1999年考研英语真题及解析-d2019中快乐人获取及时

年攻读入学考试英语试PartⅠClozeChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies1lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprograms,workhardtoorganizethem,andcontinueworkingtokeepthem2andactive.Whentheworkiswelldone,a3ofaccidentfreeoperationsisestablished4timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.Successfulsafetyprogramsmay5greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby6rulesorregulations.7othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.But,therearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramif resultsaretobeobtained.Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalone,safety8.Thefewertheinjury9,thebettertheworkman’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat10orataesturnspaysholds［A］anadvantage［B］a ［C］an ［D］aPartⅡReadingEachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked［A［B］,［C］and［D］.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)PassageIt’saroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegsliponyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldburndownthehouse.Luckily,ifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisaster,asuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980s,whenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers’misfortunes.Feelingthreatened,companiesrespondedbywritingeverlongerwarninglabels,tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Today,stepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarn,amongotherthings,thatyoumight—surprise!—falloff.Thelabelonachild’sBatmancapecautionsthatthetoy“doesnotenableusertofly”.Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary—thedangersofdruginteractions,forexample—andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisn’tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt.Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Asalinjuryclaimscontinueasbefore,somecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendants,especiallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn’thavechangedanything.InMay,JulieNimmons,ofSchuttSportsinIllinois,successfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet.“We’rereallysorryhehas eparalyzed,buthelmetsaren’tdesignedtopreventthosekindsofinjuries,”saysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegame,notthehelmet,wasthereasonfortheathlete’sinjury.Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute—agroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademicswhosemendationscarrysubstantialweight—issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.“Importantinformationcangetburiedinaseaoftrivialities,”saysalawprofessoratCornellLawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguidelines.Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitsway,theinformationonproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandasprotectionagainstlegalWhatwerethingslikein1980swhenaccidents［A］Customersmightberelievedoftheirdisastersthrough［B］Injuredcustomerscouldexpectprotectionfromthelegal［C］Companieswouldavoidbeingsuedbyprovidingnew［D］JuriestendedtofindfaultwiththecompensationscompaniesManufacturersasmentionedinthepassagetend［A］satisfycustomersbywritinglongwarningson ehonestindescribingtheinadequaciesoftheir［C］makethebestuseoflabelstoavoidlegal［D］feelobligedtoviewcustomers’safetyas ThecaseofSchutthelmetdemonstrated［A］someinjuryclaimswerenolongersupportedby［B］helmetswerenotdesignedtoprevent［C］productlabelswouldeventuallybe［D］somesportsgamesmightlosepopularitywithTheauthor’sattitudetowardstheissueseemsto［A］ ［B］ ［C］ ［D］PassageIntheyearorsoofWebbusiness,mostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.Morerecently,astheWebprovedtobemorethanafashion,companieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusinesstobusinesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey’relookingfor.Nonetheless,manycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability.“Businessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandther,”saysseniorystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany’sprivateintranet.AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.Untilrecently,Internetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiesto“pull”customersintosites.Inthepastyear,however,softwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniesto“push”informationdirectlyouttoconsumers,transmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytoedcustomers.Mostnotably,thePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers’computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany’sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsales,productofferings,orotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.Oncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvited,thedistinctionbetweentheWebandevisionfades.That’saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists.ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyards,A,andotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivity,hospitality,andsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefall,whichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10fromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineWelearnfromthebeginningofthepassagethatWeb［A］hasbeenstrivingtoexpandits ［B］intendedtofollowafanciful［C］triedbutinvaintocontrolthe ［D］hasbeenboomingforoneyearorSpeakingoftheonlinetechnologyavailableformarketing,theauthorimplies［C］thereisaradicalchangein ［D］itisaccessiblelimitedlytoestablishedIntheviewofNetpurists,［A］thereshouldbenomarketingmessagesinonline［B］moneymakingshouldbegivenprioritytoonthe［C］theWebshouldbeabletofunctionastheevision［D］thereshouldbenoonlinecommercialinformationwithoutWelearnfromthelastparagraph［A］pushinginformationontheWebisessentialtoInternet［B］interactivity,hospitalityandsecurityareimportanttoonline［C］leadingcompaniesbegantotaketheonlineplungedecades［D］settingupshopsinsiliconisindependentofthecostofcomputingPassageAninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents’careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationalreform.Veryfewwritersonthesubjecthaveexploredthisdistinction—indeed,contradiction—whichgoestotheheartofwhatiswrongwiththentoputcomputersintheclassroom.Aneducationthataimsatgettingastudentacertainkindofjobisatechnicaleducation,justifiedforreasonsradicallydifferentfromwhyeducationisuniversallyrequiredbylaw.Itisnotsimplytoraiseeveryone’sjobprospectsthatallchildrenarelegallyrequiredtoattendschoolintotheirteens.Rather,wehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizen,acharacterwhois pleteifhecannotcompetentlyassesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofhimself.Butthiswasnotalwaysthecase;beforeitwaslegallyrequiredforallchildrentoattendschooluntilacertainage,itwaswidelyacceptedthatsomewerejustnotequippedbynaturetopursuethiskindofeducation.Withoptimismcharacteristicofallindustrializedcountries,wecametoacceptthateveryoneisfittobeeducated.Computereducationadvocatesforsakethisoptimisticnotionforapessimismthatbetraystheirotherwisecheeryoutlook.Bankingontheconfusionbetweeneducationalandvocationalreasonsforbringingcomputersintoschools,computeredadvocatesoftenemphasizethejobprospectsofgraduatesovertheireducationalachievement.Therearesomegoodargumentsforatechnicaleducationgiventherightkindofstudent.ManyEuropeanschoolsintroducetheconceptofprofessionaltrainingearlyoninordertomakesurechildrenareproperlyequippedfortheprofessionstheywanttojoin.Itis,however,presumptuoustoinsistthattherewillonlybesomanyjobsforsomanyscientists,somanybusinessmen,somanyaccountants.Besides,thisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations.But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell developedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.Ofcourse,thebasicsofusinganycomputerthesedaysareverysimple.Itdoesnottakealifelongacquaintancetopickupvarioussoftwareprograms.Ifonewantedto acomputerengineer,thatis,ofcourse,anentirelydifferentstory.Basiccomputerskillstake—attheverylongest—acoupleofmonthstolearn.Inanycase,basiccomputerskillsareonlycomplementarytothehostofrealskillsthatarenecessarytoinganykindofprofessional.Itshouldbeobserved,ofcourse,thatnoschool,vocationalornot,ishelpedbyaconfusionoveritsTheauthorthinksthepresentrushtoputcomputersintheclassroom［A］far ［B］dubiously［C］ ［D］radicallyThebeliefthateducationisindispensabletoall［A］isindicativeofapessimismin［B］cameintobeingalongwiththearrivalof［C］isdeeplyrootedinthemindsofcomputered［D］originatedfromtheoptimisticattitudeofindustrializedItcouldbeinferredfromthepassagethatintheauthor’scountrytheEuropeanmodelofprofessionaltraining［A］dependentuponthestartingageof ［B］worthtryinginvarioussocial［C］oflittlepractical ［D］attractivetoeverykindofAccordingtotheauthor,basiccomputerskillsshould［A］includedasanauxiliarycourseinschool［B］highlightedinacquisitionofprofessional［C］masteredthrougha long ［D］equallyemphasizedbyanyschool,vocationalorPassageWhenaScottishresearchteamstartledtheworldbyrevealing3monthsagothatithadclonedanadultClintonmovedswiftly.Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment—althoughnoonehadproposedtodoso—andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrinceton HaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90days mendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.Thatgroup—theNationalBioethicsAdvisoryCommission(NBAC)—hasbeenworkingfeverishlytoputitswisdomonpaper,andatameetingon17May,membersagreedonanearfinaldraftoftheir NBACwillaskthatClinton’s90daybanonfederalfundsforhumancloningbeextendedindefiniy,andpossiblythatitbemadelaw.ButNBACmembersareplanningtowordthe mendationnarrowlytoavoidnewrestrictionsonresearchthatinvolvesthecloningofhumanDNAorcells—routineinmolecularbiology.Thepanelhasnotyetreachedagreementonacrucialquestion,however,whetherto mendlegislationthatwouldmakeitacrimeforprivatefundingtobeusedforhumancloning.Inadraftprefacetothe mendations,discussedatthe17Maymeeting,Shapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbe“morallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning.”Shapiroexplainedduringthemeetingthatthemoraldoubtstemsmainlyfromfearsabouttherisktothehealthofthechild.Thepaneltheninformallyacceptedseveralgeneralconclusions,althoughsomedetailshavenotbeensettled.NBACplanstocallforacontinuedbanonfederalernmentfundingforanyattempttoclonebodycellnucleitocreateachild.Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryos(theearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforebirth)forresearchortoknowinglyendangeranembryo’slife,NBACwillremainsilentonembryoNBACmembersalsoindicatedthattheywouldappealtoprivayfundedresearchersandclinicsnottotrytoclonehumansbybodycellnucleartransfer.Buttheyweredividedonwhethertogofurtherbycallingforafederallawthatwouldimposeacompletebanonhumancloning.Shapiroandmostmembersfavoredanappealforsuchlegislation,butinaphoneinterview,hesaidthisissuewasstill“upintheair”.Wecanlearnfromtheparagraph［A］federalfundshavebeenusedinaprojecttoclone［B］theWhiteHouserespondedstronglytothenewsof［C］NBACwasauthorizedtocontrolthemisuseofcloning［D］theWhiteHousehasgotthe mendationsonThepanelagreedonallofthefollowingexcept［A］thebanonfederalfundsforhumancloningshouldbemadea［B］thecloningofhumanDNAisnottobeputundermore［C］itiscriminaltouseprivatefundingforhuman［D］itwouldbeagainstethicalvaluestocloneahumanNBACwillleavetheissueofembryoresearchundiscussed［A］embryoresearchisjustacurrentdevelopmentof［B］thehealthofthechildisnotthemainconcernofembryo［C］anembryo’slifewillnotbeendangeredinembryo［D］theissueisexplicitlystatedandsettledintheItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph［A］someNBACmembershesitatetobanhumancloningcomple［B］alawbanninghumancloningistobepassedinno［C］ yfundedresearcherswillrespondpositivelytoNBAC’s［D］theissueofhumancloningwillsoonbePassageScience,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousaboutthecauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.Whatkepttheminplace?Whydidn’ttheyfalloutofthesky?Thefactthattheapplefelldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavens,themoonandtheplanets.Howmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefallingupintothetree?Newtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.Hewasjustwondering.Hismindwasreadyfortheunpredictable.Unpredictabilityispartoftheessentialnatureofresearch.Ifyoudon’thaveunpredictablethings,youdon’thaveresearch.Scientiststendtoforgetthiswhenwritingtheircutanddriedreportsforthetechnicaljournals,buthistoryisfilledwithexamplesofit.Intalkingtosomescientists,particularlyyoungerones,youmightgathertheimpressionthattheyfindthe“scientificmethod”asubstituteforimaginativethought.I’veattendedresearchconferenceswhereascientisthasbeenaskedwhathethinksabouttheadvisabilityofcontinuingacertainexperiment.Thescientisthasfrowned,lookedatthegraphs,andsaid,“thedataarestillinconclusive.”“Weknowthat,”themenfromthebudgetofficehavesaid,“butwhatdoyouthink?Isitworthwhilegoingon?Whatdoyouthinkwemightexpect?”ThescientisthasbeenshockedathavingevenbeenaskedtoWhatthisamountsto,ofcourse,isthatthescientisthas ethevictimofhisownwritings.Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhimself,buthasconvincedindustrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrue.Ifexperimentsareplannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicate,thenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswhoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeeoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.Nor,ifregularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientistasthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflect,ismanagementtobeblamedfordiscriminatingagainstthe“oddballs”amongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswho“workwellwiththeteam”.TheauthorwantstoprovewiththeexampleofIsaacNewton［A］inquiringmindsaremoreimportantthanscientific［B］scienceadvanceswhenfruitfulresearchesare［C］scientistsseldomforgettheessentialnatureof［D］unpredictabilityweighslessthanpredictioninscientificTheauthorassertsthat［A］shouldn’treplace“scientificmethod”withimaginative［B］shouldn’tneglecttospeculateonunpredictable［C］shouldwritemoreconcisereportsfortechnical［D］shouldbeconfidentabouttheirresearchItseemsthatsomeyoung［A］haveakeeninterestin ［B］oftenspeculateonthe［C］thinkhighlyofcreative ［D］stickto“scientificTheauthorimpliesthattheresultsofscientific［A］maynotbeasprofitableastheyare ［B］canbemeasuredindollarsand［C］relyonconformitytoastandard ［D］aremostlyunderestimatedbyPartⅢEnglishChineseReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplace,eachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalways pleteandscattered;itisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorian’scraftisthatitspractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess.Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanin disciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophy,theemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplineernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld.33Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofinthehistoricalMethodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.34）Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historians,especiallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheybeenaccusedof“tunnelmethod,”frequentlyfallvictimtothe“technicalfallacy.”Alsocommoninthenaturalsciences,thetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.35）Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.SectionⅣWriting(15Studythefollowinggraphscarefullyandwriteanessayinatlessthan150YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEETYouressayshouldcoverthreeeffectofthecountry’sgrowinghumanpopulationonitspossiblereasonsfortheyoursuggestionforwildlife1999年答案PartⅠCloze1.D2.A3.B4.A5.B6.C7.D8.C9.A10.PartⅡReadingPassage11.B12.C13.A14.Passage15.APassagePassagePassagePartⅢEnglishChineseSectionⅣWriting(15试题精PartⅠCloze一、文章总体分析二、试题具体解析lowaccidentratescompaniesatwith能rate搭配，ata/therate（of）意为“以…的速度”，如：Shecanreadattherateof100wordsaminute.（她一分钟能有有（们还在继续争论那件事。放入文中，keepsafetyprogramsalive从语法和意思上均符合文意。整个句子的大［精解］+如：anuclearweaponfreezone（无核区其次要理解条件从句Whentheworkiswelldone的含义，根据上文，空格前后部分是两个结构完整的句子：aclimateofaccidentfreeoperationsisestablished（一个无事故操作的工作氛围被建立起来）timelostiskeptataminimum（工伤损失的时间保持在最低的限度，这时空格处填入的词只有两theclimatetimeiskeptataminimumintheclimate（工伤损失的时间在这种氛围里howThisisthewayhowhebehaveshow，句子中就不能有先行词，如：Thisishowhebehaves.在许多方面都不同SomeplacegreatemphasisonOthersstresssafework也可以+空格所在句子是Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby6rulesorregulations，其中others指代的是othersafetyobserverulesorregulations意为mechanicalguardingOthersstresssafeworkpractices...othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker。显然，这三常用到some...others...stillothers...的结构，表示“一些…，一些…，还有一些…”。financial都暗示了填入的短语和经济有关。四个短语符合句意的只有paysoff（…是值得的，…没有白费，如：Johnstudiedhardbeforetheexamination,anditpaidoff.HemadeanA.（约翰学习很刻苦，但这一切没有白费。他Something；They［精解］+thedifferencebetweenoperatingat10oratalossdifferenceorat和空格部分组成的短语和ataloss（亏本）是选择关系，在意义上相反。四个选项中，benefitadvantageat搭配；interest只有做不可数名词时才和at搭配，指“利息”，如：Theloanwasmadeat6percentinterest（以百分之六的利息只三、全文翻PartⅡReadingPassage一 词汇注①anticipatevt.*1.anticipatedthehardwinterahead2.期盼，期待（尤指好事）Ianticipatedtheinterviewwithpleasure.3.早于（别人）采取行动，抢先一步,先于……之前（做）例：WhenIarrived,Ifoundthathehadanticipatedme.当我到达时我发现他已先到过那里。②capen.［C］*1.2.（常用于地理名称）海角;theCapeofGoodHope③have/get/followones(own)way一意孤行，，随心所欲例：Sinceheinsists,Illlethimhavehis④liablea*1.（法律上有赔偿责任的（for例：Manufacturersareliableforanydefectsintheequipment.制造商对设备的任何缺陷都负有赔偿责任。2易于（可能，倾向于）做某事（尤指不幸的事情）Inadepressionbanksareliabletofail.时期银行往往。3.易出问题的，易得病的；可能受（尤指结果不好的事情）影响（后跟介词to）例：liabletodiabetes易患的；liabilityn.(法律上对某事物的赔偿等)责任,义务；负债，；受⑤moderatea.1.amoderatesizedgarden2.（尤指政治观点、信仰等）不的，温和的，不偏激的*3.有节制的，不过分的，合理的例：moderatewagedemands合理的工资要求..theirmotheragainstme.孩子们总是和站在一边，跟我唱对台戏 vi*1.2.tomovequickly,smoothlyorsecretly迅速移动；悄悄溜走（常跟介词或副词使用）例：Nobodysawherslipsilentlyout.没有人看到她悄悄地溜了出去。vt.把……悄悄放在或递给……例：Islippedanoteintohishandunderthetable.我偷偷从桌子塞给他一张n.［C］1.2.3.asmallmistakeaslipofthetongue/pen口误/⑧weightn.1.［UC］2.agreatresponsibilityorworryThenewswasaweightoffmymind.*3.［U］importance,influenceorstrength重要性，影响力，实力例：Themanyletterofsupportaddedweighttothen.许多声援信增加了这场运动的。超纲词汇：tort ｔ］n.民事行为；tortlaw法bombard［′ｂｍｂａｄ］v.轰炸，轰击；大量提问，大肆，提供过多信二、文章结构总体分析这是一篇法律题材的文章。它客观叙述了人身索赔的来由、发展和变化，以及索赔案所涉及的消费者(原告)、公司()和面的反应，着重态度的转变。三、试题具体分析11.Whatwereaccidents[A]Customersmightberelievedofdisastersthrough[A]。[B]Injuredcustomerscouldexpect[B]fromthelegal[C]Companieswouldavoidbeingsuedprovidingnew[C]公司将通过提供新的警示语避免被起[D]Juriestendedtofindfaultwith[D]]1980sthethinking指代上一句的所受的”。hasgone中go取其引申义：流传、。因此主句的含义是：这种因意外事故受伤后希望通过获取补偿的想法大约自20世纪80年代初得以。关系副词when引导非限定性定语从句，when相当于in暗含了一个因果关系：因为对事故受害者的保护倾向导致索赔这种想法的广泛。本题考的就是末句所陈述的事实，［B］thethinking的具体阐述，为正确项。（compensate，难”，relievesbofsthfreesbfromsthunpleasantarduousormonotonous使（人）从不愉快的、费力的、单调的事情中解脱出来，如：relieveyouofatremendousburden/unwantedadvertisements使你卸掉沉重的包袱/免受的骚12.Manufacturersasmentionedinthetend[A]satisfycustomersbywritinglongon[A]意 inadequaciesoftheir[B][C]makethebestuseoflabelstoavoid[C]充分利用避免[D]feelobligedtoviewcustomerssafetytheir[D][分析]本题考核的知识点是：具体细节题。难度文章第二段提到（由于陪审团认为公司应对客户的不幸负责）公司方面做出的反应是：撰写冗长的警告，13.ThecaseofSchutthelmet[A]someinjuryclaimswerenosupportedby[A]某些因为索赔不再受法律[B]helmetswerenotdesignedto[B]头盔不是被设计用来防止 [C]产品最终将被淘[D]somesportsgamesmightlosewith[D]目]根据Schutt定位到第四段，在举该例之前作者“现在情况似乎正在发生转变。虽然个人受伤索赔的案子像以往一样不断出现，但是一些开始站到一边，特别是在有警告也可能无法避免事故的中”。这正是 的概括。［B］选项是Schutt公司 14.The sattitudetowardstheseemstobe[A][A][B][B][C][D][D]]技巧：对于态度题，考生要联系全文，把握整篇文章。同时考生自己的态度糅进其中，还要注意区分作者本人的态度和被作者的他人的观点的态度。一般情况者的态度和观点都应具有客观性，不带有感情，所以考生应注意慎选具有感彩的词汇，另外，作者一旦将某种观点表达成立，就说明他对该事件是充分关注的，因此，诸如indifferent这类词汇不入选。四、文章长难句分析和佳句赏析①Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegsliponyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldburndowntheand把一个祈使句和陈述句连接组成的并列句式。在这样的句子结构中，前面的祈使句式classandyoullfail.（你再缺一次课就会不及格的。②Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary—thedangersofdruginteractions,forexample—andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisntclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.Whileitisntclearthat...，其中“itthatWhile引导的让步状语从句，它其中又包含着and连接的两个并列分句warningsareoftenappropriateandnecessarymanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations；破折号中的部分是前一个分句的语，举例说明warnings的具体内容。而many后省略了warnings。③Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute—agroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademicswhose carrysubstantialweight—issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.句子主干是…theAmericanLawInstitute...issuednewguidelines...theAmericanLawInstitute进行的解释说明。在guidelines这个宾语之后，是state的现在分词引导的短语做定语。weightofevidenceisinhisfavour（很大分量上是有利于他的；tort是法律用语，指民事行为；bombard原①NowthetideappearstobeThetideofthebattleturnedagainstus.（②Importantinformationcangetburiedinaseaof如：Theimmensesquarewasaseaofflowersandhappyfaces.（这个大广场上到处是鲜花和笑脸。五、全文翻外面是一个的世界。迈门时，你可能会滑倒在门垫上，而摔伤一条腿。点燃炉灶时，你可能会把房子或以补偿你所受的。这种想法大约自20世纪80年代初开始，那时陪审团开始认为的公司应对其由于感到了，公司方面做出了反应：写出越来越长的警示语，力图预先标明种种可能发生的事故。如今，活梯上贴着几英寸长的警告，除了其他警告事项外，还警告你可能会摔下来，简直是莫名其妙！贴在儿童的蝙告一方，特别是在处理那些有警告也可能无法避免的时。五月份,伊利诺斯州的Schutt体育公司朱运动员受伤的是这项运动本身的性，而不是头盔。与此同时，法学会——一群说话举足轻重的、、学者——发布了新的法指导原则，宣布公司不必警示顾客那些显而易见的，或者给顾客列出一份冗长的可Passage一、词汇注①customizevt. departmentala.部门内的③pathway（=path）n.［C］1.小路，小径（移动的）*2.aplanofactionorawayofachievingacareerpathway④plunge1.［一般用单数］asuddenmovementdownwardorawayfromsth突降，俯然分离例：aplungetowardstheEarth向地面俯冲2.（、等价值的），骤降例：adramaticplungeinhouseprices房价的突然3.跳水；快速短时间的游泳vt.&vi.（使）突然前移或跌落例：Hercarplungedoffthecliff.车突然跌下悬崖⑤proceedvi.1.Hepausedtoconsulthisnotes,thenproceededwithhisquestions.他停下来看了看笔记，然后继续提问。*2.（向某一方向）前进，移动（后跟介词或副词）Passengersshouldproceedtogate25.253.tohappenorexistasaresultofsth源于，出自（from）diseasesthatproceedfrompov