2017-2018上海市上海中学高三上学期周练英语试题(一)

上海中学高三周考II.GrammarandvocabularySectionA10%Directions:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.Thereseemsnever_21_（be）acivilizationwithouttoys,butwhenandhowtheydevelopedisunknown.Theyprobablycameaboutjusttogivechildrensomethingtodo.Intheancientworld,asistoday,mostboys22（play）withsomekindsoftoysandmostgirlswithothers.Insocieties23socialrolesarerigidlydetermined,boyspatterntheirplayaftertheactivitiesoftheirfathersandgirls_24（prepare）,eveninplay,tostepintotherolesandresponsibilitiesoftheadultworld.25」sremarkableaboutthehistoryoftoysisnotsomuchhowtheychangedoverthecenturiesbuthowmuchtheyhaveremainedthesame.Thechangeshavebeenmostly_26.craftsmanship,mechanics,andtechnology.Itistheuniversality（普遍性）oftoyswithregardtotheirdevelopmentinallpartsoftheworldandtheirpersistencetothepresent27isamazing.InEgypt,America,China,JapanandamongtheArctic（北极的）people,generallythesamekindsoftoysappeared.Variationsdependedonlocalcustomsandwaysoflife28toysimitatetheirsurroundings.Nearlyeverycivilizationhaddolls,littleweapons,toysoldiers,tinyanimalsandvehicles.Becausetoys29begenerallyregardedasakindofartform,theyhavenotbeensubjecttotechnologicalleapsthatcharacterizeinventionsforadultuse.Theprogressfromthewheeltothecarttotheautomobileisadirectlineofwaysup.Theprogressfromarattle（拨浪鼓）usedbyababyin3,000BCto_30usedbyaninfanttoday,however,isnotcharacterizedbyinventiveness（独创性）.Eachrattleistheproductoftheartistictastesofthetimesandsubjecttothelimitationsofavailablematerials.SectionBDirections:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbe第1页/共12页第第页/共12页usedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.unwillingB.aggressionC.necessarilyD.feltE.tensionF.areaG.surprisedH.clearI.rangeJ.helpfulK.relativelyAnaddiction（瘾）isanactivityorsubstanceweareeagertoexperiencerepeatedlyandforwhichwearewillingifnecessarytopayaprice.Commonaddictionsinvolvealcoholcigarettesfooddrugsgamblingetc.Thisarticlediscussestheconceptswhichcanbe31incopingwithaddictivebehavior.32minoraddictionssuchaswatchingtoomuchtelevisionorlyinginbedonweekendmorningsareoftennotevenconsideredaddictionsbecausethepricepaidforengaginginthemisnothigh.Ontheotherhandwetendtousetheterm“addictto”describethepersonwhoatleastintheeyesofotherscontinuestobeaddictedinabehaviorlongafterithasbecome33thatthesubstantialpricebeingpaidwasnotworththebenefit.Theindividualwhohaslostcareerhousefamilyandfriendsbecauseofcocaine（可卡因）usebutis34toconsiderstoppingisanunfortunateexample.Negativeaddictionsrangefromthosewithveryminornegativeconsequencestothoseasseriousasthecocaineaddictjustmentionedwithmuch35inbetween.Althoughitisnot_36truethatanegativeaddictiongrowsstrongerovertimeyetaconstantlevelofaddictivebehavior（e.g.overspending$200aweek）canleadtoanincreasinglevelofnegativeconsequences.Youmaybe_37_tolearnthataddictionscanalsobeconsideredpositive.Positiveaddictionsarethoseinwhichthebenefitsoutweightheprice.Acommonexamplewouldbethehabitofregularexercise.Thepriceofmembershipinagymthetimeinvolvedandanyclothingexpenseisoutweighedbythebenefitsofbetterhealthenergyself-confidenceandappearance.Aswithnegativeaddictionspositiveaddictionsmaynotgetstrongerovertimeandthereisabroad_38_ofhowmuchbenefitisactuallyobtained.Whatiscommontobothpositiveandnegativeaddictionsistheurgetoengageintheaddictivebehaviorandthesatisfactionthatis39whentheurgeisactedupon.Theurgeisastateof40andexpectationthatisexperienceduncomfortablyasadesireforthesubstanceoractivity.Becauseweexperiencereliefwhentheurgeisacteduponthereisanincreasedlikelihoodthatwewillactontheurgeagain.II.ReadingcomprehensionII.ReadingcomprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.TheimportanceoflikingpeopleisthesubjectofanarticleintheHarvardBusiness.Review，whichhascarriedoutanexperimenttofindoutwhowe'dratherworkwith.Hardlysurprisingly,thepeoplewewantmostasourworkmatesareboth:_41attheirjobanddelightfulhumanbeings.Andthepeoplewewantleastarebothunpleasantanduseless.Moreinterestingly,theautorsfoundthat,giventhechoicebetweenworkingwithlovablefollsandcomptentjerks（性情古怪的人），weirresistiblychoosethe42._Anyway,wholikesthosewho43orhurtotherpeople?Wemightinsistthatcompetencemattersmore,butour_44_showswestayclosetothepeoplewelike,sharinginformationwiththem.Whatcompaniesshould_45_doisgetpeopletolikeeachothermore.Thetrickhereisapparentlytomakesurethatstuffscomeacrosseachotherasoftenaspossibleduringday.Theyalsoshouldbesentonbondingcoursesandsoontoencouragefriendlinessand_46—displeasure._47_,moreoutdoor-activityweekendsandsharedcoffeemachinesinspirenoconfidenceatall.The_48」sthatpeopleeitherlikeeachotherortheydon't.Youcan'tforceit.Possiblyyoucanmakeofficesfridendlierbytoleratingalotofchat,butthereisa_49costtothat.Inmyexperience,thequestionoflovablefoolagainstcompetentjerkmaynotbetherightone.Thetwoareinterrelated:wetendnottolikeourworkmateswhentheyarecompletely50IwasoncequitefriendlywithawomanwhomIlaterworkedwith.Ifoundhertobeso_51_badatherjobthatIlostrespectforherandendedupnotreallylikingheratall.Thenisthereanythingthatcompaniesshouldbedoingaboutit?Byfarthemosteffectivestrategywouldbetohirepeoplewhoareallprettymuchthesame,giventhat_52_isoneofthemaindeterminantsofwhetherwelikeeachother.Ithinkthisisaprettygoodides,butnoone_53_recommendthisanymorewithoutoffendingthediversitylobbygroup（游说团体）.Thereisonlyoneacceptableviewonthissubject:teamsofsimilarpeoplearebadbecausetheystopcreativity.Thismaybetrue,thoughIhaveneverseenanyconclusiveproofofit.Notonlydowelikesimilarpeople,welikepeoplewholikeus.Soifcompanieswantto_54_moreliking,theyshouldencourageaculturewhereweareallnicetoeachother.The

55_isthatthisneedstobedonewithsomeskill.41.A.strangeB.brilliantC.surprised41.A.strangeB.brilliantC.surprisedD.absent-minded42.A.formerB.latterC.majorityD.minority43.A.hateB.fearC.doubtD.annoy44.A.thoughtB.behaviorC.expressionD.appearance45.A.furtherB.neverthelessC.thereforeD.instead46.A.breakdownB.talktoC.pickoutD.holdout47.A.besidesB.FurthermoreC.HoweverD.Hence48.A.impressionB.realityC.practiceD.custom49.A.investmentB.productionC.operationD.productivity50.A.valuelessB.disabledC.hopelessD.careless51.A.outstandinglyB.inevitablyC.hopefullyD.forgetfully52.A.appearanceB.effectivenessC.distinctionD.similarity53.A.needB.dareC.mustD.should54.A.createB.discoverC.promoteD.place55.A.strategyB.standardC.hopeD.troubleSectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.AAsafatheroffour,I'mconcernedabouthowtoleadmychildrentobegoodyoungmenandwomeninsuchaturbulenttime.Ihavestudiedphilosophy,mysticism,andreligionmyentirelife.Theyprovidegreatlessonsinresponsibilityandgrowth.However,Ialsorecognizethat,atleastatthispointintheirlives,mychildrenarenotterriblyinterestedinsuchsubjects.WhileIwasreflectingonthis,IwasremindedofalineinasongIhadheardrecently.Itgoes:“Ifyouhadonlyonechancetosaysomething,whatwoulditbe?”Thatnight,IfoundmytowoldestkidsloungingonthecouchwatchingaTVshowthatfeaturedviolence,cursingandevensome“adultscenes”.Iquietlysatonachairnexttothem.Isawmyboystraightenup,andmygirlpretendedtoignoreme.Ididn'tmakeanyusualcommentsaboutthepointlessnessofsuchprograms.Ididn'tevenrollmyeyes,althoughthistooksomeeffort.Isimplyasked:Canyoutellmehowthiswillmakeyouabatterperson?Withoutaword,Igotupandlefttheroom.Abouttenminuteslater,tomysurprise,the

childrenwereintheirroomsdoingtheirhomeworkandthetelevisionwassilent.Remarkable.Thisphilosophycanchangethewayweliveourlives.Forexample,wheneverIfeelangryandgettheurgetolashout,Iaskmyself:“HowdoesthisactingorfeelingthewayIdorightnowmakemeabetterperson?”Ibegantorealizethatrarelydidmythoughtsoractionsresultinself-improvement,soImadeconsciousefforttochangemymindsetandbehavior.Weallwanttobebetterfathers,mothers,sonsanddaughters.Betterworkers,betterleaders,betterloversthislistgoeson.Sometimessucceedingintheserolescanbetough.Butonequestionalignsuswithallthosedutieswepossesstosocietyandourselves:“Isthismakingmeabetterperson?”WhateverIsaid,itworked.MydaughterhasbegunwatchingnatureprogramsinsteadofviolentTVshows,andshedecidedtogotoschooltobecomeacounselor.Mysontoldmehewantstobeapoliceofficer.I'vesincethrownawayallthoseparentingmagazinesandbooksI'vecollectedovertheyearsbecauseImademoreprogresswithasinglequestionthanIdidwithhundredsofpagesof“experts”advice.WhenthewriterfoundhiskidswatchinginappropriateTVprogramsthatnight,heappeared.A.calmB.indifferentC.criticalD.anxiousHowcanthisphilosophychangethewayweliveourlives?BycalmingourselvesdownwhenweareangryByraisingaquestionaboutourcurrentactionandfeelingByhelpingusrealizeourneedforself-improvementByprovidinguswithnewmindsetandbehaviorWhydidthewriterthrowawayhisparentingmagazinesandbooks?BecausehiskidshadgrownoutofthemBecausetheydidn'tofferhimanyhelp.BecausethatsinglequestionwasmoreusefulBecausetheexpertadvicewastoomuchtofollowThewrotethispassagetoconvinceteenagersofthedownsidestowatchingTVintroducealifephilosophybytellingaparentingstoryinformthereadersofhowhehelpedhidkidssetgoodgoalscallonotherotherparentstotrustthemselvesinsteadofexperts.Whenthepeopleyouknowrunmore,yourunmore.Andnowthere'sdatatoproveit.AnewstudypublishedtodayinNatureCommunicationosfthedaily-recordedexercisepatternsofmorethanonemillionrunnersoverfiveyearsshowsthatexerciseissociallycontagious.Yourknowledgeofwhatyourfriendsaredoingcanandwillmotivateyoutodomore.Theworkmarksawatershedmomentintheuseofdetailedfitnesstrackingdatatounderstandhealthbehaviorandcausalbehaviorchange."Knowingtherunningbehaviorsofyourfriendsassharedonsocialnetworkscancauseyoutorunfarther,faster,andlonger,"saidMITSloanProfessorSinanAral,anauthorof"Exercisecontagioninaglobalsocialnetwork."AralandcolleagueChristosNicolaides,apostdoctoralfellowatMITSloan,usedadatasetthatrecordedthegeographiclocation,socialnetworkties,anddailyrunningpatternsofmorethanonemillionpeoplewhoran359millioncombinedkilometers(223millionmiles)andloggedthoserunsdigitallyinaglobalsocialnetworkofrunnersoverfiveyears.Thedatacontainthedailydistance,duration,pace,andcaloriesburnedbytherunners,recordedbydigitalfitnesstrackingdevices.Theresults,saidAral,revealed"strongcontagioneffects.""Onthesameday,onaverage,anadditionalkilometerrunbyfriendscaninspiresomeonetorunanadditionalthree-tenthsofakilometerandanadditionaltenminutesrunbyfriendscaninspiresomeonetorunthreeminuteslonger,"theauthorswrote.Historically,inthecontextofexercise,adebateexistsaboutwhetherwemakeupwardcomparisonstothoseperformingbetterthanourselvesordownwardcomparisonstothoseperformingworsethanourselves.Comparisonstothoseaheadofusmaymotivateourownself-improvement,whilecomparisonstothosebehindusmaycreate"competitivebehaviortoprotectone'ssuperiority."AccordingtoAral,thereisevidenceforbothtrajectoriesinthestudy,butcomparisonstothosebetterthanusaremorepowerful.Gendermatterstoo.Thecontagionismostpronouncedamongmen,withmeninfluencingothermentorunfartherandfaster.Inthisregard,menmaybemorecompetitiveand,specifically,morecompetitivewitheachother.Influenceamongsamesexpairsisstrongwhileinfluenceamongmixedsexpairsisweaker.Bothmenandwomeninfluencemen.However,onlywomeninfluencewomenwhohavereported,inearlierstudies,beingmoreinfluencedbyself-regulationandindividualplanningthanbytheirpeers.inparagraph2mostpmrinparagraph2mostpmr第第10页/共12页第第7页/共12页infectiousB.communicativeC.motivatedD.availableJackandTombotharefriendsandlikerunning.Theyposttheirrunseverydayonsocialmedia.Accordingtotheresearch,ifonedayJackranforanhourandahalfandTomanhour,themhowlongwouldTommostprobablyrunthenextday?30minutesB.63minutesC.69minutesD.90minutesWhichrunnertendstogetthemostpowerfulinfluence?Amanmakingupwardcomparisonstohisfemalefriends.Amanmakingupwardcomparisonstohismalefriends.AcompetitivewomenmakingcomparisonstoherpeersAself-regulatedwomanwhopreferindividualplanningCThestudyofpsychologyisfacingacrisis.TheResearchExcellenceFramework(theRef)hasledtoaresearchculturewhichisholdingbackattemptstostabilizepsychologyinparticular,andscienceingeneral.TheRefencouragesuniversitiestopushforgroundbreakinginnovative,andexcitingresearchintheformof4*papers,butitdoesnotrewardtheeffortsofthosewhoreplicatestudies.Thepointofreplicatingastudyistotestwhetherastatisticallysignificantresultwillappearagainiftheexperimentsisrepeated.Ofcourse,asimilarresultmaynotappear—castingintoquestionsthevalidityoftheresultsfromthefirstexperiment.Lastyear,theOpenScienceCollaborationattemptedtoreplicate100studiesfromhighlyrankedpsychologicaljournalists.While97%oftheoriginalstudieshadastatisticallysignificantresult,just36%ofthereplicationshadthesameoutcome.Equallyworrying:whenaneffectdidappear,itwasoftenmuchsmallerthanpreviouslythought.Recentdatacallsintoquestionsomewidelyinfluentialfindingsinpsychologicalscience.Theseproblemsarenotconfinedtopsychologyhowever—manyfindingspublishedinscientificliteraturemayactuallybefalse.Scienceissupposedtobeself-correctingandreproducibilityisacornerstoneofthescientificmethod.Yet,wesimplyaren'tinvestedinreplicatingfindings.Weallwanttobegoodresearchersandunderstandmoreabouthowtheworldworks.Sowhyarewesoreluctanttocheckourconclusionsarevalid?Becausenoincentiveisprovidedbythesystemwecarryoutourresearchin.IntheUK,theRefranksthepublishedworksofresearchersaccordingtotheiroriginality(howinnovativeistheresearch?),significance(doesithavepracticalorcommercialimportance?),andrigour(istheresearchtechnicallyright?).Outputsarethenawardedonetofourstars.4*papersareconsideredworld-leading.Thecumulativetotalof3*and4*papersdeterminesresearchfundingallocationandhasaknock-oneffectoninstitutionalpositioninleaguetables(排名表)andthereforeattractivenesstostudents.Obviously,themorepublicationsthebetter.Worrying,manyacademicsadmittoengaginginatleastonequestionableresearchpracticeinordertoachievepublication.Examplesofthisinclude:comingupwithatheoryafterdataiscollected,stoppingcollectingdatawhenaneffectappearsincaseitdisappearslater,oronlyreportingthesignificanteffectsfromcollecteddata.Otherssimplyfabricatedata—DutchpsychologistDiederikStapelshockinglyfalsifieddatafrommorethan50studies.TheRefcompletelyharmsoureffortstoproduceareliablebodyofknowledge.Why?Thefocusonoriginality—publicationsexploringnewareasofresearchusingnewparadigms,andavoidingtestingwell-establishedtheories—istheexactoppositeofwhatscienceneedstobedoingtosolvethetroublingreplicationcrisis.AccordingtoRefstandards,replicatinganalreadypublishedpieceofworkissimplyuninteresting.WiththenextRefsubmissionjustfouryearsaway,manyresearchersareeffectivelyfacedwithachoice:beagoodscientist,orbeasuccessfulacademicwhogetsfundingandapromotion.Whatcrisisthestudyofpsychologyfacing?TheRefhasledtoarevolutioninnotonlypsychologybutalsoscience.Theuniversitiesareencouragedtogeneratemoregroundbreakingresearch.TheReftendstosetupadifferentstandardforreplicationsofstudies.TheRef'sindifferencetoreplicationsofstudieshasledtoworryingeffects.TheRef'sfocusonoriginalityhasbroughtaboutareliablebodyofknowledgepublicationsexploringnewareastestsofwell-establishedtheoriesuninterestingreplicationsofstudiesWecaninferfromthepassagethattheRef.isasystemforassessingthequalityofresearchinUKuniversitiesprovidesUKresearcherswithfundingandjobopportunitiesrecognizesresearchers'workandaddstotheirattractivenesstostudentsisplanningtochangeitsstandardbeforethenextRefsubmissionWhatdoesthewritermeanbysaying“beagoodscientist”?A.Contributetothesolutiontothereplicationcrisis.B.ReformthestandardsthathavebeensetupbytheRef.Giveuppossiblefundingandpromotiongivenbyuniversities.Avoidusingfalseresearchpracticestotestoldtheories.SectionCDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.A.Theparents'refusaltoadmitthesechangeswhenthechildknowsthemtobetruemakesimpossible.B.Mostchildrenhavesuchahighidealoftheirparents,unlesstheparentsthemselveshavebeenunsatisfactory,thatitcanhardlyhopetostanduptoarealisticevaluation.Theymayevenmakesomeunpleasantremark'saboutthefriends'parents,andthinkofthemasdisloyalty.D.Todaywetendtogototheotherextreme,butonthewholethisisahealthierattitudebothforthechildandtheparent.Whatthechildcannotforgiveistheparent'srefusaltoadmitthesechargesifthechildknowsthemtobetrue.67F.Theymayevenaccusethemofdisloyalty,ormakesomeunpleasantremarksaboutthefriends'parents.Parentsareoftenupsetwhentheirchildrenpraisethehomesoftheirfriendsandregarditasaslur（诋毁）ontheirowncooking,orcleaning,orfurniture,andoftenarefoolishenoughtolettheteenagersseethattheyareannoyed.67Suchalossofdignityandakindofchildishbehavioronthepartoftheadultsdeeplyshockstheteenager,andmakesthemdecidethatinfuturetheywillnottalktotheirparentsabouttheplaceorpeopletheyvisit.Beforeverylongtheparentswillbecomplainingthatthechildissosecretiveandnevertellsthemanyt