修辞学4左右分支句被动

ChapterChapter3SyntacticLong& Long&Simple,Simple,CompoundComplexBranchingActive&PassiveSyntacticdeviceshererefertovariationintheuseofsentencestructuresforstylisticorrhetoricaleffect,andaredifferentfromtheprocessesoftransformationofbasicsentencepatternsaccordingtogrammarrules.Sentencevarietymainlydealswithtwoaspectsofsentencestructures:Variedsentencelengths,i.e.shorterandlongersentences,arrangedinappropriateproportionsina tenceVarietyinsentence Ingrammar,sentencepatternsaregenerallyviewedfromtwo1.Viewedfromtheirthedeclarativesentence陈述句theinterrogativesentence（疑问句theimperativesentence（祈使句theexclamatorysentence（感叹句2.ViewedfromthesimplethecompoundthecomplexthecompoundcomplexB)SentencepatternsinEnglishthathavespecialeffectsinachievingrhetoricalpurposes,as,forexample,rhetoricallooseperiodicandso toavoidtoachievethemostsatisfactory3.1Long& Withoutanappropriatepurposeor tencesusedabundantlyinapassageonlymakeforchoppiness(abruptlyshifting)andmonotony.----Toomanylongsentencescanmakeapassageheavyandlaborious.Skillfulwriters,however,canexploitvariationinsentencelengthtogreateffecttoexpressdifferentmoodsorattitudes,todescribeactionoreventsortoemphasizeapoint.Letusseesomeexamples.E.g.Ourcityisonthethresholdofagreatera.Ofthiswecanbesure.Wemustbewillingwork—andtospendinordertofulfillthepromiseofthefuture. Weneedamodernizedfiredepartment.Weneedanenlargedlibrary.WeneedtoimproveourwaterForalltheseneedsthereisbutonesolution.Wemustseethatthebondissue(债券 isapprovedbythevotersintheNovemberHereeachshortenceputsforwardanimportantsuggestion.Ifthepointsweregroupedintotwoorthreelongersentences,therewouldnotbetheforceandclarityoftheseshortE.g.readP4(3) tencesareusuallyemphatic,whereaslongsentencesarecableofexpressingcomplexideaswithprecision,becauseitmaycontainmanymodifiers. tencesaresuitableforthepresentationofimportantfactsandideas,andlongsentencesfortheexplanationofviewsandtheories,orthedescriptionofthingswithmanydetails.Longsentencesarecommoninlegal,politicalandtheoretical/academicwriting,whichdependsonmodificationforaccuracy.Infictionlongsentencesaresometimesusedtodescribea athingorascene.Inprosewriting,longsentenceareusedtodescribeactionsorfeelingsthatcomeinquicksuccession,todescribesimultaneousorcontinuousactionortoindicateaclosecause-effectrelationship.See3.2.Simple,Compound&Complex3.2.1.CharacteristicsoftheSimpleThesimplesentencecancarryalotofinformationatthephraselevel;makesitaconvenientvehicleforwriterswhowishtopackanumberofrelateddetailsintoastatement,forclarity,brevityoremphasis.3.2.2.CharacteristicsoftheCompoundSentenceApartfromemphasizingtheequalityofthecoordinateparts,thecompoundsentencecsoreducewordinessandrelievemonotony.Thisisespeciallysowhentheco-ordinationisachievedwiththeuseofasemi-coloninsteadofaconjunction.3.2.3CharacteristicsoftheComplexAsageneralrule,subordinateclausesarepreferredwhenlogicalrelationshipsbetween s,thingsoreventsaretobemadequiteexplicitly,forclarityandeffect.3.3BranchingLooseandPeriodicSentencesFromarhetoricalpointofview,sentencesareloose,periodic,orBranchingMid-branchingBranching:分支（左向，右向Right-branchingorLooseSentence(松散句）Inaloosesentence,themainideaisputatthebeginningofthesentence,andsupportiveorqualifyinginformationcomesafterit.(mainidea)+(supportiveideas)a.YoucannotmakegreatprogressinEnglishwithoutgoodstudyhabits.ThestylisticLoosesentencesareeasier,simpler,morenatural，directandrelaxedTheloosesentenceisacommonformandatypicalsentencestructureofmodernwriting,especiallyofnarrativeanddescriptivewriting.ene是一种组织松弛的句子。它的组成部分可以比较自由地拆散,在句中的某些地方,可以随时停顿,而且语法上具有一定的完整性。这样的句式能用作某种感情宣泄的载体,它能渲染气氛,烘托意境,触发读者之共鸣。e.g.Lookingawayfromtheglow,Ifixedmygazeonthedistantmountains,whereouradoptedsonhadlovedtogoinsearchoftheperfecttree.Nowinthefoothillstherewashisgrave---agraveIcouldnotbeartovisit.LooseSentence令形式和内容得到了高度的统一,句子缠绵拖沓,表达松散无力,后置成分频频使用。如句中的定语从句whereouradoptedsonhadlovedtogo...以及同位成分...therewashisgrave---agraveIcouldnotbeartovisit。这样的句式却能意想不到地烘托作者的悠悠悲情,有此认识在心,译者就可作一番斟酌,挽留而 目光从阳光移开去,注目远山,养子喜欢到那儿去寻找那理想的树木,此刻,在那山脚下,却静卧着他的墓地—一ReadP22Theloosesentencestructuredescribesthenatural,leisureandrelaxedactionswhenmotherismakingpreparationforgoingonholiday.Right-branchingorLooseSentence（掉尾句/圆周句）Theperiodicsentencehasitsmainidea ofthesentence.Supportiveorqualifyingstatementsareplacedbeforethemainclauseorassertion.(supportiveideas)+(mainWithoutgoodstudyhabits,youcannotmakegreatprogressinEnglish.Thisstructureisusuallyterse（简练）andwell-knit,oftenusedinaformalcontext,e.g.inargumentationtogriptheaudienceuntilthespeaker'smainpointisfullyexpressed.Thestylisticacumulative(increasinglyintense)effectoftenseness,suspense（悬念）anddramaticclimax.Themoreanticipatoryconstituentsthereare,thegreaterthesuspense,andthegreatertheburdenonthereader'smindandmemory.所谓PeriodicSentence,是一种组织相对就难解句意,而且在最末一个词出现之前,的PeriodicSentence大概可以算 温在短篇小说“Runningfor Andatlast,asadueandfittingclimaxtotheshamelesspersecution()thatpartyrancorhadinflicteduponme,ninelittletoddlingchildren,ofallshadesofcoloranddegreeofraggedness,weretaughttorushontotheplatformatapublicmeeting,andclaspmearoundthelegandcallmePA!此句除了情节本身含幽默因素外,PeriodicSentence的成功运用不能不说是一重要原因。adueandfittingclimax*persecutionninelittletoddlingmearoundtheleg.疑团越积越甚,悬念则越callmePA(叫我党 periodicsentence如此绝伦的句子,若是落到“只顾内容,最终党派相争的加在我身上的的的九个刚学走路的小孩子被教唆在一个公开的上闯到讲台上来,抱住我的腿,叫我。他们包括各种肤色,带着式”的存在。PeriodSentence横遭“腰斩”“,悬念”荡然,疑团不见,风采直译基础上的意译”所得到的译文如最终,党派相争的造成的对 害顺理成章地发展到了一个:九个蹒跚学步的孩子,他们肤色各异,衣衫褴褛,竟在一个公开的上被唆使着跑到讲台上来,抱住腿,叫我“!”。Readperiodicsentencescanfocusonexpressingthesadnessandhappinessofthewriterandstrengthenthepowerofthewords.Theoneabsolute,unselfishfriendamanmayhaveinthisselfishworld,theonethatneverdesertshim,theonethatneverprovesungratefulortreacherous(不忠的),ishisdog.(ATributetotheDog--GeorgeGrahamWest) alityofthisfrienduptothetop.However,theansweris—only—ishis3.3.3.Mid-branchingMid-branchingistohavemajorpartsofaclauseseparated/cleftbytheinsertionofsupportiveorqualifyingThemostcommonformistheseparationofSubjectfromPredicate:E.g.Read3.3.4Multi-branchingMulti-branchingistomixbothleft-andright-branching,whichsometimesalsoincludesmid-branching.E.g.Read3.4Active&Passive TheActiveVoiceidentifiesthedoerofanactionaswellasstatestheactiondirectly,thusmakingforlivelierandmoreemphaticprose.E. Hecaughttheballandtosseditintothebasket.Theballwascaughtbyhim