初中英语基础知识-语法知识梳理

语法知识梳理第一节词法在英语中，共有10大词类，它们是：名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、代词、冠词、介词、连词、感叹词。一、名词1.什么叫名词？名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：妈妈panda猫library图书馆pencil铅笔wish愿望2.名词是如何分类的？（1）名词根据意义分为专有名词和普通名词。eq\o\ac(○,1)专有名词表示特定人或事物的名称。如：MrGreen格林先生theSpringFestival春节theGreatWall长城Britain英国提示：1人名都是专有名词2专有名词的第一个字母必须大写。eq\o\ac(○,2)普通名词是不属于定的人或事物名称的词通名词又分为个体名词和集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。个体名词，如radio广播），（手表）；集体名词，如：（班级），people（人民）；物质名词，如milk（牛奶）water（水）；抽象名词，如：work工作），健康）。(2)名词根据其表示的事物性质的不同，分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词表示的事物是可以用数字一个一个数出来的，有单数和复数两种形式。如：abanana一只香蕉twobananas只香蕉不可数名词表示的事物是不可以用数字一个一个数出来的不分单复数抽象名词物质名词和专有名词一般都是不可数名词milk牛奶ice冰idea想法France法国提示：有少数名词既可作可数名词，也可作不可数名词，但含义不同。如：鱼肉（不可数）fish鱼类（可数）chicken鸡肉（不可数chicken小鸡（可数）3.可数名词复数形式的构成规则是什么？（1名词复数形式构成的基本规则：情况一般情况以s\sh\x\ch结尾的词

变法加-s加-es

例词girl-girlsbook-booksbus-buseswatch-watches辅音字母+y结尾的变y为i再加es

family-falimiesstrawberry-strawberries以f或结尾的词

变f或fe为v加es

half-halveswife-wives以o尾的词

加es

或s

photo-photospiano-pinaosradio-radioszoo-zoostomato-tomatoespotato-potatoes复数形式词尾是或的读法如下：情况

读法

例词在/p//t//k//f/等清辅/s/cakesdeskscups音后在/s//z/∫//∫//dз/后/iz/busesclasseswatches在其他情况下/z/bananaszooswindows(2)需要特别记住的是英语中有些名词的复数形式是不规则的。如：Man-menwoman-womenfoot-feettooth-teethmouse-micechild-childrensheep-sheepdeer-deerfish-fishChinese-Chinese4.如何表示不可数名词的数量？不可数名词没有单数的区别不能直接以数字计算事物的名词，要表示“一”这个概念，我们可以用a+表示数量的名词+of+名词”的形式。如：aglassofwater一杯水acupoftea一杯茶如果要表达两个或两个以上的概念，表示数量的名词需要用复数形式不可数名词不变如twoglassesofwater两杯水fivebagsofrice五袋大米提示：这种形式也可以用于可数名词，但名词必须用复数形式。如：basketofapples一篮子苹果fivebasketsoftomatoes五篮子西红柿5.什么是名词所有格？名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格，意为……的”，一般在名词后加是’s。如Grandma’shouse奶奶的房子myparents’car我父母的车(1)如果名词代表的事物是有生命的，那么其所有格有以下几种形式：分类

构成方式举例普通单数名词在名词末尾加’sNancy’sfather以或结尾的复数名词在名词末尾加’theteachers’books特殊复数名词（不以或结在名词末尾加’sChildren’sDay尾）表示共有关系的表示各自所有关系的

在最后一个名词的末尾JimandHenlen’s加’s（两人共有一个妈妈）在每个名词的词尾都加’Jim’sands

Henlens（两人各自的妈妈）提示：表示公共场所、或住宅的名词，其所有格后面常常省略被修饰的名词。Wewillgotomysistersfordinnerthisafternoon.今天下午我们将去我姐姐家吃饭。Let’sgotothebarber’s.我们去理发店吧。（2如果名词代表的事物是没有生命的，常与组成短语来表示其所有格，表示前者属于后者。It’samapofChina.这是一张中国地图。ThenameofthecartoonisCinderella.这部动画片的名字是《灰姑娘》。例题引路一、写出下列名词的复数形式。1baby2.key3.strawberry4.life5.half6.woman7.German8.Japanese答案1.babies2.keys3.strawberries4.lives5.halves6.women7.Germans8.Japanese二、翻译下列词组1.城2.多羊3.三袋大4.篮子鸡蛋5位女教师6.棵苹果树7张老太太的照片8.她的一个朋友答案1.theGreatWall2.many/alotofsheep3.threebagsofrice4.fivebasketsofeggs5.fourwomenteachers6.eightappletrees7.sevenphotosofanoldwoman8.afriendofhers衔接训练一、写出下列名词的复数形式。1.pencil-box2.wife3.Sunday4.city5.dress6.Englishman7.match8.Chinese9.exam10.library11.radio12.family13.boy14.photo15.tomato16.dish17.American18.dictionary三、单项选择1.Myfatherisa.Heworksinahospital.A.teacherB.doctorC.farmerD.soldier2.Weneedsomemore.Canyougoandgetsome,please?A.potatoB.potatosC.potatoesD.apotato3.Inthepicturetherearemanyandtwo.A.sheep;foxesB.sheeps;foxesC.sheeps;foxD.sheep;foxs4.Letmeetat7:30outsidethegateof.A.thePeoplesB.thePeoplesParkC.thePeopleParkD.PeoplesPark5.Therearesixty-seveninourschool.A.womensB.womenteachersC.womenteachersD.womenteacher6.Thisshopsellsapples,bananasandthingslikethese.Itsa.A.foodshopB.bookshopC.fruitshopD.vegetableshop7.September10thisinChina.A.TeacherDayB.TeachersDayC.TeacherDayD.TeachersDay8.Thefootballunderthebedis.A.SuHaiandLiuTaoB.SuHaisandLiuTaosC.SuHaiandLiuTaoD.SuHaiandLiuTaos9..Thepostofficeisabitfarfromhere.Itabout.A.thirtyminuteswalkB.thirtyminuteswalkC.thirtyminuteswalkD.thirtyminuteswalk10.arebigandbright.A.TheclassroomwindowB.ThewindowoftheclassroomC.TheclassroomswindowsD.Thewindowsoftheclassroom四、用所给名词的适当形式填空。Aretherethree(child)playingintheclassroom?Heretwo(bottle)of(milk)foryou.Danielalwayswearsapairof(glass)andhelooksclever.Wedotoomuch(homework)everydaysowehavenotimetoplay.Itsandtherearesomany(people)inthestreet.Youshouldbrushyour(tooth)atleasttwiceeveryday.五、根据汉语提示完成句子。Beijingis(中国的首都)Ihungry.Pleasegiveme（四片面包）Arethese（你父母的照片）？Ivisited（长城）lastyear.Itreallywonderful.5Tom和Mike的手表）new.TheyboughtthemlastSaturday.Youcanfound（一些苹果树）inthe（杨玲和南希的桌子）isveryclean,but（她们的椅子）areverydirty.二、动词1.动词的定义和分类动词是表示动作或状态的一类词动词充当谓语时要受到主语的限制与主语在人称和数上一致。用来表示动作或状态在各种时间条件的动词形式称为时态。动词根据其在句中的功能以分为实义动词动词动词和情态动词四类。2.实义动词（1实义动词的分类实义动词也叫行为动词即表示动作的动词能独立作谓语实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词之分及物动词是指后面可以直接跟宾语的动词不及物动词指后面不可以直接跟宾语的动词。Wehavefriendsallovertheworld.我们的朋友遍天下。Georgesfatherlivesthere.乔治的爸爸住在那儿。提示：英语动词中有很多既是及物动词又是不及物动词，如close,begin,study,leave,work等。（3实义动词的基本形式有动词原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、现在分词、过去分词。3.系动词（1系动词的定义.系动词亦称连系动词，不能单独做谓语，后面必须跟表语。（2系动词的功能系动词的主要功能是把表语（名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词、介词短语、从句）和其主语联系在一起，以说明主语的属性、特征或状态。它和其后的表语一起构成句子的谓语。（3常见系动词Myfatherispoliceman.Youwillfeelbetterafteranightsleep.Itsgettingwarmerandwarmerinspring.Helookedangry/sad/happy.Theapplestasteverygood.提示：有部分系动词也可以作为实义动词来使用。Helookedsadatthenews.（“看起来”，系动词用法）Hekookedsadiyattheboy.（“看着”，实义动词用法）4.助动词（1助动词的定义助动词是语法功能词，本身没有词义，不可单独使用。HedoesntlikeEnglish.(2)助动词的功能表示时态Heissinging.Hedoesn’tgotoschoolonSaturday.构成疑问句Doyoulikelife?DidyoustudyEnglishbeforeyoucamehere?eq\o\ac(○,3)与否定副词连用构成否定句Idon’tlikeplayingcomputergames.TheyarenotwatchingTVnow.(3)目前学过的助动词有：be(am/is/are),do(does/did)eq\o\ac(○,1)“am/is/are+在分词”构成现在进行时态。Theyarehavingameeting.Englishisbecomingmoreandmoreimportant.eq\o\ac(○,2)do/does/did构成一般疑问句、否定句、否定祈使句。DoyouwantpasstheEnglishexam?Hedoesntliketostudy.Don’tbelateforschool.提示do也可以作实义动词句时必须借dont/doesnt/didntHedoeshomeworkeveryday.Hedoesn’twatchTVonschooldays.6.情态动词（1情态动词的定义及功能情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，但要与普通动词一起使用，给谓语动词增添情态色彩，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等得一类词。情态动词一般本身无人称和数的变化，其后面的实义动词要用动词原形。Shecanswimfast,butIcan’t.muststayhereuntilIcomeback.（2常见情态动词的用法eq\o\ac(○,1)eq\o\ac(○,)can表示能力，意为“会，能。表示客观可能性或推测时，用于否定句和疑问句；ShecansingEnglishsongs.It’t(不可能beJim.Isawhimatschooljustnow.Can/May(以)Iborrowyoureq\o\ac(○,2)eq\o\ac(○,)may表示许可用于陈述句表示正式的请求或许可用于一般疑问句。回答may提出的问题，肯定形式为：Yes,please./Yes,pleasedo./Yes,certainly./Yes,youmay.否定形式为：No,youmustnt./No,youcandont.Youmaygoouttoplynow.----MayIsmokehere?----Yes,youmay./Noyoumustnt.eq\o\ac(○,3)指客观可能性或猜测时，意为“一定”；表示“应当，必须”时，其否定形式为mustnt意为“禁止，不允许，千万别”。回答must构成的一般疑问句肯定形式为：语+must定形式为No语+neednhaveto。Itmust(肯定)beNancysbook.Hernameisonthecover.Youmustn’t(千万)playfootballinthestreet.------MustIhandinmyhomeworktomorrow?------Yes,youmust./No,youneednt/donthaveto.eq\o\ac(○,4)should表示“应该，应当”，t表示“不应该”。Youshouldtellyourmotherthetruth.Youshouldn’tmakesamemistake.例题引路一、用所给动词的适当形式填空。Myfatheralways(help)mymotherwithhousework.Theships(notbe)intherivernow;they(be)thereamomentago.Ourfamily(have)anewcomputerlastmonth.Ican(do)itbetterthanyou.二、模仿例词写出所给动词的相应形式。例词:dodoesdoingdidwrite____________________________carry____________________________wash____________________________meet____________________________衔接训练一、单项选择1.Mybrother_______ateacher.He________hispupilsverymuch.A.is;likeB.is;likesC.are;likesD.are;like2.----Howmanydays_________thereinaweek?-----There_______seven.A.is;isB.are;isC.is;areD.are;are3.MyEnglishteacher________.A.alllookyoungB.looksyoungC.lookyoungD.alllooksyoung4.I______busynow,butI____freenextweek.A.am;amB.am;willC.am;willbeD.being;willbe5.MayI_______toHelenBrown?A.tellB.speakC.talkD.say6.YangLingcan_______clothesforthedoll.A.make;B.makesC.madeD.making7.Shelooks____becauseshewillgotoHainanforaholiday.A.happilyB.behappyC.happyD.happiness8.----________Iuseyourpen,Dad?-----Yes,youcan.A.MayB.DoC.AmD.Must二、用所给动词的适当形式填空。Twoandsix_______(be)eight.There________(be)lotsofsheeponthefarmlastyear.Theboywithhisfriends_________(have)somehomeworkeveryday.4.Youmust_______(listen)toyourteacherinclass.Welike__________(watch)cartoonsattheweekend.Listen!Someone__________(sing)inthenextroom.SuHaiwants___________(be)ateacherwhenshegrowsup.What________you________(do)lastnight?__________(notspeak)loudlyinthereadingroom.Ilike___________(read)verymuch,butIdontlike__________(read)today.Imtootired.三、形容词1.什么是形容词？形容词是用来修饰或描述名词或代词以说明人或事物的性质状态或特征的一类词。Janeisabeautifulgirl.IsthereanythingwrongwithyourMP4?2.形容词在句中的位置是怎样的？几个形容词连用时，如何排序？（1形容词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，系动词和不定代词之后。Sheisagoodgirl.Iamtallandthin.Thereissomethingimportanttotellher.提示：1.有的形容词只能作表语，如afraid害怕，alone独自的，睡着的，awake醒着的，alive活着的，well健康的，ill病的2.某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人或整体的东西，谓语动词用复数。TheChinesehavelonghistory.Weshouldhelptheold(2)多个形容词修饰名词时，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的在后Sheboughtherselfanewsilkskirt.Ihavelongstraightgoldenhair.提示：多个形容词和其他词修饰名词时，其顺序是：限定词（冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、数词）+描绘词（大小、长短、形状、旧、长幼、颜色+出处+材料性质类别+名3.什么是形容词的比较等级？绝大多数形容词有三种形式：原级、比较级和最高级。LiuHaiisastallasme.(tall是原级)Itiswarmertodaythanitwasyesterday.(warmer是比较级)Sheisthebeststudentinherclass.(best最高级)形容词比较等级的构成规则是什么？（见八年级上语法附录）形容词比较等级的几种用法（1形容词的原级可用于两个人或事物的比较，常用的有两种结构：eq\o\ac(○,1)肯定结构：+形容词的原级+as，意为“和„„样”。Sheisascarefulashermother.eq\o\ac(○,2)否定结构：as/so+容词的原级+as，意为“不如„„”Thisdishisnotasniceasthatone.（2形容词的比较级用于两个人或事物的比较，常用的有四种结构：eq\o\ac(○,1)形容词比较级than，表示“„„比„„”。Thisfilmismoreinterestingthanthatone.eq\o\ac(○,2)形容词比较级+形容词比较级，表示“越来越„„。Mysisterisgettingtallerandtaller.eq\o\ac(○,3)eq\o\ac(○,)the+容词比较级，+形容词比较级，表示“越„„越„„”。Themore,thebetter.Themorecarefulyouare,thefewermistakesyouwiimake.eq\o\ac(○,4)eq\o\ac(○,)the+容词比较级+ofthetwo，表示“两者中较„„的一个”。Tomistheclevererofthetwins.提示：比较级前可以加表示程度的副词much,even,alittle等来修饰。HeismuchstrongerthanMike.(3)形容词的最高级用于三个或三个以上的人或事物的比较，常用the+形容词的最高级+名词+范in短语或从句结构意“„„中最„„的。Heisthebusiestboyinourclass.YaoMingisoneofthemostfamousbasketballplayersinNBA.提示：形容词的最高级前要加，但如果形容词的最高级前有物主代词时，不需要加the。ismyhappiestday.7.常见形容词的反义词，你记住了吗？bad---goodbetter---worstbest----worstbig---small/littlebeautiful---uglyblack---whitebusy—freecheap---expensiveclean—dirtyclever---foolishcloudy----sunnycool—warmcold---hotdangerous---safedark---bright/lightdry---wetearly---lateeasy—difficulteast—far---nearsunny---rainyfirst---lasthappy---unhappy/sadhard---softill---healthy/welllight---heavymore---less/fewmost---least/fewestold---newold—poor—quiet---noisysamedifferentshort---longshort---tallslow---quicksmall---big/large/greatstrong---weakthin---fatthin---thick例题引路一、单项选择1.Ihave_______todotoday.Icouldnthelpyounow.A.anythingimportantB.somethingimportantC.importantnothingD.importantsomething2.---Ischemistrymoredifficultthanphysics?---No,chemistryisntas_____asphysics.A.easyB.easierC.difficultD.moredifficult二、同义句转换。1.LiuTaoisnotasstrongasGaoShan..LiuTaois______________GaoShan.GaoShan.is____________LiuTao.2.Davidisthetalleststudentinhisclass..Davidis_____than________________inhisclass.衔接训练一、用所给词的适当形式填空。Ofthethreegirls,IfoundMillieisthe_________(clever).Thereare________(few)peopleheretodaythanyesterday.Mysisteristwoyears________(old)thanI.Janesparentshavefourdaughters,andsheisthe________(young)child.5.The_________(cheap)thingsarenotalwaystheworstones.Theshortoneis____________(expensive)ofthefive.Theboyisnotso_________(interesting)ashisbrother.Shewillbemuch_________(happy)inhernewhouse.二、单项选择1.Hefeels______todaythanyesterday.A.tiredB.moretiredC.moretirederD.muchtired2.Ofthetwotoys,thechildchose________.A.themoreexpensiveoneB.onemostexpensiveC.aleastexpensiveD.themostexpensiveofthem3.Thelineis____thanthatone.A.morelongerB.notlongerC.muchmorelongerD.manymorelonger4.Thebookis_______ofthethree.A.thinnerB.thethinnerC.morethinnerD.thethinnest5.Shelooks______thansheis.A.themoreolderB,veryolderC.mucholderD.moreolder6.Thegardenisbecoming_______.A.moreandmorebeautifulB.morebeautifulandbeautifulC.morebeautifulandmoreD.morebeautifulandbeautifuler7._______hurry,_______speed.A.More;lessB.Much;littleC.Themore;thelessD.Themuch;thelittle8Looking______athismother,thelittleboylooked_____.A.happy;goodB.happy;wellC.sad;sadlyD.sadly;sad三、根据汉语提示完成句子。1.这本书跟那本书一样有趣。Thisbookis______________________thatone.2.这个故事不如那个有趣。Thisstoryis______________thanthatone.3.今天比昨天冷得多。Itis_________________today_______itwasyesterday.4.他对英语越来越感兴趣。Heisbecoming___________________________inEnglish.5.他吃得越多，就越胖。______________heeats,______________hegets.6.他比我大两岁。Heis____________________thanI.四、副词1.什么是副词？副词是一种用来修饰动词形容词副词或全句的词以说明时间地点程度、方式等概念。Weshouldlistentoourteacherscarefully.Inspring,Icanseeflowerseverywhere.2.副词的种类有哪些？方式副词，如quickly,neatly,happily地点、方位副词，如here,away,outside,west时间副词，如yesterday,already,just,now,before,later,often,sometimes（4强调副词，very,too,even,only,4.副词在句中的位置和排列顺序（1时间、地点副词，小在前，大在后。HecomesfromNewYork,America.（2方式副词，短在前，长在后。Pleasewriteslowlyandcarefully.（3方式+地点+间Theoldwomanrunsveryslowlyalongtheriverat6:00everymorning.4.副词同形容词一样也有比较级和最高级形式。5.常见副词的区别：（1very,much,verymuchVery用于修饰形容词或副词的原级；much用于修饰形词或副词的比较级；verymuch用于修饰动词。Johnisverygood.Thisgardenismuchbiggerthanthatone.Ilovemusicverymuch(2)so,sucheq\o\ac(○,1)eq\o\ac(○,)so饰形容词或副词；such修饰名词。MybrotherrunssofastthatIcantfollowhim.Heissuchaboy.eq\o\ac(○,2)饰的形容词后可以有一个单数的可数名词其结构“so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数”；such可饰可数名词单复数和不可数名词，名词前可以有形容词作定语，其结构是“such+a/an+形容词可数名词单数/复数/不可数名词”。Heissocleveraboy.=Heissuchacleverboy.Itissuchcoldweather.Theyaresuchgoodstudents.提示如果可数名词复数前有many,few不可数名词前有muchlittle修饰，用so用such。(3)also,too,aswell,eitheralso,too,aswell,用于肯定句，also常用于动词、情态动词、助动词之后，行为动词之前，too,aswell于句末；either用于否定句末。Myfatherisateacher.Mymotherisalsoateacher.=Myfatherisateacher.Mymotherisateacheraswell.=Myfatherisateacher.Mymotherisateacher,too.IcanspeakFrench.JennycanspeakFrench,either.(4)sometime,sometimes,sometime,sometimessometime意“某一时“可指将来过去sometimes意“有时sometime指“一段时间”；sometimes指“几次，几倍”Wellhavetestsometimenextmonth.Sometimeswearebusyandsometimes,wearenot.estayedinBeijingforsometimelastyear.havebeentoBeijingsometimes.例题引路一、用所给词的适当形式填空。Heistootiredandhecantwalkas_______(quick)ashisfather.Ifeel_________(well)todaythanyesterday.Helendraws___________(care)ofthegirlsinherclass.二、单项选择1.Remembernottospeak_______whenweareinthereadingroom.A.fastB.slowlyC.politelyD.loudly2.----Whatwastheweatherlikeyesterday?----Itwasterrible.Itrainedso_______thatpeoplecould______goout.A.hardly;hardB.hardly;hardC.hard;hardlyD.hard;hard3.Therewasanaccidentatthecorner._____,thegirlwasnt_____hurt.A.Luckily;badlyB..Luck;hardlyC.Lucky;heavilyD.Lucky;strongly衔接训练一、用所给词的适当形式填空。Whogetsup________(early),YangLinorMissLiu?Tomdidwellintheexam,sohisclassmatesspoke________(high)ofhim.3.Heputonhiscoatandwentout_______(quick)4.Itsdangeroustostandoutside,forthewindisblowing________(strong).5.Helearnsmath______(quick)thantheotherstudents.Englishis_______(wide)usedintheworld.Theydonknowwhyyoutalkedtothemso__________(angry.)Itisraining_________(heavy),soyoudbetternotgooutnow.Hedidtheworkas_________(careful)asmostofus.10.LiLeiandLinTaoareworkingmuch________(hard)thanbefore.二、单项选择1.Jacksdoesnworkso________asJack.A.harderB.hardC.hardestD.hardly2.JimspeaksChinesevery_______.A.goodB.betterC.wellD.best3.Hedrivesmuch_______thanhedidthreeyearsago.A.carefulB.carefullyC.morecarefulD.morecarefully4.IthinkMathis_______moredifficultthanEnglish.A.muchB.veryC.tooD.so5.Mysonlooks_____today.Heisplaying_______withotherchildren.A.happy;happyB.happy;happilyC.happily;happilyD.happily;happy6.Look!Thereis_______iceonthelake.A.toomuchB.toomanyC.muchtooD.somany7.Shewalkedintotheroom______becausehermotherwassleeping.A.clearB.quietC.quick.D.quietly8.Jimsis_______than________.Dontyouthinkso?A.alotnewer;LinTaoB.verynew;LinTaosC.muchnewer;LinTaosD.alittlenewer;LinTao五、数词1.什么是数词？表示数“多少和顺“第几的词叫数词分为基数词和序数词参看课本，记牢读音和拼写。2.基数词的用法（1表示“哪一年”，每两位数一读。1998年，读作ninety—eight2009年读作twothousandandnine(2)表示“几点”atfiveoclock（3表示编号No.101bus表示加减乘除Oneandtwoisthree.表示小数5.3读作fivepointthree表示百分数40%读作fortypercent3.什么情况下用序数词？（1表示日期3月写作(the)eighth读作：Marchtheeighth（2表示分数1/6onesixth3/5threefifths例题引路单项选择1.About_______ofthebooksinourschoollibraryarewritteninChinese.A.fourth-fifthB.four-fifthC.four-fifthsD.fourths-fifth2.Theroadisover_______meterslong.A.sixhundredandfifty-twoB.sixhundredsandfiftytwoC.sixhundred,fifty-twoD.sixhundred,fiftyandtwostststststst3.January_______isNewYearsDay.A.firstB.twoC.thefirstD.thesecondTherewere_______peopleinthemeetingroomyesterday.A.twohundredsB.twohundredofC.hundredsofD.hundredof衔接训练一根据句意，填入合适的数词。1.SuHaiis______(12)yearsold.SheisinClass_______(5)Grade______(6).2.Septemberisthe_______(9)monthinayear.Whichgirlisthinner,the________(2)oneorthe_____(3)one?One_______yearsisacentury(世纪)。Thereare________minutesinanhour.二、单项选择1.----Howmanystudentsarethereinyourschool?----_______thestudentsinourschool______overtwothousand.A.Thenumberof;isB.Thenumberof;areC.Anumberof;isD.Anumberof;are2.Thenewstudentisin__________.A.Class2B.ClassSecondC.2ClassD.class23.---Howmanyteachersarethereinyourschool?----________,butImnotsure.A.HundredsB.HundredC.HundredofD.Onehundred4.__Dad,whenwillyoubefree?Youagreedtogototheseasidewithmefourdaysago.---Imsorry,Jean.ButIthinkIwillhavea_______holidaysoon.A.fourdaysB.four—dayC.fourthdayD.fourday5.Thisstoryhappenedon__________.A.2009,Oct.21B.Oct.21,2009C.2009,21OctoberD.21ofOctober,2009六、代词1.什么是代词？如何分类？代词是用来代替名词以及起名词作用的短语、分句和句子的一类词。按其指代作用不同可分为人称代词、物主代词、疑问代词、指示代词、反身代词、不定代词、关系代词、相互代词八类。2.人称代词（1人称代词的概念人称代词是为了避免重复，用来代替前面提到的人或事物的名称的一类代词。JimandLiuTao,MissLiiswaitingforyou!Pickupyourbooksputthemaway.(2)人称代词的人称、数和格人称代词是表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、“我们”、“你们”、“他们”的词。表格见七年级附录提示：说话的人为第一人称，听话的人为第二人称，被谈到的人或事物为第三人称。人称第一人称第二人称第三人称

单数主格Iyouheshe

宾格meyouhimher

复数主格weyouthey

宾格usyouthemit（3人称代词的基本用法

iteq\o\ac(○,1)人称代词主格在句作主语，是动作的执行者。Shelikesplayingvolleyballverymuch.eq\o\ac(○,2)人称代词宾格在句作动词或介词的宾语，是动作的承受者。Mr.BrownteachesusEnglish.Youmustlookafterthem.提示：两个以上人称代词并用时，通you放在第一位，I放在最后；复we放在第一位they放在最后简单记成单数2.3.1复1.2.3都是第三人称，女后男在先。You,TomandIareleavingnextmonth.3.物主代词（1物主代词的概念物主代词是表示所有关系的一类代词。ThisisntWalkman.Itshers.(2)物主代词分类：形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。人称

单数

复数形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词第一人称mymineourours第二人称youryoursyouryourshishis第三人称

herhersitsits

theirtheirs（3物主代词的基本用法形容词性物主代词和形容词有相似之处，用来修饰名词，不可以单独使用。Thesearetheirbooks.HernameisChengJie.名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，后面不必再加名词。Thisismypen.Thatisyours/yourpen.4.疑问代词(1)疑问代词基本用法疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用，常被用来构成疑问句，置于句首。Whosebookisthis?Whatareyoureadingnow?(2)常见的疑问代词有：what,which,who,whom,whose等。指人的是who,whom,whose指物的是：what；既可指人又可指物的是whichWhichdoyoulikebetter,teaormilk?Whatsyourfather?Whosebooksaretheseonthedesk?5.指示代词this,these,指较近的事物；that,those较远的事物。6.反身代词反身代词的构成myself,ourselves,yourself,yourselvesherself,himself,itself,themselves,oneself反身代词的用法反身代词可以作宾语、表语、同位语等。WeenjoyedourselvesveryIboughtanewcoatformyself.Hehimselfdidit.7.不定代词（1常见的不定代词有：all,each,both,either,neither,little,few,many,much,other,another,some,any,somebody,anybody,nobody,everybody,someone,anyone,noone,everyone,something,anything,everything,none.(2)常见的不定代词区别eq\o\ac(○,1)both,either,neitherboth表示“两者都”either表示“两者中的任何一个”neither表示“两者都不”。Bothofusareright.EitheryoutwoisOK.Neitherofusisright.提示：1.both+词复数=either+名词单数Therearemanytreesonbothsidesofthestreet.=Therearemanytreesoneithersideofthestreet2.both„„时谓语动词用复数，„„„„语时谓语动词的单复数与邻近的主语保持一致。BothTomandJennyarefromAmerica.EitherTomorIamright.=EitherIorTomisright.NeitherTomnorIamright.=NeitherInorTomisright.eq\o\ac(○,2)afew,与little，alittlefew和a修饰可数名词的复数，谓语动词都用复数，little和alittle修饰不可数名词，谓语动词都用单数。afew,alittle是肯定的含义，意为“一些”；few,little是否定的含义，意为“几乎没有”。Afewstudentsgotothepark.Fewstudentsgotothepark.Hehasalittlehair.Hehaslittlehair.eq\o\ac(○,3)和each和every意为“每一个”，后面的谓语动词都要用单数。但each比every更强调个体Each具有形容词和代词两个词性，可以作句子主语；every只能作形容词，不作主语。Each(man)hashislife.Everysingerhashissuccessfulsong.eq\o\ac(○,4)other,another,theother,others,与theothersother表示“其他的，另外的”，后面跟名词或代词；“another+单数名词”意为“又一个，另外一个”，泛指。无限定范围；other表示“另外一个”，指两者中的另外一个others表示“其他人”，泛指复数含义，无限定范围，后面不能跟名词；others示“其他人”，特指的复数，指在一定范围内去除一部分后剩下的另一部分。Ihavetwoflowers.Oneisred,theotheroneiswhite.Tomistallerthantheothersinhisclass.Wouldyoulikeanothercupoftea?Therearemanypeopleinthepark,somearetalking,someareflyingkitesandothersarereading.例题引导一、用other,theother,others,与theothers填空Hehastwodaughters.Oneisanurse,________isaworker.Somepeoplelikewalking.Somelikerunning.________likeswimming.3.Twoboyswillgotothezoo,and_______willstayathome.4.Doyouhaveany_______qustions?二、单项选择1.---________schoolismuchlargerthan________?----Really?AOur;yourB.Our;yoursC.Ours;yoursD.We;you2.________areallinClass6.A.You,IandheB.He,youandIC.I,youandhe.D.You,heandI3.ThebuildingsinDalianaresimilar（相似的）to______inTokyo.A.onesB.thoseC.theseD.that衔接训练一、单项选择1TheweatherinGuangzhouisbetterthan____inShenyang.A.thatB.itC.thisD.one2._______havearacingbicycle.A.EachB.EachofusC.EveryofusD.Weeach3.Mybikeisbroken.MayIborrow_________?A.youB.yourselfC.yoursD.your4.Ibought_______exercisebookswith_______money.A.afew;afewB.afew;alittleC.alittle;afew.D.alittle;alittle5.---_____ishe?Heisabusdriver.A.WhoB.WhichC.ThatD.What6.---________hatisthis?----Its________.A.Whose;meB.Who;mineC.Whom;hisD.Whose;mine7.Hehas________totellus.A.somethingimportantB.importantsomethingC.anythingusefulD.usefulnothing8._____oftheteachersareOKinourschool.A.EveryB.EachC.EitherD.AllOfthethreeforeigners,oneisfromLondon,and_____arefromthexUSA.A.twoothersB.theothertwoC..anothertwoD.theboth---Whichwouldyoulike,sir,teaorcoffee?---Idonmind.______isOK.A.EitherB.NeitherC.AnyD.Both________ofushasreadthenewspaper,soweknownothingaboutit.A.SomeB.BothC.NoneD.AllHeisnotawarm-heartedman,so_____peoplecangetonwellwithhm.A.fewB.afewC.littleD.alittle七、冠词1.么是冠词？冠词是一种虚词，它置于名词前，帮助说明名词的含义。本身没有意义，不可单独使用，只能和名词连用。英语中的冠词分不定冠词/an和定冠词两种。2.定冠词的含义和主要用法不定冠词a/an通常泛指同类事物中的某一个（位、块、片„„）。其中，在辅音音素开头的单词前，如abook;an用在元音音素开头的单词前，如anorange.不定冠词主要有以下四种用法：（1指人或事物的某一种类。Itsabasketball.Ahorseisausefulanimal.Thisisaninterestingmovie.（2表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有强烈。Shehasasmallnoseandlonghair.(3)指某人或某物，但不具体说明是何人或何物。Hisgrandfatherisanoldman.Thereisaneraseronthedesk.(4)用于一些固定短语中，如：afew,alittle,alotof等。3.定冠词的含义和主要用法定冠词the通常对所修饰的名词有指定作用，表示“这（那）个”那）些”。定冠词主要有以下用法：（1特指某（些）人或某（些）事物Thegirlinanorangedressismysister.（2指谈话双方都知道的人或物Pleaselookattheblackboard.（3指上文提过得人或物IwenttothePeoplesyesterday.Theparkisbeautiful.（4指世界上独一无二的事物Thesunisbiggerthantheearth.（5用在序数词和形容词最高级前GaoShanlivesonthefifthfloor.（6用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前theGreatWall,thePalaceMuseum（7用在江、河、湖、海等专有名词前theChangjiangRiver,theYellowRiver（8用在姓氏的复数形式前指一家TheBrownsareveryfriendly.（9用在乐器名称前CanTomplaytheviolin?(10)用在一些习惯用语中inthemorning,/afternoon/evening,intheend4.什么叫零冠词？什么情况下不用冠词？有些情况下，名词前面可以不用冠词。（1专有名词前HewenttiNanjingthreedaysago.（2月份、周日、节日、季节前HewasbornonJuly1st,1990.（3三餐名词前LiuTaohaslunchatschool.（4球类运动名称前MrBrownplaystennisverywell.（5职位、头衔和称呼语等名词前Mum!Wherearemyshoes?（6复数名词表示一类人或事物时Ilikepotatoes.（7语言、学科等名称前WehaveMathfourtimesaweek.（8两个词义相同或相近的名词连用时Heworksharddayandnight.（9名词前已经有作定语的指示代词、物主代词和不定代词时Thisbookisinteresting.（10泛指人类时Mancantlivewithoutair.（11用在固定词组中gotoschool,bytrain,inhospital,atnight.例题引路单项选择1.Hegivemysister_______usefilbookyesterday.A.anB.aC./D.the2.Mybrotheris_______honestboy,sohehasmanyfriends.A.aB.anC.theD./3.Morecollegegraduateswantedtoworkin_____westpartofcountry____nextyear.Athe;theB./;/C./;theD.the;/4.JimalwaysanswerstheteachersA.inclassB.intheclassC.afterclassD.atclass衔接训练一、单项选择1.---Whatcoloris________orange?----It_______orange.A.an;anB.an;theC.an;/D./;an2.Look!Thechildrenarehaving______goodtime.A./B.theC.anD.a3.Londonis_______capitalof____England.A.the;theB.a;aC.a;theD.the;/4.Therere____fewmistakesinyourhomework.Dontmake____samemistakesagain.A.a;aB.a;theC.the;theD./;the.5.YesterdayIwentto_____workon_____foot.A.the;/B./;theC./;/D.the;the6.Thereis____”intheword“hour”but___hdoesntmakeasound.A.a;aB.a;theC.the;anD.an;the7.Heoftensays_____richshouldhelp___poor.A.the;aB.a;theC.the;theD./;/8Therewas______“son_______blackboard.A.a;aB.a;theC.an;aD.an;the9.There_____eggontheplate.______eggisforyou.A.a;AB.an;AnC.an;TheD.the;An10Didyouenterfor______highjumpor_____400---meterrace?A.a;aB.a;theC.the;aD.the;the11._______oldmaninblackiswaitingforyouforhalf______hour.A.The;anB.The;aC.An;aD.An;/12._______elephantis_______hugeanimal.A.An;anB.An;aC.The;anD.A;an八、介词1.什么是介词？介词是一种用来表示词与词或词与句之间的关系的一种虚词能单独做句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类或从句作它的宾语。Itsaboutnineonow.Helenislikehermom.2.介词的用法（1表示时间的介词eq\o\ac(○,1)atatnoon,atnight,ononSunday,onMondaymorning,onMarch8ininnex