2013年6月六级真题第1套

2013年6月英语六级考试试卷（第1套）及答PartIWriting(30Directions:Forthispartyyouareallowed30minutestowriteanessaycommentingontheremark"Goodhabitsresultfromresistingtemptation."Youcanciteexamplestoillustrateyourpoint.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.ANationThat'sLosingItsThesceneinsidetheHomeDepotonWeymanAvenueherewouldgivetheold-timeAmericancraftsmanpause.InAisle34isprecutplasticflooring,thegluealreadyinplace.InAisle26areprefabricatedwindows.Stackednearthecheckoutcounters,andascolorfulasaFisher-Pricetoy,isanot-so-serious-lookingpowertool:abattery-operatedsaw-and-drillcombination.Andifyoudon'twanttotyourself,headtoAisle23orAisle35,whereahelpdeskwillarrangeforaninstaller.It'sallveryhandystuff,Iguess,aconvenientwaytobeat-yourselferwithoutbeingallthatgoodwithtools.ButatatimewhentheAmericanfactoryseemstobeashrinkingpresence,andwhengoodmanufacturingjobshavevanished,perhapsnevertoreturn,thereissomethingdeeplytroublingaboutthisdilutionofAmericancraftsmanship.Thisisn'talament(伤感)-ornotmerelyalament-forbygonetimes.It'sasocialandculturalissue,aswellasaneconomicone.TheHomeDepotapproachtocraftsmanship-simplifyit,dumbitdown,hireacontractor-isonesignalthatmasteringtoolsandworkingwithone'shandsisrecedinginAmericaasahobby,asavaluedskill,asaculturalinfluencethatshapedthinkingandbehaviorinvastsectionsofthecountry.Thatshouldbeamatterofconcerninaialelectionyear.YetneitherBarackObamanorMittRomneypromoteshimselfastool-savvy(使用工具很在行的)ialtimber,inthemoldofaJimmyCarter,askilledcarpenterandcabinetmaker.TheObamaadministrationdoesworrypubliclyaboutmanufacturing,afirstcousinofcraftsmanship.WhentheFordMotorCompany,forexample,recentlyannouncedthatitwasbringingsomeproductionhome,theWhiteHousecheered."WhenyouseethingslikeFordmovingnewproductionfromMexicotoDetroit,insteadoftheotherwayaround,youknowthingsarechanging,"saysGeneSperling,directoroftheNationalEconomicCouncil.AsktheadministrationortheRepublicansormostacademicswhyAmericaneedsmoremanufacturing,andtheyrespondthatmanufacturinggivesbirthtoinnovation,bringsdownthetradedeficit,strengthensthedollar,generatesjobs,armsthemilitaryandbringsaboutarecoveryfromrecession.Butrarely,ifever,dotheypubliclytaketheargumentastepfurther,assertingthatagrowingmanufacturingsectorencouragescraftsmanshipandthatcraftsmanshipis,ifnotabirthright,thenavitalingredientoftheAmericanself-imageasacan-do,inventive,we-can-make-anythingpeople.Traditionalvocationaltraininginpublichighschoolsisgraduallydeclining,strandingthousandsofyoungpeoplewhoseektrainingforacraftwithoutgoingtocollege.Colleges,fortheirpart,havesince1985graduatedfewerchemical,mechanical,industrialandmetallurgical冶金的)engineers,partlyinresponsetothereducedroleofmanufacturing,abigemployerofthem.Thedeclinestartedinthe1950s,whenmanufacturinggeneratedasturdy28%ofthenationale,orgrossdomesticproduct,andemployedone-thirdoftheworkforce.Today,outputgeneratesjust12%ofG.D.P.andemploysbarely9%ofthenation'sMasslayoffsandplantclosingshavedrawnplentyofheadlinesandpublicdebateovertheyears,andtheystilloccasionallydo.Butthedamagetoskillandcraftsmanship-that'sneededtobuildacomplexairlineroratractor,orforaworkertomoveupfromassemblertomachinisttosupervisor-wentlargelyunnoticed."Inanearliergeneration,welostourconnectiontotheland,andnowwearelosingourconnectiontothemachinerywedependon,"saysMichaelHout,asociologistattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley."Peoplewhoworkwiththeirhands,"hewenton,"arengthingstodaythatwecallservicejobs,inrestaurantsandlaundries,orinmedicaltechnologyandthelike."That'soneexplanationforthedeclineintraditionalcraftsmanship.Lackofinterestisanother.Thebigmoneyisinfieldslikefinance.Startinginthe1980s,skillinfinancegrewinimportance,and,asdepictedinthenewsmediaandthemovies,becameamoreappealingsourceof Bylastyear,WallStreettraders,bankersandthosewhodealinrealestategenerated21%ofthe e,doubletheirshareinthe1950s.AndWarrenBuffett,thegood-naturedfinancier,becameahomespunfolkhero,withoutthetoolsandoveralls(工作服)."Youngpeoplegrowupwithoutdevelotheskillstofixthingsaroundthehouse,"saysRichardCurtin,directoroftheThomsonReuters/UniversityofMichiganSurveysofConsumers."Theyknowaboutcomputers,ofcourse,buttheydon'tknowhowtobuildthem."Manufacturing'sshrinkingpresenceundoubtedlyhelpsexplainthedeclineincraftsmanship,ifonlybecausemanyofthenation'sassemblylineworkerswereskilledincraftwork,ifnotonthejobthenintheirsparetime.Inalate1990sstudyofblue-collaremployeesataGeneralMotorsplant(nowclosed)inLinden,N.J.,thesociologistRuthMilkmanofCityUniversityofNewYorkfoundthatmanylineworkers,intheiroff-hours,didhomerenovationandotherskilledwork."Ihaveoftenthought,"Ms.Milkmansays,"thattheseextracurricularjobswereaneffortonthepartoftheworkerstoregaintheirdignityaftersufferingthedegradationofrepetitiveassemblylineworkinthefactory."CraftworkhashigherstatusinnationslikeGermany,whichinvestsinapprenticeship(学徒)programsforhighschoolstudents."CorporationsinGermanyrealizedthattherewasaninteresttobeservedeconomicallyandpatrioticallyinbuildingupaskilledlaborforceathome;weneverhadthatethos(风气),"saysRichardSennett,aNewYorkUniversitysociologistwhohaswrittenabouttheconnectionofcraftandculture.ThedamagetoAmericancraftsmanshipseemstoparallelthesteepslideinmanufacturingemployment.Thoughthedeclinestartedinthe1970s,itbecamemuchsteeperbeginningin2000.Sincethen,some5.3millionjobs,orone-thirdoftheworkforceinmanufacturing,havebeenlost.AstatedgoaloftheObamaadministrationistorestoreabigchunkofthisemployment,alongwiththemultitudeofskillsthatmanyofthejobsrequired.Asforcraftsmanshipitself,theissueishowtopreserveitasavaluedskillinthegeneralpopulation.Ms.Milkman,thesociologist,arguesthatAmericancraftsmanshipisn'tdisappearingasquicklyassomewouldargue-thatithasinsteadshiftedtoimmigrants."Prideincraft,itisaliveintheimmigrantworld,"shesays.SolAlxelrod,37,themanageroftheHomeDepothere,fittinglylearnedtofixhisowncarasateenager,evenchangingthebrakes.Nowhefindsimmigrantcraftsmengatheredinabundanceoutsidehisstoreintheearlymorning,waitingforittoopensotheycanbuysfortheday’sworkascontractors.Skilleddaylaborers,alsomostlyimmigrants,waitquietlyinhopeofbeinghiredbythecontractors.Mr.Axelrodalsosaystherecessionandpersistentlyhighunemploymenthaveforcedmanypeopletotrytosavemoneybyngmorethemselves,andHomeDepotinresponseoffersclassesinfixingwatertapsandothersimplerepairs.Theteachersarestoreemployees,manyofthemolderandsemi-retiredfromaskilledtradeorlaidoff.“ourcustomersmaynotbebuildingcabinetsoroutdoordecks;wetrytodothatforthem.,“Mr.Axelrodsays,“butsomearetryingtobuildupskillsotheycandomoreforthemselvesinthesehardtimes.”1HowdidtheauthorfeellookingatthesceneinsidetheHomeHefeltproudthathewasat-youselferHewasinspiredbythewaythewareswereHefelttroubledabouttheweakeningofAmericanHewashappytoseethereturnofthet-yourselfspiritinWhatdoestheauthorthinkofmasteringtoolsandworkingwithone'sItshapespeople'sthinkingandItisnolongerimportantinmodernIthelpspoliticiansconnectwithItisessentialtoadvancedHowdidtheWhiteHouserespondtoFord'sannouncementtobringsomeproductionbacktoItworriedItfeltmuchItmadeno edtheHowdoestheauthorviewItencouragesItisvitaltonationalItcanchangetheself-imageofItrepresentsthenation'sgloriousWhatdowelearnaboutAmerica'smanufacturingintheItgeneratedjust12%ofthegross Itconstituted28%ofthegrossdomesticItwasthebiggestemployerofAmericanItwasthemostactivesectorofAmericanWhatdoestheauthorsayisafactorcontributingtothedeclineintraditionalAutomationmakesitunnecessarytoemploytoomanyskilledPeoplecanearnmoremoneyinfieldsotherthanManypeoplenowtendtolookdownuponworkingwithYoungpeoplenolongerlookuponskillasanimportantInRuthMilkman'sopinion,manyassemblylineworkersdidhomerenovationandotherskilledworkintheiroff-hoursinorderto saverelieveregaintheirimprovetheirlivingComparedwiththatinAmerica,thestatusofcraftworkinGermany AccordingtoRuthMilkman,Americancraftsmanship,insteadofdisappearing,is takenupby PartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)SectionADirections：Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Atofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecenter.2Questions11to18arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)WhyhisphonehadbeenWhyshecouldnotgetthroughtoWhyhedidn'tleaveheraWhyherefusedtoanswerherA)ThehouseswithinhispricerangearesoldMostpeopleinthiscitywanttoownaHehasdifficultyfindingaffordableThewomanshouldrentanicerA)ThewomanwouldlikethemantotakecareofherThewomanhasputthenumberintoeveryone'sThenewcopymachinecanmeeteveryone'sAcodenumberisnecessarytorunthecopyA)HewillstopworktotakecareoftheHewillfindajobnearhishomenextHiswifeisgoingtogivebirthtoaHiswifewillleaveherworkA)TheshopcenterisfloodedwithTheywillcometothemallsomeotherParkinginthiscityisahorribleShewillwaitforthemanatthesouthA)HewillbebackinaminutetorepairtheItwilltakelongertoreconnectthecomputerstotheHehastackledmorecomplicatedproblemsthanAlotofcoolstuffwillbeavailableonlineA)SheforgottocallherProf.SmithgiveslecturesregularlyonHermotherisafriendofProf.ShedidseeProf.SmithonA)ThemanhastowaittogethisThestoredoesn'thavetheprescribedThemanhastogotoseehisdoctorTheprescriptionisnotwrittenclearlyQuestions19to21arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)ItisadvertisingelectronicItisplanningtotourEastItissponsoringaTVItisgivingperformancesinA)AlotofgoodTalentedartiststoworkforLong-termAdecreaseinproductionA)Promiselong-termcooperationwiththeExplainfranklytheirowncurrentfinancialPayfortheprintingoftheperformanceBearthecostofpublicizingtheCompany'sQuestions22to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)HehasbeenseeingdoctorsandHehasfoundanewwaytotrainhisHewascaughtabusingHemightgiveupconcertA)Singers eaddictedtoIthelpssingerswarmthemselvesSingersuseittostayawayfromItcandoharmtosingers'vocalA)Theyareeager eManylackprofessionalFew eTheyliveaglamorousA)HarmtosingersdonebysmokySideeffectsofsomecommonVoiceproblemsamongpopHardshipsexperiencedbymanyyoungSectionDirectionsInthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Atofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestion.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthechoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecenter.2PassageQuestions26to29arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)IthasnotbeenveryIthas eanewIthasmetwith IthasattractedalotofA)ItsavesItincreasesparkingItensuresdrivers'ItreducescarA)CollectmoneyandhelpnewMaintaintheautomatedStayalerttoanyWalkaroundandguardagainstcarA)TheywillvarywiththesizeofTheywillbediscountabletoregularTheywillbelowerthanconventionalTheywillbereducedifpaidinPassageQuestions30to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)HalfofthemethaneintheatmosphereisfromMethane ethechiefsourceofgreenhouseConsumerbehaviormaybeinfluencedbytheMeatconsumptionhasanadverseeffectontheA)IttakestimeforthehumanbodytogetusedtoItlacksthevitaminsandmineralsessentialforItenhancesimmunitytocertainIthelpspeopletoliveamuchlongerA)ProducegreenWastenoQuiteatingGrowPassageQuestions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)TheydonotknowanyTheydonotgiveupdrunkTheydonotbehaveinpublicTheydonotadmitbeingalcoholA)TostopthemfromfightingTothankthemfortheirToteachthemtheEuropeanTorelievetheirpainsandA)WithoutinterventiontheywillbeaheadachetotheWithsupporttheycanbebroughtbacktoanormalTheyreadilyrespondtomedicalTheyposeaseriousthreattosocialSectionDirections：Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthemainpointsinyourownwords.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.2Self-imageisthepictureyouhaveofyourself,thesort youbelieveyou inyourself-imagearethe(37) inwhichyouplaceyourself,therolesyouplay,andother(38) descriptorsyouuse-toidentifyyourself.Ifyoulan(39) youareagrandfatherwho(40) losthiswifeandwhodoes(41) workonweekends,severalelementsofyourself-imagearebroughttolight-therolesofgrandparent,widower,andconscientious(42) Butself-imageismorethanhowyoupictureyourself;italsoinvolveshowothersseeyou.Threetypesoffeedbackfromothersare ofhowtheyseeus:confirmation,anddisconfirmation.Confirmationoccurswhenotherstreatyouinamannerconsistentwithwhoyoubelieveyouare.(44) .Ontheotherhand,rejectionoccurswhenotherstreatyouinamannerthatisinconsistentwithyourself-definition.PierreSalingerwasappointedsenatorfromCaliforniabutsubsequentlylosthisfirstelection. -theirvotewasinconsistentwithhisself-concept.Thethirdtypeoffeedbackisdisconfirmation,whichoccurswhenothersfailtorespondtoyournotionofselfbyrespondingneutrally.(46) .Ratherthanrelyingonhowothersclassifyyou,considerhowyouidentifyyourself.Thewayinwhichyouidentifyisthebestreflectionofyourself-image.PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsor statements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.PleasewriteyouranswersonAnswerSheetQuestions47to51arebasedonthefollowingThecentralnotionofsociallearningtheoriesisthatpeoplelearnattitudes,beliefs,andbehaviorsthroughsocialinteraction.Thelearningisaresultofreinforcement,imitation,andReinforcementoccurswhenwereceivedirectorindirectrewardsorpunishmentsforparticulargenderrolebehaviors.Forexample,alittlegirlwhoputsonhermother'smakeupmaybetoldthatsheiscute,butherbrotherwhodoesthesamethingwillbescolded.Childrenalsolearngenderrolesthroughindirectreinforcement.Forexample,ifalittleboy'smalefriendsarepunishedforcrying,hewilllearnthat"boysdon'tcry."Childrenalsolearntobehaveasboysorgirlsthroughobservationandimitation.Evenwhenchildrenarenotdirectlyrewardedorpunishedfor"behavinglikeboys"or"behavinglikegirls,"theylearnaboutgenderbywatchingwhodoeswhatintheirfamilies.Afatherwhoisrarelyathomebecausehe'salwaysworkingsendsthemessagethatmenaresupposedtoearnmoney.Amotherwhoisalwayscomplainingaboutbeinerweightoroldsendsthemessagethatwomenaresupposedtobethinandyoung.Becauseparentsareemotionallyimportanttotheirchildren,theyaretypicallyachild'smostpowerfulrolemodels.Otherrolemodelsincludecaregivers,teachers,friends,andcelebrities.AccordingtoamultiethnicstudyofLosAngelesadolescents,teenagerswhosaidthattheirrolemodelwassomeonetheyknew,e.g.aparent,relative,friend,ordoctoroutsidethefamily,hadhigherself-esteem,highergrades,andlowersubstanceusethanpeerswhoserolemodelsweresportsfigures,singers,orothermediacharacters.Theresearchersconcludedthatrolemodelselectioncanhaveapositiveornegative eonateenager'spsychosocialdevelopment.Sociallearningtheoriescontributetoourunderstandingofwhywebehaveaswedo,butmuchoftheemphasisisonearlysocializationratherthanonwhatoccursthroughoutlife.Thus,thesetheoriesdon'texplainwhygenderrolescanchangeinadulthoodorlaterlife.Sociallearningtheoriesalsodon'texplainwhyreinforcementandmodelingworkforsomechildrenbutnotothers,especiallythoseinthesamefamilyandevenidenticaltwins.2Accordingtosociallearningtheories,socialinteractionisameansbywhichpeople WelearnfromParagraph2thatreinforcement,whetherdirectorindirect,canhelpincreasechildren'sawarenessof Athome,childrenusuallylearnaboutgenderdifferencesby theirparents'Regardinggenderrolebuilding,sociallearningtheoriesattachgreaterimportancetosocializationinone'schildhoodthanintheir Thereareafewaspectsaboutgenderroleformationwhichsociallearningtheoriesfail SectionDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecenter.PassageQuestions52to56arebasedonthefollowingThereportfromtheBureauofLaborStatisticswasjustasgloomyasanticipated.UnemploymentinJanuaryjumpedtoa16-yearhighof7.6percent,as598000jobswereslashedfromUSpayrollsintheworstsingle-monthdeclinesinceDecember,1974.With1.8millionjobslostinthelastthreemonths,thereisurgentdesiretoboosttheeconomyasquicklyaspossible.ButWashingtonwoulddowelltotakeadeepbreathbeforereactingtothegrimnumbers.Collectively,werelyontheunemploymentfiguresandotherstatisticstoframeoursenseofreality.Theyareavitalpartofanarrayofdatathatweusetoassessifwe'rengwellorngbadly,andthatinturnshapesernmentpoliciesandcorporatebudgetsandalspendingdecisions.Theproblemisthatthestatisticsaren'tanobjectivemeasureofreality;theyaresimplyabestapproximation.Directionally,theycapturethetrends,buttheideathatweknowpreciselyhowmanyareunemployedisamyth.Thatmakesfindingasolutionallthemoredifficult.First,thereisthewaythedataisassembled.Theofficialunemploymentrateistheproductofaephonesurveyofabout60000homes.Thereisanothersurvey,sometimesreferredtoasthe"payrollsurvey,"thatassesses400000businessesbasedontheirreportedpayrolls.Bothsurveyshaveproblems.Thepayrollsurveycaneasilydouble-countsomeone:ifyouareone twojobs,youshowupastwoworkers.Thepayrollsurveyalsodoesn'tcapturethenumberofself-employed,andsosayslittleabouthowmanypeoplearegeneratinganindependent Thehouseholdsurveyhasalargerproblem.Whenaskedstraightforwardly,peopletendtolieorshadethetruthwhenthesubjectissex,moneyoremployment.Ifyougetacallandareaskedifyou'reemployed,andyousayyes,you'reemployed.Ifyousayno,however,itmaysurpriseyoutolearnthatyouareonlyunemployedifyou'vebeenactivelylookingforworkinthepastfourweeks;otherwise,youare"marginallyattachedtothelaborforce"andnotactuallyunemployed.Theurgetofyisembeddedinoursociety.Buttheideathatstatisticianscanthencaptureanobjectiverealityisn'tjustimpossible.Italsoleadstoseriousmisjudgments.DemocratsandRepublicanscanandwilltakesidesonanumberofissues,butamorecrucialconcernisthatbotharebasingmajorpolicydecisionsonguesstimatesratherthanlookingatthevastwealthofrawdatawithacriticaleyeandanopenmind.2WhatdowelearnfromthefirstTheUSeconomicsituationisgoingfrombadtoWashingtonistakingdrasticmeasurestoprovidemoreThe ernmentisslashingmorejobsfromitsTherecenteconomiccrisishastakentheUSbyWhatdoestheauthorthinkoftheunemploymentfiguresandotherTheyformasolidbasisforpolicyTheyrepresentthecurrentTheysignalfutureeconomicTheydonotfullyreflecttheOneproblemwiththepayrollsurveyisthat itdoesnotincludealltheitfailstocountintheself-itmagnifiesthenumberoftheitdoesnottreatallcompaniesThehouseholdsurveycanbefaultyinthat peopletendtoliewhentalkingonthenoteverybodyiswillingorreadytosomepeoplewon'tprovidetruthfulthedefinitionofunemploymentistooAtofthepassage,theauthorsuggeststhat statisticiansimprovetheirdataassemblingdecisionmakersviewthestatisticswithacriticalpoliticianslistenmorebeforemakingpolicyDemocratsandRepublicanscooperateoncrucialPassageQuestions57to62arebasedonthefollowingAtsomepointin2008,someone,probablyineitherAsiaorAfrica,madethedecisiontomovefromthecountrysidetothecity.Thisnameless pushedthehumanraceoverahistoricthreshold,foritwasinthatyearthatmankindbecame,forthefirsttimeinitshistory,apredominantlyurbanspecies.Itisatrendthatshowsnosignofslowing.Demographers(人口统计学者)reckonthatthree-quartersofhumanitycouldbecity-dwellingby2050,withmostoftheincreasecominginthefast-growingtownsofAsiaandAfrica.Migrantstocitiesareattractedbyplentifuljobs,accesstohospitalsandeducation,andtheabilitytoescapetheboredomofafarmer'sagriculturallife.Thosefactorsaremorethanenoughtomakeupforthesqualor(肮脏),diseaseandspectacularpovertythatthosesamemigrantsmustoftenatfirstendurewhenthey eurbandwellers.ItisthecitythatinspiresthelatestbookfromPeterSmith.Hismainthesisisthatthebuzzofurbanlife,andtheopportunitiesitoffersforco-operationandcollaboration,iswhatattractspeopletothecity,whichinturnmakescitiesintotheenginesofart,commerce,scienceandprogress.Thisishardlyrevolutionary,butitispresentedinacharmingformat.Mr.Smithhaswrittenabreezyguidebook,withaseriesofshortchaptersdedicatedtospecificaspectsofurbanity-parks,say,orthevariousschemesthathavebeenputforwardovertheyearsforbuildingtheperfectcity.Theresultisasortofhigh-quality,unusuallyrigorouscoffee-tablebook,designedtobedippedintoratherthanreadfrombeginningtoend.Inthechapteronskyscrapers,forexample,Mr.Smithtouchesonconstructionmethods,therevolutionaryinventionoftheautomaticlift,thepracticalitiesoflivingintheskyandthelikelihoodthat,ascities emorecrowded,apartmentlivingwill ethenorm.Butthereisalsotimeforbriefdiversionsontobizarreground,suchasadiscussionoftheskyscraperindex(whichholdsthataboominskyscraperconstructionisafoolproofsignofanimminentrecession).Oneobviouscriticismisthatthepriceofbreadthisdepth;manyofMr.Smith'sessaysraiseasmanyquestionsastheyanswer.Althoughthatcanindeedbefrustrating,thisisprobablytheonlywaytotreatsograndatopic.Thecityisthebuildingblockofcivilizationandofalmosteverythingpeopledo;aguidebooktothecityisreally,therefore,aguidebooktohowalargeandever-growingchunkofhumanitychoosestolive.Mr.Smith'sbookservesasanexcellentintroductiontoavastsubject,andwillsuggestplentyoffurtherlinesofinquiry.2Inwhatwayistheyear2008Forthefirsttimeinhistory,urbanpeopleoutnumberedruralAninfluentialfiguredecidedtomovefromthecountrysidetotheItisinthisyearthaturbanizationmadeastartinAsiaandThepopulationincreaseincitiesreachedanewpeakinAsiaandWhatdoestheauthorsayaboutItsimpactisnoteasytoItsprocesswillnotslowItis toneinhumanItaggravatesthesqualorofHowdoestheauthorcommentonPeterSmith'snewItisbutanordinarycoffee-tableItisflavoredwithhumorousItservesasaguidetoartsandItiswritteninalivelyandinterestingWhatdoestheauthorsayinthechapteronTheautomaticliftisindispensableinPeopleenjoylivinginskyscraperswithaSkyscrapersareasuresignofacity'sRecessioncloselyfollowsaskyscraperWhatmaybeonecriticismofMr.Smith'sItdoesnotreallytouchonanythingItistoolongforpeopletoreadfromcovertoItdoesnotdealwithanyaspectofcitylifeinItfailstoprovidesoundadvicetocityPartVCloze(15Directions：Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD)ontherightsideofthepaper.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecenter.2Inmostcultures,thereisanexpectationthatwhena reachesadulthood,marriageshouldsoonfollow.IntheUnitedStates62,eaonthupwardsof168000couples63 tolove,honor,andrespecttheirchosenlifematesexpectationisdeep-rooted.

deathpartsthem.The65,thesocialfunctions,purposes,andrelevanceofmarriagearerapidlychanging66 society,makingthemlessclear-cutthantheyhavebeen67 history.Forinstance,inaPewResearchCenterrandompollingofover2000 ,fewerthanhalfofalloftheadultspolledindicatedthat69amanandawomanplantospendthe70oftheirlivestogetherasacouple,itwasimportantthatthey71marry.Thoseofuswhochoosetomarryhave72reasonswhywedecidetomarrywedo.Thereisa73,however,inourWestern,individualisticculture:Wetendtomarryforreasonsthatbenefitourselves,74forreasonsthatbenefitthesociety75,suchasfoundincollectivistcultures.ResearchinWesterncultureshasfound,forexample,thatthenumber-one76peopleciteformarryingistosignifyalifelongcommitment77someonetheylove.However,thisreasonisnottheonlyresponsetowhypeoplewed-today,peoplegetmarriedforreasonsofcommitment,security, albeliefsystems.ThePewResearchCenter's

thatthemainreasonspeoplegetmarriedarefor

happinessandcommitment,andbearingandraisingchildren.Asthedatafromthis80 showus,thereareracial,age,andreligiousdifferencesinwhatpeople81 tobethemainpurposes262.A)B)C)D)63.A