太阳能小屋的设计数学建模

-/r/nPAGE/r/n.z./r/n第/r/nPAGE/r/n2/r/n页，共/r/nNUMPAGES/r/n1/r/n页/r/n2012高教社杯全国大学生数学建模竞赛/r/n承诺书/r/n我们仔细阅读了中国大学生数学建模竞赛的竞赛规则./r/n我们完全明白，在竞赛开场后参赛队员不能以任何方式〔包括、电子邮件、网上咨询等〕与队外的任何人〔包括指导教师〕研究、讨论与赛题有关的问题。/r/n我们知道，抄袭别人的成果是违反竞赛规则的,如果引用别人的成果或其他公开的资料〔包括网上查到的资料〕，必须按照规定的参考文献的表述方式在正文引用处和参考文献中明确列出。/r/n我们郑重承诺，严格遵守竞赛规则，以保证竞赛的公正、公平性。如有违反竞赛规则的行为，我们将受到严肃处理。/r/n我们授权全国大学生数学建模竞赛组委会，可将我们的论文以任何形式进展公开展示〔包括进展网上公示，在书籍、期刊和其他媒体进展正式或非正式发表等〕。/r/n我们参赛选择的题号是〔从A/B/C/D中选择一项填写〕：/r/nB/r/n 我们的参赛报名号为〔如果赛区设置报名号的话〕：/r/n010048/r/n所属学校〔请填写完整的全名〕：/r/n呼伦贝尔学院/r/n参赛队员(打印并签名)：1./r/n苑伟/r/n2./r/n冯曦/r/n3./r/n刘海平/r/n指导教师/r/n或/r/n指导教师组负责人(打印并签名)：/r/n日期：/r/n2012/r/n年/r/n09/r/n月/r/n09/r/n日/r/n赛区评阅编号〔由赛区组委会评阅前进展编号〕：/r/n-/r/n.z./r/n2012高教社杯全国大学生数学建模竞赛/r/n编号专用页/r/n赛区评阅编号〔由赛区组委会评阅前进展编号〕：/r/n赛区评阅记录〔可供赛区评阅时使用〕：/r/n评/r/n阅/r/n人/r/n评/r/n分/r/n备/r/n注/r/n全国统一编号〔由赛区组委会送交全国前编号〕：/r/n全国评阅编号〔由全国组委会评阅前进展编号〕：/r/n-/r/n.z./r/nB题太阳能小屋的设计/r/n摘要/r/n随着当今社会资源的匮乏，合理利用能源显得越来越重，其中太阳能做为一种新能源，给人们的生活和生产带来了很多帮助。在设计太阳能小屋时，需在建筑物外表〔屋顶及外墙〕铺设光伏电池，光伏电池组件所产生的直流电需要经过逆变器转换成220V交流电才能供家庭使用，并将剩余电量输入电网。不同种类的光伏电池每峰瓦的差异很大，且每峰瓦的实际发电效率或发电量还受诸多因素的影响，如太阳辐射强度、光线入射角、环境、建筑物所处的地理纬度、地区的气候与气象条件、安装部位及方式〔贴附或架空〕等。因此，在太阳能小屋的设计中，研究光伏电池在小屋外表的优化铺设是很重要的问题。/r/n问题1仅考虑贴附安装方式，则光伏电池组件的夹角就可以忽略了小屋的外表安装的个数根据其面积比例就可以计算出来。问题2的架空方式考虑到电池板的朝向与倾角会影响光伏电池的工作效率，会使小屋产电量更大。问题3中设计的小屋应尽可能多的装电池组件，以使发电量总量尽可能大。/r/n在问题一中，根据各种光伏电池组件的连接方式和平均发电功率的比拟和逆变器的价格〔写出数据的比照〕，选择电池组件*和逆变器*，每个面的面积选择了*个逆变器/r/n……/r/n利用表格数据作图得到/r/n……/r/n在问题二中，根据大同市的每个面得辐射总量知道太阳照射比拟强的是*面，于是再根据其每个方向的辐射量的比拟选择按*度角安装电池组件/r/n在问题三中，根据问题一和问题二的比拟，知道用架空方式设计小屋会更有效率，小屋的构造比例和安装方向选择了电池组件*和逆变器*/r/n……/r/n关键字/r/n:光伏电池、/r/n光伏电池组件、/r/n逆变器、辐射强度、年发电量。/r/n问题/r/n提出/r/n随着现代科技越来越兴旺，不可再生能源逐渐枯竭，我们/r/n需要/r/n发现利用/r/n可再生能源，而太阳能资源在室内的利用变得越来越重，所以有了/r/n设计太阳能小屋/r/n的问题/r/n，/r/n就是/r/n需在建筑物外外表〔屋顶及外墙〕铺设光伏电池，光伏电池组件所产生的直流电需要经过逆变器转换成220V交流电才能供家庭使用，并将剩余电量输入电网。不同种类的光伏电池每峰瓦的价格差异很大，且每峰瓦的实际发电效率或发电量还受诸多因素的影响，如太阳辐射强度、光线入射角、环境、建筑物所处的地理纬度、地区的气候与气象条件、安装部位及方式〔贴附或架空〕等。因此，在太阳能小屋的设计中，研究光伏电池在小屋外外表的优化铺设是很重要的问题。/r/n对以下三个问题，分别给出小屋外外表光伏电池的铺设方案，使小屋的全年太阳能光伏发电总量尽可能大，而单位发电量的费用尽可能小，并计算出小屋光伏电池35年寿命期内的发电总量、经济效益〔当前民用电价按0.5元/kWh计算〕及投资的回收年限。/r/n1：/r/n请根据山西省大同市的气象数据，仅考虑贴附安装方式，选定光伏电池组件，对小屋的局部外外表进展铺设，并根据电池组件分组数量和容量，选配相应的逆变器的容量和数量。/r/n2：/r/n电池板的朝向与倾角均会影响到光伏电池的工作效率，请选择架空方式安装光伏电池，重新考虑问题1。/r/n3：/r/n根据附件7给出的小屋建筑要求，请为大同市重新设计一个小屋，要求画出小屋的外形图，并对所设计小屋的外外表优化铺设光伏电池，给出铺设及分组连接方式，选配逆变器，计算相应结果。/r/n问题分析/r/n问题一/r/n：/r/n需要计算出小屋的外表积和所需的太阳能电池板的型号和数量的各种可能，并根据附表所给的逆变器的种类运用数学方法计算出这些可能中具经济效益的使用电池板以及逆变器的数量和种类。/r/n根据给定材料知/r/n可知东南西北四个反向墙面的太阳辐射强度。通过太阳能电池功率输出算法等建立模型一/r/n太阳能电池组件的设计原则是要满足平均天气条件〔太阳辐射量〕下负载每日用电量的需求，也就是说太阳能电池组件的全年发电量要等于负载全年用电量。/r/n根据各种数据直接计算出太阳能电池组件或方阵的功率，根据计算结果选配或定制相应功率的电池组件，进而得到电池组件的外形尺寸和安装尺寸；另一种方法是选定尺寸符合要求的电池组件，根据该组件峰值功率、峰值工作电流和日发电量等数据，结合各种数据进展设计计算，在计算中确定电池组件的串、并联数及总功率。/r/n根本计算方法：/r/n电池组件的并联数＝负载日平均用电量(Ah)/组件日平均发电量〔Ah〕/r/n其中，/r/n组件日平均发电量＝组件峰值工作电流〔A〕/r/n×/r/n峰值日照时数〔h〕/r/n电池组件的串联数＝系统工作电压〔V〕/r/n×/r/n系数1.43／组件峰值工作电压〔V〕/r/n电池组件〔方阵〕总功率〔W〕＝组建并联数/r/n×/r/n组件串联数/r/n×/r/n选定组件峰值输出功率〔W〕/r/nA设计时要考虑造成组件功率衰降的各种因素按10％的损耗，交流逆变器转换效率的损失也按10％计算。/r/nB蓄电池充电损耗5％～10％/r/n实用计算公式：/r/n电池组件的并联数＝负载日平均用电量〔Ah〕／组件日平均发电量〔Ah〕/r/n×/r/n逆变器效率系数/r/n电池组件的串联数＝系统工作电压〔V〕/r/n×/r/n系数1.43／组件峰值工作电压〔V〕/r/n电池组件〔方阵〕总功率〔W〕＝组件并联数/r/n×/r/n组件串联数/r/n×/r/n选定组件的峰值输出功率〔W〕/r/n问题假设/r/n假设温度/r/n、风向/r/n等其他因素/r/n对太阳能光伏电池没有影响/r/n。/r/n假设同一墙外表上太阳辐射强度一样。/r/n假设不考虑太阳能小屋的美观问题。/r/n假设/r/n东南西北方向总辐射为天阳能电池所受的辐射强度。/r/n假设小屋旁边没有树木或高的建筑物。/r/n定义符号/r/n符号/r/n意义/r/n太阳辐射强度/r/n2/r/n太阳能电池的额定功率。/r/n时间。/r/n太阳能电池的输出效率。/r/nS/r/n小屋的外表积。/r/n：北立面的总面积；/r/n：北立面上面的斜面的面积；/r/n：南立面的总面积;/r/n：南立面上的斜面的面积；/r/n：西立面的总面积；/r/n：东立面的总面积。/r/nL**/r/n电池板能量次序。〔**为电池型号〕/r/nA**，B**/r/n电池板的长和宽。/r/nV**，/r/nI**/r/n电池的开路电压，开路电流。/r/nC**/r/n铺设同种电池的数量。/r/n***/r/n串联电池数。/r/nY**，I*y/r/n串联组数对于逆变器对输入段电压〔U**y~Un*y〕，输入段额电流I*y〔*y为逆变器的型号〕/r/n。/r/nM/r/n*组电池的发电量。/r/nP/r/n*面墙一年的发电量。/r/n建立模型/r/n及求解/r/n模型一/r/n根据逆变器的选配容量应/r/n≥/r/n光伏电池组件分组安装的容量，及/r/n光伏分组阵列的端电压应满足逆变器直流输入电压范围。/r/n由/r/n电池组件单晶硅和多晶硅电池启动发电的外表总辐射量/r/n≥/r/n80W/m/r/n2/r/n、薄膜电池外表总辐射量/r/n≥/r/n30W/m/r/n2/r/n在/r/n利用E*cel对山西大同典型气象年逐时参数及各方向辐射强度给定的数据进展筛选知/r/n一年内工作时间/r/n为/r/nW/m/r/n2/r/n东向总辐射强度/r/n南向总辐射强度/r/n西向总辐射强度/r/n北向总辐射强度/r/nW/r/n≧/r/n30/r/n3241h/r/n3799h/r/n3713h/r/n3088h/r/n200>W/r/n≧/r/n80/r/n965h/r/n1018h/r/n765h/r/n728h/r/nW/r/n≧/r/n200/r/n1168h/r/n2124h/r/n1470h/r/n171h/r/n太阳能蓄电池与光照时间的关系/r/n太阳能电池的发电量/r/n公式/r/n:/r/nM=Pm/r/n×/r/nh/r/n×/r/nu/r/n通过上述问题可得到，太阳能一年的最大产生功率与墙面填放电池组件多少和电池产生功率有关。/r/n单晶硅转换效率一般在/r/n10%/r/n～/r/n15%/r/n，而多晶硅的转换效率在/r/n12%/r/n～/r/n16%/r/n。太阳能电池的一个单片为一个/r/nPN/r/n结。单片电池的开路电压在/r/n0.45V/r/n～/r/n0.6V/r/n之间/r/n,/r/n面积越大或并联的片数越多则电流越大/r/n。/r/n太阳能电池的最大功率/r/nPma*=/r/n开路电压/r/n×/r/n短路电流，这是它们的理想功率，而平时大家衡量太阳能电池的是额定功率/r/nPm/r/n。实际中额定功率是小于最大功率的，主要是由于太阳能电池的输出效率/r/nu/r/n只有/r/n70%/r/n左右。在使用中由于受光强度的不同，所以不同时刻的功率也是不同的，根据实验数据它的实际平均功率/r/nP=0.7Pm/r/n。如果太阳能电池要直接带动负载，并且要使负载长期稳定的工作，则负载的额定功率为/r/nPr=0.7Pm/r/n。如果按照负载的功率选择太阳能电池的功率则电池的功率为：/r/nPm=1.43Pr/r/n。就是说太阳能电池的功率要是负载功率的/r/n1.43/r/n倍。/r/n【1】/r/n所以可算各电池组件的/r/n输出效率/r/n，及不同方向一年产生的总电量如下利用E*cel得到：/r/n产品型号/r/n最大功率/r/n输出效率u/r/n东向年总电量/r/n次序/r/n南向年总电量/r/n次序/r/n西向年总电量/r/n次序/r/n北向年总电量/r/n次序/r/nA1/r/n266.92/r/n80.55%/r/n774/r/n13.0/r/n14/r/n114781.8/r/n12/r/n81571.9/r/n14/r/n32030.9/r/n18/r/nA2/r/n418.91/r/n77.58%/r/n75872.8/r/n15/r/n112498.0/r/n13/r/n79948.9/r/n15/r/n31393.6/r/n19/r/nA3/r/n253.55/r/n78.88%/r/n75809.1/r/n16/r/n112403.6/r/n14/r/n79881.8/r/n16/r/n31367.3/r/n20/r/nA4/r/n339.09/r/n79.62%/r/n63245.2/r/n18/r/n93774.9/r/n17/r/n66643.0/r/n18/r/n26168.8/r/n22/r/nA5/r/n323.72/r/n75.68%/r/n59529.6/r/n19/r/n88265.7/r/n18/r/n62727.7/r/n19/r/n24631.4/r/n23/r/nA6/r/n396.75/r/n74.35%/r/n71180.7/r/n17/r/n105541.0/r/n16/r/n75004.8/r/n17/r/n29452.2/r/n21/r/nB1/r/n341.57/r/n77.58%/r/n438534.8/r/n4/r/n645569.2/r/n4/r/n459505.5/r/n4/r/n184830.2/r/n8/r/nB2/r/n408.76/r/n78.29%/r/n534343.0/r/n1/r/n786608.9/r/n1/r/n559895.2/r/n1/r/n225210.7/r/n2/r/nB3/r/n279.89/r/n75.03%/r/n336081.9/r/n7/r/n494747.9/r/n7/r/n352153.4/r/n7/r/n141649.2/r/n11/r/nB4/r/n312.17/r/n76.88%/r/n393565.1/r/n6/r/n579369.2/r/n6/r/n412385.4/r/n6/r/n165876.7/r/n10/r/nB5/r/n373.18/r/n75.03%/r/n448109.2/r/n3/r/n659663.9/r/n3/r/n469537.8/r/n3/r/n188865.6/r/n5/r/nB6/r/n386.51/r/n76.32%/r/n480261.2/r/n2/r/n706995.0/r/n2/r/n503227.3/r/n2/r/n202416.7/r/n4/r/nB7/r/n331.01/r/n75.53%/r/n402741.6/r/n5/r/n592877.9/r/n5/r/n422000.7/r/n5/r/n169744.4/r/n9/r/nC1/r/n168.36/r/n59.40%/r/n265655.7/r/n8/r/n186505.1/r/n10/r/n304344.3/r/n8/r/n253114.8/r/n1/r/nC10/r/n24.03/r/n49.94%/r/n43213.3/r/n20/r/n18816.5/r/n20/r/n49506.7/r/n20/r/n41173.3/r/n14/r/nC11/r/n96.25/r/n51.95%/r/n92600.0/r/n13/r/n81558.4/r/n19/r/n106085.7/r/n13/r/n88228.6/r/n13/r/nC2/r/n95.94/r/n60.45%/r/n122063.6/r/n12/r/n110097.4/r/n15/r/n139840.3/r/n12/r/n116301.3/r/n12/r/nC3/r/n163.35/r/n61.22%/r/n196424.2/r/n11/r/n192225.3/r/n8/r/n225030.3/r/n11/r/n187151.5/r/n7/r/nC4/r/n145.4/r/n61.90%/r/n231500.0/r/n9/r/n174919.5/r/n11/r/n265214.3/r/n9/r/n220571.4/r/n3/r/nC5/r/n164/r/n60.98%/r/n197622.0/r/n10/r/n191463.4/r/n9/r/n226402.4/r/n10/r/n188292.7/r/n6/r/nC6/r/n9.35/r/n42.80%/r/n37040.0/r/n21/r/n5376.1/r/n24/r/n42434.3/r/n23/r/n35291.4/r/n17/r/nC7/r/n8.82/r/n45.35%/r/n18520.0/r/n24/r/n5696.2/r/n23/r/n21217.1/r/n24/r/n17645.7/r/n24/r/nC8/r/n18.69/r/n42.80%/r/n37040.0/r/n22/r/n10752.3/r/n22/r/n42434.3/r/n22/r/n35291.4/r/n16/r/nC9/r/n28.04/r/n42.80%/r/n37040.0/r/n23/r/n16128.4/r/n21/r/n42434.3/r/n21/r/n35291.4/r/n15/r/n对墙面进展以每一面次序为1的电池组件为目的进展切割，缺乏时往下排/r/n多个光伏组件串联后可以再进展并联，并联的光伏组件端电压相差不应超过10%。/r/n由此算出小屋的面积：S=/r/n+/r/n+/r/n+/r/n+/r/n+/r/n〔S：小屋的总面积；/r/n：北立面的总面积；/r/n：北立面上面的斜面的面积；/r/n：南立面的总面积；/r/n：南立面上的斜面的面积；/r/n：西立面的总面积；东立面的总面积。〕/r/n并根据小屋各个面的不同情况进展逐个分析，同时考虑到打通的天气情况：如南面的辐射强度明显大于其他立面的太阳辐射强度。因此需将较好的电池板放在小屋的前里面。/r/nPV电池类型/r/n产品型号/r/n组件功率〔w)/r/n组件尺寸〔mm/r/n×/r/nmm〕/r/n转换效率/r/nη/r/n〔%〕/r/n价格〔元/Wp〕/r/nA1/r/n215/r/n1580/r/n×/r/n808/r/n×/r/n40/r/n16.84%/r/n14.9元/Wp/r/nA单晶硅电池/r/nA2/r/n325/r/n1956/r/n×/r/n991/r/n×/r/n45/r/n16.64%/r/nA3/r/n200/r/n1580/r/n×/r/n808/r/n×/r/n35/r/n18.70%/r/nA4/r/n270/r/n1651/r/n×/r/n992/r/n×/r/n40/r/n16.50%/r/nA5/r/n245/r/n1650/r/n×/r/n991/r/n×/r/n40/r/n14.98%/r/nA6/r/n295/r/n1956/r/n×/r/n991/r/n×/r/n45/r/n15.11%/r/nB1/r/n26/r/n5/r/n1650/r/n×/r/n991/r/n×/r/n40/r/n16.21%/r/n12.5元/Wp/r/nB多晶硅电池/r/nB2/r/n320/r/n1956/r/n×/r/n991/r/n×/r/n45/r/n16.39%/r/nB3/r/n210/r/n1482/r/n×/r/n992/r/n×/r/n35/r/n15.98%/r/nB4/r/n240/r/n1640/r/n×/r/n992/r/n×/r/n50/r/n14.80%/r/nB5/r/n280/r/n1956/r/n×/r/n992/r/n×/r/n50/r/n15.98%/r/nB6/r/n295/r/n1956/r/n×/r/n992/r/n×/r/n50/r/n15.20%/r/nB7/r/n250/r/n1668/r/n×/r/n1000/r/n×/r/n40/r/n14.99%/r/nC薄膜电池/r/nC1/r/n100/r/n1300/r/n×/r/n1100/r/n×/r/n15/r/n6.99%/r/n4.8元/Wp/r/nC2/r/n58/r/n1321/r/n×/r/n711/r/n×/r/n20/r/n6.17%/r/nC3/r/n100/r/n1414/r/n×/r/n1114/r/n×/r/n35/r/n6.35%/r/nC4/r/n90/r/n1400/r/n×/r/n1100/r/n×/r/n22/r/n5.84%/r/nC5/r/n100/r/n1400/r/n×/r/n1100/r/n×/r/n25/r/n6.49%/r/nC6/r/n4/r/n310/r/n×/r/n355/r/n×/r/n16.7/r/n3.63%/r/nC7/r/n4/r/n615/r/n×/r/n180/r/n×/r/n16.7/r/n3.63%/r/nC8/r/n8/r/n615/r/n×/r/n355/r/n×/r/n16.7/r/n3.66%/r/nC9/r/n12/r/n920/r/n×/r/n355/r/n×/r/n16.7/r/n3.66%/r/nC10/r/n12/r/n818/r/n×/r/n355/r/n×/r/n16.7/r/n4.13%/r/nC11/r/n50/r/n1645/r/n×/r/n712/r/n×/r/n27/r/n4.27%/r/n1、西立面整个面都没有窗户和门，我们可以考虑使用同一种PV电池的类型来进展贴附，这要可以使电池进展串联，可以得到较大的发电量，又因为需要将本钱和发电效率都考虑到的问题，酒需要考虑使用哪一种PV电池类型来进展贴附，所以进展如下计算：/r/n=/r/n：因此可以考虑将西立面分为下面的方形和上面的三角形两个局部来进展贴附，可以根据所给的附表3进展推理分析：/r/n西立面的房方形面积为：/r/n三角形的面积为：/r/n可以得到如下表格：/r/n型号/r/n长/r/n宽/r/n所用数量/r/n组件功率*转换效率/r/n单个/r/nA2/r/n1956/r/n991/r/n3/r/n162.24/r/n54.08/r/nB2/r/n1956/r/n991/r/n9/r/n472.032/r/n52.448/r/nB6/r/n1956/r/n992/r/n9/r/n403.56/r/n44.84/r/nB5/r/n1956/r/n992/r/n9/r/n402.696/r/n44.744/r/nA6/r/n1956/r/n991/r/n9/r/n401.1705/r/n44.5745/r/nA4/r/n1651/r/n992/r/n12/r/n534.6/r/n44.55/r/nB1/r/n1650/r/n991/r/n12/r/n515.478/r/n42.9565/r/nB7/r/n1668/r/n1000/r/n12/r/n449.7/r/n37.475/r/nA3/r/n1580/r/n808/r/n12/r/n448.8/r/n37.4/r/nA5/r/n1650/r/n991/r/n12/r/n440.412/r/n36.701/r/nA1/r/n1580/r/n808/r/n12/r/n434.472/r/n36.206/r/nB4/r/n1640/r/n992/r/n12/r/n426.24/r/n35.52/r/nB3/r/n1482/r/n992/r/n12/r/n402.696/r/n33.558/r/nC1/r/n1300/r/n1100/r/n10/r/n69.9/r/n6.99/r/nC5/r/n1400/r/n1100/r/n10/r/n64.9/r/n6.49/r/nC3/r/n1414/r/n1114/r/n10/r/n63.5/r/n6.35/r/nC4/r/n1400/r/n1100/r/n10/r/n52.56/r/n5.256/r/nC2/r/n1321/r/n711/r/n20/r/n71.572/r/n3.5786/r/nC11/r/n1645/r/n712/r/n16/r/n34.16/r/n2.135/r/nC10/r/n818/r/n355/r/n72/r/n35.6832/r/n0.4956/r/nC9/r/n920/r/n355/r/n63/r/n27.6696/r/n0.4392/r/nC8/r/n615/r/n355/r/n99/r/n28.9872/r/n0.2928/r/nC6/r/n310/r/n355/r/n198/r/n28.7496/r/n0.1452/r/nC7/r/n615/r/n180/r/n18/r/n7/r/n27.1524/r/n0.1452/r/n多个光伏组件串联后可以再进展并联，并联的光伏组件端电压相差不应超过10%。/r/n通过对电池组件的选择决定逆变器的选择。/r/n设选择电池板能量次序为L/r/n**/r/n，铺设时使其尽量靠前进展选择，〔**为电池型号〕/r/n电池板的长为A/r/n**/r/n宽为B/r/n**/r/n，电池的开路电压为/r/nV/r/n**，开路电流为I**/r/n，铺设同种电池多少C**/r/n***为串联电池数，Y**为串联组数对于逆变器对输入段电压为U/r/n**/r/ny/r/n~Un*y/r/n输入段额电流I*y。/r/n〔*y为逆变器的型号/r/n〕/r/n一．/r/n对东墙的/r/n贴附安装：/r/n分割：/r/n筛选：/r/n通过上述选择/r/n决定：/r/n电池：/r/n9块B2，/r/n2块C6,17块C8，4块C10/r/n。/r/n逆变器/r/n：/r/nSN7，SN3。/r/n只允许一样型号的光伏组件进展串联。多个光伏组件串联后可以再进展并联，并联的光伏组件端电压相差不应超过10%。一串或多串〔一样电压、功率〕组件通过并联即形成"分组阵列〞，该"分组阵列〞的总功率〔W〕为所有组件功率的总和，所以可以/r/n有如下选择：/r/n电池分组及铺设方式如下/r/n：/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n逆变器SN3/r/n电池组件C10/r/n电池组件C10/r/n电池组件C10/r/n电池组件C10/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n逆变器SN7/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n〔/r/n1/r/n〕/r/n计算该墙面一年产生的功率〔SN为/r/n逆变效率/r/n〕/r/n及/r/n〔2〕/r/n计算35年/r/n发电总量：/r/n1．光伏组件在0～10年效率按100%，电量/r/n2．10～25年按照90%折算，/r/n电量/r/n3/r/n．/r/n2/r/n5年后按80%折算/r/n,电量/r/n4.35年/r/n发电总量/r/n：/r/n二．/r/n对/r/n南/r/n墙的/r/n贴附安装：/r/n分割：/r/n筛选：/r/n以上述优化可得：/r/n电池：9块A1，15块C6，20块C8/r/n。/r/n逆变器：SN7。/r/n只允许一样型号的光伏组件进展串联。多个光伏组件串联后可以再进展并联，并联的光伏组件端电压相差不应超过10%。一串或多串〔一样电压、功率〕组件通过并联即形成"分组阵列〞，该"分组阵列〞的总功率〔W〕为所有组件功率的总和，所以可以有如下选择：/r/n逆变器NS7/r/n逆变器NS7/r/n电池组件A1/r/n电池组件A1/r/n电池组件A1/r/n电池组件A1/r/n电池组件A1/r/n电池组件A1/r/n电池组件A1/r/n电池组件A1/r/n电池组件A1/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C8/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n〔/r/n1/r/n〕计算该墙面一年产生的功率〔SN为/r/n逆变效率/r/n〕及/r/n〔2〕计算35年/r/n发电总量：/r/n1．光伏组件在0～10年效率按100%，电量/r/n2．10～25年按照90%折算，电量/r/n3．25年后按80%折算,电量/r/n4.35年/r/n发电总量/r/n：/r/n三．/r/n对西墙的/r/n贴附安装：/r/n分割：/r/n筛选：/r/n以上述优化可得：/r/n电池：9块B2，20块C6，2块C2。/r/n逆变器：SN7。/r/n只允许一样型号的光伏组件进展串联。多个光伏组件串联后可以再进展并联，并联的光伏组件端电压相差不应超过10%。一串或多串〔一样电压、功率〕组件通过并联即形成"分组阵列〞，该"分组阵列〞的总功率〔W〕为所有组件功率的总和，所以可以有如下选择：/r/n电池组件C2/r/n电池组件C2/r/n电池组件C2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n逆变器SN7/r/n〔1〕计算该墙面一年产生的功率〔SN为/r/n逆变效率/r/n〕及/r/n〔2〕计算35年/r/n发电总量：/r/n1．光伏组件在0～10年效率按100%，电量/r/n2．10～25年按照90%折算，电量/r/n3．25年后按80%折算,电量/r/n4.35年/r/n发电总量/r/n：/r/n四．/r/n对西墙的/r/n贴附安装：/r/n分割：/r/n筛选：/r/n以上述优化可得：/r/n电池：/r/n15/r/n块/r/nC1/r/n，20块C/r/n7/r/n，/r/n15/r/n块C/r/n6/r/n。/r/n逆变器：SN/r/n8/r/n。/r/n只允许一样型号的光伏组件进展串联。多个光伏组件串联后可以再进展并联，并联的光伏组件端电压相差不应超过10%。一串或多串〔一样电压、功率〕组件通过并联即形成"分组阵列〞，该"分组阵列〞的总功率〔W〕为所有组件功率的总和，所以可以有如下选择：/r/n电池组件C1/r/n电池组件C1/r/n电池组件C1/r/n电池组件C1/r/n电池组件C1/r/n电池组件C1/r/n电池组件C1/r/n电池组件C1/r/n电池组件C1/r/n电池组件C1/r/n电池组件C1/r/n电池组件C1/r/n电池组件C1/r/n电池组件C1/r/n电池组件C1/r/n电池组件C1/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n逆变器SN8/r/n电池组件C7/r/n电池组件C7/r/n电池组件C7/r/n电池组件C7/r/n电池组件C7/r/n电池组件C7/r/n电池组件C7/r/n电池组件C7/r/n电池组件C7/r/n电池组件C7/r/n电池组件C7/r/n电池组件C7/r/n电池组件C7/r/n电池组件C7/r/n电池组件C7/r/n电池组件C7/r/n电池组件C7/r/n电池组件C7/r/n电池组件C7/r/n电池组件C7/r/n〔1〕计算该墙面一年产生的功率〔SN为/r/n逆变效率/r/n〕及/r/n〔2〕计算35年/r/n发电总量：/r/n1．光伏组件在0～10年效率按100%，电量/r/n2．10～25年按照90%折算，电量/r/n3．25年后按80%折算,电量/r/n4.35年/r/n发电总量/r/n：/r/n〔五〕对/r/n屋顶/r/n的/r/n贴附安装/r/n南立面上面的斜面的阳光辐射度主要取决于南向总辐射度、水平散射辐射度以及水平总辐射度，即/r/n由此可以得到南斜面的阳光辐射强度。/r/n同理北面的斜面的阳光的辐射率/r/n可求得南斜面北斜面的太阳辐射强度，后得出不同材料的年发电量利用E*cel进展数据计算统计。/r/n不同面全年日照时间/r/nW/m/r/n2/r/n南顶总辐射强度/r/n北顶总辐射强度/r/nW/r/n≧/r/n30/r/n4174h/r/n4143h/r/n200>W/r/n≧/r/n80/r/n401h/r/n497h/r/nW/r/n≧/r/n200/r/n3553h/r/n3389h/r/n太阳能电池的发电量/r/n公式/r/n:/r/nM=Pm/r/n×/r/nh/r/n×/r/nu/r/n得出可算各电池组件的/r/n输出效率/r/n，及不同方向一年产生的总电量/r/n产品型号/r/n最大功率/r/n输出效率u/r/n南顶总辐射强度/r/n次序/r/n北顶总辐射强度/r/n次序/r/nB2/r/n408.76/r/n78.29%/r/n990526.03/r/n1/r/n973491.19/r/n1/r/nB6/r/n386.51/r/n76.32%/r/n890273.27/r/n2/r/n874962.55/r/n2/r/nB5/r/n373.18/r/n75.03%/r/n830672.27/r/n3/r/n816386.55/r/n3/r/nB1/r/n341.57/r/n77.58%/r/n812923.80/r/n4/r/n798943.32/r/n4/r/nB7/r/n331.01/r/n75.53%/r/n746573.01/r/n5/r/n733733.62/r/n5/r/nB4/r/n312.17/r/n76.88%/r/n729562.36/r/n6/r/n717015.51/r/n6/r/nB3/r/n279.89/r/n75.03%/r/n623004.20/r/n7/r/n612289.92/r/n7/r/nC3/r/n163.35/r/n61.22%/r/n252969.70/r/n11/r/n253627.18/r/n8/r/nC5/r/n164.00/r/n60.98%/r/n254512.20/r/n10/r/n252621.95/r/n9/r/nC1/r/n168.36/r/n59.40%/r/n342131.15/r/n8/r/n246079.83/r/n10/r/nC4/r/n145.40/r/n61.90%/r/n298142.86/r/n9/r/n230793.51/r/n11/r/nC2/r/n95.94/r/n60.45%/r/n157202.60/r/n12/r/n145265.39/r/n12/r/nA1/r/n266.92/r/n80.55%/r/n146079.32/r/n13/r/n143376.04/r/n13/r/nA2/r/n418.91/r/n77.58%/r/n143172.87/r/n14/r/n140523.38/r/n14/r/nA3/r/n253.55/r/n78.88%/r/n143052.73/r/n15/r/n140405.45/r/n15/r/nA6/r/n396.75/r/n74.35%/r/n134318.89/r/n16/r/n131833.25/r/n16/r/nA4/r/n339.09/r/n79.62%/r/n119344.55/r/n17/r/n117136.01/r/n17/r/nA5/r/n323.72/r/n75.68%/r/n112333.07/r/n19/r/n110254.28/r/n18/r/nC11/r/n96.25/r/n51.95%/r/n119257.14/r/n18/r/n107610.39/r/n19/r/nC10/r/n24.03/r/n49.94%/r/n55653.33/r/n20/r/n24826.97/r/n20/r/nC9/r/n28.04/r/n42.80%/r/n47702.86/r/n23/r/n21280.26/r/n21/r/nC8/r/n18.69/r/n42.80%/r/n47702.86/r/n22/r/n14186.84/r/n22/r/nC7/r/n8.82/r/n45.35%/r/n23851.43/r/n24/r/n7515.65/r/n23/r/nC6/r/n9.35/r/n42.80%/r/n47702.86/r/n21/r/n7093.42/r/n24/r/n通过上述选择出最好的电池为目标：/r/n1/r/n.对南顶的/r/n贴附安装/r/n分割：/r/n筛选：/r/n以上述优化可得：/r/n电池：22块B2，4C6。/r/n逆变器：SN15，SN3。/r/n只允许一样型号的光伏组件进展串联。多个光伏组件串联后可以再进展并联，并联的光伏组件端电压相差不应超过10%。一串或多串〔一样电压、功率〕组件通过并联即形成"分组阵列〞，该"分组阵列〞的总功率〔W〕为所有组件功率的总和，所以可以有如下选择：/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n逆变器SN15/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n电池组件C6/r/n逆变器SN3/r/n〔1〕计算该墙面一年产生的功率〔SN为/r/n逆变效率/r/n〕及/r/n〔2〕计算35年/r/n发电总量：/r/n1．光伏组件在0～10年效率按100%，电量/r/n2．10～25年按照90%折算，电量/r/n3．25年后按80%折算,电量/r/n4.35年/r/n发电总量/r/n：/r/n2/r/n.对北顶的/r/n贴附安装/r/n分割：/r/n筛选：/r/n以上述优化可得：/r/n电池：/r/n5/r/n块B2，/r/n20块/r/nC/r/n7/r/n。/r/n逆变器：SN/r/n5/r/n。/r/n只允许一样型号的光伏组件进展串联。多个光伏组件串联后可以再进展并联，并联的光伏组件端电压相差不应超过10%。一串或多串〔一样电压、功率〕组件通过并联即形成"分组阵列〞，该"分组阵列〞的总功率〔W〕为所有组件功率的总和，所以可以有如下选择：/r/nSN/r/n5/r/nSN/r/n5/r/n电池组件/r/n电池组件/r/nC7/r/n电池组件/r/nC7/r/n电池组件/r/nC7/r/n电池组件/r/nC7/r/n电池组件/r/nC7/r/n电池组件/r/nC7/r/n电池组件/r/nC7/r/n电池组件/r/nC7/r/n电池组件/r/nC7/r/n电池组件/r/nC7/r/n电池组件/r/nC7/r/n电池组件/r/nC7/r/n电池组件/r/nC7/r/n电池组件/r/nC7/r/n电池组件/r/nC7/r/n电池组件/r/nC7/r/n电池组件/r/nC7/r/n电池组件/r/nC7/r/n电池组件/r/nC7/r/n电池组件/r/nC7/r/n逆变器/r/nSN/r/n5/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n电池组件B2/r/n〔1〕计算该墙面一年产生的功率〔SN为/r/n逆变效率/r/n〕及/r/n〔2〕计算35年/r/n发电总量：/r/n1．光伏组件在0～10年效率按100%，电量/r/n2．10～25年按照90%折算，电量/r/n3．25年后按80%折算,电量/r/n4.35年/r/n发电总量/r/n：/r/n1./r/n太阳能小屋35年的电量为/r/n2.太阳能光伏发电系统单位供电本钱/r/n太阳光伏电池的年发电量不但与辐射能量有关，而且与日照时数有关。但是，气象台站给出的实测日照时数是不同辐射强度下累加值，而光伏电池阵列输出功率/r/n——/r/n峰瓦是在/r/nAM1.5/r/n，光伏电池温度/r/n25/r/n℃/r/n，日照强度/r/n1000W/m/r/n2/r/n条件下的测试结果。因此，要把年实测日照时数换算成年峰值日照时数。/r/n太阳能光伏电池阵列的总功率是由辐射参数和负裁确定的。但是，实际输出功率还与阵列外表的灰尘及长期使用后性能的衰减系数/r/nf/r/n、蓄电池库仑效率/r/nη/r/nb/r/n及逆变器的效率/r/nη/r/ni/r/n有关。在综合考虑上面因素的情况下，太阳能光伏发电系统的年发电量为：/r/n〔/r/n6.1/r/n〕/r/n式中：附录/r/n光伏发电系统的总投资为：/r/n〔/r/n6.2/r/n〕/r/n式中：附录/r/n光伏发电系统的单位〔电量〕运行费用：/r/n〔/r/n6.3/r/n〕/r/n式中：附录/r/n〔/r/n6.4/r/n〕/r/n式中：附录/r/n由方程〔/r/n6.4/r/n〕说明，单位供电本钱是一项重要的技术经济分析指标，与光伏电池的价格、系统效率和辐射条件有关。它综台反映了各项主要因素对供电本钱的影响，而且，也考虑了资金的时间因素。显然，单位供电本钱越小，经济效益则越好。而且，可与火电、水电、风电及柴油发电系统相比拟，分折不同供电系统的经济效益，评价其经济性。/r/n由方程〔/r/n6.4/r/n〕所计算绘制的一组曲线见图/r/n6-1/r/n。由图中曲线可知，太阳能发电系统价格越高，年峰值日照时数越少则供电本钱越高。/r/n供电本钱与太阳能发电系统价格、气象条件的关系/r/n模型二/r/n太阳能电池组件及方阵的设计方法/r/n太阳能电池组件的设计原则是要满足平均天气条件〔太阳辐射量〕下负载每日用电量的需求，也就是说太阳能电池组件的全年发电量要等于负载全年用电量。/r/n根据各种数据直接计算出太阳能电池组件或方阵的功率，根据计算结果选配或定制相应功率的电池组件，进而得到电池组件的外形尺寸和安装尺寸；另一种方法是选定尺寸符合要求的电池组件，根据该组件峰值功率、峰值工作电流和日发电量等数据，结合各种数据进展设计计算，在计算中确定电池组件的串、并联数及总功率。/r/n根本计算方法：/r/n电池组件的并联数＝负载日平均用电量(Ah)/组件日平均发电量〔Ah〕/r/n其中，/r/n组件日平均发电量＝组件峰值工作电流〔A〕/r/n×/r/n峰值日照时数〔h〕/r/n电池组件的串联数＝系统工作电压〔V〕/r/n×/r/n系数1.43／组件峰值工作电压〔V〕/r/n