商务综合英语4Unit1答案

Unit1PartOneIII.Listen,WatchandDiscussSuggestedanswers1.Primingreferstotheroleofmediainhelpingusrecalloldideas,knowledgeorexperience.2.Agendasettingisalsocalledgatekeeping,becausethemediacontrolstheinformationwegetandthereforewhatwethinkaboutit.3.Whileagendasettingischoosingwhichstoriestotell,framingischoosinghowtotellthem.4.CultivationmeansthatthemediacanblurthelinesbetweentherealworldandtheoneonTV,andchangeourattitudesandbehavior.5.Byunderstandingthewaythemediaworks,youcanwinbackcontrolofyourperceptionandseektohaveabalancedviewoftheworldandthepeopleinit.6.Suggestion:Studentscaneithersharetheirthoughtsrightafterwatchingthevideo,ordosomeresearchandsharetheirfindingsinclasslater.PartTwoWarm-upActivities1.Doyouknowthedifferencesamongthethreetermsbelow?Suggestedanswermainstreammedia:Somepeoplebelievemainstreammediaarecoordinatedandcontrolledbylargecorporationswhichownavastmajorityofthemeansoftelevisionandradiotransmissionstations,whichallowsthemtotransmitastandardizedmessageenmasse.Largenewsconglomeratesincludingnewspapers,whichunderwentsuccessivemergersintheU.S.andelsewhereatanincreasingratebeginninginthe1990s,areoftenincludedintheexpression.Theterm“MSM”or“mainstreammedia”hasbeenwidelyusedinconversationandindiscussionofthemassmediaandmediabias.massmedia:Massmediadenotesasectionofthemediaspecificallydesignedtoreachalargeaudience.Thetermwascoinedinthe1920swiththeadventofnationwideradionetworks,mass-circulationnewspapersandmagazines.However,someformsofmassmediasuchasbooksandmanuscriptshadalreadybeeninuseforcenturies.MassmediaincludesInternetmedia(likeblogs,messageboards,podcasts,andvideosharingsites)becauseindividualsnowhaveameanstoexposurethatiscomparableinscaletothatpreviouslyrestrictedtoaselectgroupofmassmediaproducers.Theaudiencehasbeenviewedbysomecommentatorsasformingamasssocietywithspecialcharacteristics,notablyatomizationorlackofsocialconnections,whichrenderitespeciallysusceptibletotheinfluenceofmodernmass-mediatechniquessuchasadvertisingandpropaganda.elitemedia:Elitemediaisatermusedtodescribenewspapers,radiostations,TVchannelsandothermediathatinfluencethepoliticalagendaofothermassmedia.AccordingtoNoamChomsky,“[t]heelitemediasetaframeworkwithinwhichothersoperate.”TheNewYorkTimesisusedasanexampleofelitemediabybothChomsky,aleft-wingintellectual,andBillO’Reilly,aright-wingcommentator.Thusthetermdenotesastructuralpositionwithinthemassmedia,ratherthanaparticularpoliticalagenda.However,theterm,likeitssiblingterm“liberalelites”,maybeusedbyconservativesinapejorativecontext.2.FindoutinformationaboutthefollowingAmericanmedia.DoyouknowanymainstreammediainothercountriessuchasJapan,Russia,theUK,orFrance?SuggestedanswerCBS(formerlyknownastheColumbiaBroadcastingSystem)isanAmericancommercialbroadcasttelevisionnetworkthatisaflagshippropertyofCBSCorporation.ThecompanyisheadquarteredinNewYorkCityandLosAngeles.Ithasbeencalledthe“TiffanyNetwork”,alludingtotheperceivedhighqualityofCBSprogrammingduringthetenureofitsfounderWilliamS.Paley.ItcanalsorefertosomeofCBS’sfirstdemonstrationsofcolortelevision,whichwereheldinaformerTiffany&Co.buildinginNewYorkCityin1950.ThenetworkhasitsoriginsinUnitedIndependentBroadcastersInc.,acollectionof16radiostationsthatwaspurchasedbyPaleyin1928andrenamedtheColumbiaBroadcastingSystem.ItwouldfirstbecomeoneofthelargestradionetworksintheUnitedStates,andeventuallyoneoftheBigThreeAmericanbroadcasttelevisionnetworks.TheWestinghouseElectricCorporationacquiredthenetworkin1995.In2000,CBScameunderthecontrolofViacom.CBSCorporationisnowcontrolledbySumnerRedstonethroughNationalAmusements,whichalsocontrolsthecurrentViacom.Itstelevisionnetworkhasmorethan240owned-and-operatedandaffiliatedtelevisionstationsthroughouttheUnitedStates.TheAssociatedPress(AP)isanAmericanmultinationalnonprofitnewsagencyheadquarteredinNewYorkCity.TheAPisownedbyitscontributingnewspapersandradioandtelevisionstationsintheUnitedStates,allofwhichcontributestoriestotheAPandusematerialwrittenbyitsstaffjournalists.Asof2007,newscollectedbytheAPwaspublishedandrepublishedbymorethan1,700newspapers,inadditiontomorethan5,000televisionandradiobroadcasters.ThephotographlibraryoftheAPconsistsofover10millionimages.TheAPoperates243newsbureausin120countries.ItalsooperatestheAPRadioNetwork,whichprovidesnewscaststwicehourlyforbroadcastandsatelliteradioandtelevisionstations.ManynewspapersandbroadcastersoutsidetheUnitedStatesareAPsubscribers,payingafeetouseAPmaterialwithoutbeingcontributingmembersofthecooperative.AspartoftheircooperativeagreementwiththeAP,mostmembernewsorganizationsgrantautomaticpermissionfortheAPtodistributetheirlocalnewsreports.TheNewYorkTimesisanAmericandailynewspaper,foundedandcontinuouslypublishedinNewYorkCitysinceSeptember18,1851,byTheNewYorkTimesCompany.Ithaswon117PulitzerPrizes,morethananyothernewsorganization.Itsinternationalversion,formerlytheInternationalHeraldTribune,isnowcalledtheInternationalNewYorkTimes.Thesethreemediaaremainstreammedia,whichinfluencealargenumberofpeople,andbothreflectandshapeprevailingcurrentsofthought.AccordingtoNoamChomsky,suchmediaorganizationswithaneliteaudience,successfulcorporationswiththeassetsnecessarytoengageinoriginalreporting,setthetoneforothersmallernewsorganizationswhichlackresourcesbycreatingconversationsthatcascadedowntosmallernewsorganizationsusingtheAssociatedPressandothermeansofaggregation.Anelitemainstreammediaorganizationsetstheagendaandsmallerorganizationsparrotit.Mainstreammediainothercountries:Japan:KyodoNews(共同通讯社),NHK(日本放送协会),NipponTV(日本电视台),AsahiShimbun(朝日新闻)Russia:ITAR-TASS(塔斯社),Ria(俄新社),RadioRussia(俄罗斯广播电台)theUK:BBC(英国广播公司),Reuters(路透社),TheGuardian(《卫报》),TheDailyTelegraph(《每日邮报》)France:AgenceFrancePresse(法新社),TF1(法国电视一台),LeFigaro(《费加罗报》)TextIII.ReadingforspecificinformationKey1.F2.F3.T4.T5.FIII.ReadingandmakinginterpretationsSuggestedanswers1.Myimpressionisthemediaaren’tverydifferentfromtheacademicworldorfrom,say,journalsthatpublishesintellectualopinions.Althoughtherearesomeextraconstraintsonthemedia,thedifferenceisnothuge.Thesefieldsinteractwitheachother,whichiswhypeopleareabletoeasilyswitchfromwritingacademicarticlestowritingforthemediaandviceversa.2.Theycanbepeoplewhomanagepoliticalaffairs,corporateexecutivesorothertypesofbusinessmanagers,scholars,orjournalistswhoengagethemselvesininfluencingthewaypeoplethinkandlookatthings.3.Thesestoriesareneitheraboutlocalaffairsnoremployedtodistractyouraudience’sattention.Rather,theyarethestoriesthatyouwillsaveforthemostnoticeablesectionofthenewspaper.4.Theuniversitiesaredependentinstitutions,relyingonoutsidesourcesofsupport.Occasionally,theremaybepeopleinuniversitieswhoarecapableofindependentthinkinganddon’tinternalizetheframeworkofbeliefsandattitudesofthepowersystem;thatistrueofthemedia,corporationsandevenFasciststatesinthisregard.5.So,itcanbesaidthattheeducationalsystemisafilteringdevicewhichonlyselectsandkeepspeoplewhosincerelyacceptwithoutanydoubtsthekeybeliefsandattitudesofthepowersystemthatinfluencestheirsocialsurroundings.6.Thenullhypothesisthatthenatureofthemediaproduct(i.e.theaudience)hasnothingtodowiththeinternalinstitutionalstructureofthemediacanbringusnowhere.PartThreeTextIIII.ReadingandmakinginterpretationsSuggestedanswers1.Whenevernewspapersstopinsultingmeintheirnewsitemsorarticles,IknowImusthavedonesomethingwrong.2.Whentherearesomanynewspapers,magazines,TVstationsandwebsites,thesemediabusinessesstarttoengageinhighlyriskycompetitionfortheattentionofviewers,readers,andlisteners.3.Apublicrelationspractitionerisnolongervaluedorrespectedoncepeoplehavelosttrustinthem.Whenthathappens,theywillhavenofutureintheircareerinpublicrelations.4.Answersbasedonguessworkratherthanevidencecanresultinpeople’sfalseexpectations,whichwillbringtroubletoanorganizationatalatertimewhenthetruthisrevealed.Itisthosepeoplewhoprospectgoldortellfortuneswithtarotcardsandacrystalballthatoftenformtheoriesandspeculationswithoutevidence.PartFourTextIIIQuestionsforGroupDiscussionPointstoconsider1.1)Inoldmedia,somebodyelseistheprogrammerwhileinnewmediatheuseristheprogrammer;2)Oldmediacompaniesarebiasedtowardsthehitsatthe“head”ofthedistributionofcontent,whilenewmediacompaniesallowcreationandconsumptionalongtheentiretyofamuchlongercontenttail;3)Newmediacompaniesareateaseinthelongtailofcontent,whereasoldmediafirmstendtogetstucktryingtogeneratehits.2.Thevalueofnetworksandexchangesincreasesdramaticallyasthenumberofparticipantsrises,whichwillinturnmakenetworkeffectsbecomebarrierstoentrybyrivals.Networkeffectscanbeexploitedtocreatemarketplacesandgetanupperhandinthecompetition.PartFiveLanguageFocusI.WordfamilyNounVerbhypothesizeconformpredictinteracttyrannizeAdjectivehypotheticalconformablepredictiveinteractivetyrannicalAeractive8.InteractII.Idioms,phrasalverbsandfixedexpressions1.against2.out3.out4.to/toward(s)8.at9.at5.off10.in6.out7.toward(s)/toIII.Collocation1.abused2.shared/tacit3.positive/harmoniousIV.Completethefollowingsentenceswiththeproperformofwordsandphrasesgiveninthebox.1.counsel2.estate3.haveconjectured/conjecture4.crazed5.outright6.prevailed7.archetypal8.phalanx9.playup10.continuum11.obtrusive12.gearedto13.gravitatetowards14.High-stakes15.adversarial16.grindout17.weedout18.speculative19.baffling20.ConventionalwisdomComprehensivePracticeI.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,usingwordsandphrasesfromtheunit.Suggestedanswers1.Variousconjectureshaveplayedaroundthiskindofslantedpyramids.Theconsensusopinionseemstoleantoconsideringthemasunfinishedformsofpyramids.2.Inthepast,liberal