Every

life

has

its

roses

and

thorns.每个人的生活都有甜和苦。5）Tonyis

only

nineteen

and

the

baby

of

ourcrew.只有十九岁，是 机组里的小字辈。He

had

lived

all

his

life

in

desert

whereevery

cupful

of

water

might

be

a

matter

oflife

and

death.他一直在沙漠上生活，这地方每一杯水都得精打细算地用；一杯水可能是生死攸关的事。Instead，an

assassin’s

bullet

erased

inthe

minds

of

Americans

any

faultshehad．事实正好相反，一个刺客的

行径反而使人忘却了他所有的毛病。词义的褒贬：He

was

a

man

ofhigh

renown

(fame).他是位有名望的人。（褒）The

adoption

of

new

policieswill

surely

leadtosome

striking

results.采取各项新政策必将带来显著成果。There

would

have

been

more

painful

result

butfor

the

drastic

measures.若不是采取了严厉措施，那将会出现的更痛苦的

。As

a

demanding

boss,

he

expected

totalloyaltyand

dedication

from

his

employees.他是个苛刻的

，要求手下的人对他忠心耿耿，鞠躬尽瘁。（贬）5）The

popularity

of evisionand

the

difficulty

offinancing

plays

have

helped

to

close

manytheatres.

But

now

it

seems

the

theatre

isaboutto

pick

up

again

after电视普及，加上戏剧筹资riod

ofdecline.，许多剧院被迫关门。然而经过一端时间的

后，现在剧院似乎又将从新焕发生机。6) Those

who

do

not

remember

the

past

arecondemned

to

relive

it.凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈

。（贬）7）"He

was

polite

and

always

gave

advice

willingly,"sherecalled.她回忆说，“他彬彬有礼，总是诲人不倦。”（褒）汉译英中常用的确定词义段一、词语的选择1.

集中精力把经济建设搞上去go

all

outfor

economic

development2.坚持persist,不搞对抗logue,

refrain

from不搞劳民伤财的“形象工程”refrain

from

building

“vanity

projects

”thatwaste

both

money

and

manpower对内搞活，对外开放revitalize

domestic

economy,

open

uptothe

outside

world5.spoof搞花架子do

something

superficial搞活国营大中型企业invigora arge

and

medium-sized

state-owned

enterprises更加注重搞好宏观调控pay

more

attention

to

exercising

macro-control开放搞活open

up

and

enliven

the

economy靠扩大财政赤字搞建设increase

the

deficit

tospend

more

ondevelopment11、假日外出旅游，成为国人最风行的。Traveling

on

holidays

has e

anactivity

popular

with

Chinese

people.Traveling

on

holidays

is

most

popularwith

Chinese

people.12、企业经济效益显著改善。The

economic

performance

of

enterprisesimproved

markedly.13、生产生活条件明显改善。

Production

and

living

conditions

haveremarkably

improved.14、中国加入世贸组织后，人才市场会出现新的潮流。There

will

be

newtrends

in

thenel

market

after

China’s

entryinto

the

WTO.15、大力加强

精神文明建设。We

should

vigorously

promote

socialistcultural

and

ethic

progress.二、词语的搭配16、电脑的普及为网络走进千家万户创造了条件。The

popularization

of

computer

haspaved

theway

for

Interne try

into

average

families.The

popularization

of

computer

has

made

itpossible

for

theInternet

toenter

into

averagefamilies.The

popularization

of

computer

has

createdconditions

for

Interne try

into

averagefamilies.

(x)17、新形势、新趋势、新技术，促进了生产力的发展，促进了创造力的发挥，促进了各国之间的合作与交流。The

new

development,trendsand

technologieshave

helped

expand

productive

forces,

givenfull

play

to

creativity,

and

enhance

exchangesand

cooperation

among

countries.18、

要 人民的权力。We

should

maintain

the

people’s

rights.根据不同的上下文，“

”有不同的译法：uphold

unity独立主权

uphold

independence

andsovereignty国家主权defend

state

sovereignty人民利益safeguard

the

people’sinterests自尊safeguard

one’sself

respect世界和平与安全

maintain

/safeguardworld

peace

and

security19、积极开展资源回收利用，大力提高资源综合利用率。We

need

to

increase

our

recycling

ofresources

in

order

to

unutilized

ourresources

more

effectively.20、积极推动 在各行业的广泛应用。We

need

to

extensively

apply

IT

inenterprises

in

all

industries.21、

积极调整、发展第三产业。We

will

be

working

vigorously/energetically

torestructure

and

developtertiary

industries.22、工业结构调整取得积极进展。Significant

progress

was

made

inindustrial

structural

adjustment.23、东部地区要积极支持中西部地区发展。The

eastern

region

should

activelysupport

the

development

of

thecentral

and

western

regions.24、积极发展各项社会事业。We

will

energetically

/

makegreat

efforts

to

develop

all

socialundertakings.三、词语的引申25、中国经济取得巨大发展，终于扬眉吐气了。

Chinese

peoplefeel

proud

and

elated

for

thegreat

economic

development

in

China.26、“五一”假期，火车票十分紧俏，人们提前10天预订火车票。Train

tickets

during

the

Labor

Day

holidays

werein

short

supply,

andpeople

flockedto

booktickets

ten

days

in

advance.27、 一个发展中国家，消除贫困任重道远。China

is

a

develo

country,

and

it

has

along

way

to

go

to

shake

off

poverty.China

isa

develo

country,

and

it

is

anarduous

task

to

eradicate

poverty.商人的欢迎，但服装和纺织28、家用电器和艺术品很受品却吃了闭门羹。Electric

appliances

and

handicrafts

are

popularamong

Russian

businessmen,

but

clothes

andtextileproducts

are

given

the

cold

shoulder.29、

应该审时度势，顺应

，走和平

的光明大道。The authorities

should

size

up

thesituation

and

go

with

the

people’s

voice

toget

on

the

right

way

of

peaceful

reunification.30、传统的人海战术在现代化高技术面前

一击。Compared

with

modern

high

technology,thetraditional

huge-crowd

strategy

is

notcompetitive

atall.三、词义选择的常见错误（一）望文生义1）

My

shoes

are

theworse

for

wear.误：正：皮鞋更加不好穿了。皮鞋穿破了。She

has

been

awidow

only

six

months.误：她只做了六个月的寡妇。正：

丈夫死了至今不过半年。我十点钟等你。误：I’ll

wait

for

you

at

ten

o’clock.正：I’ll

expect

you

at

ten

o’clock.（二）

词性4）Active

metals, anic

substances,and

other

oxidizable

materials

arealways

subject

to

slow

attack

byoxygen

when

exposed

to

the

air.误：活泼金属，有机物和其它可氧化的物质，当

在空气中时，总是氧缓慢进攻的对象。正：活