中国南方喀斯特地貌

遗产地概况新日期：2007-08-2510:06:50荔波遗产地主要包括茂兰国家级自然保护区和荔波樟江国家重点风景名胜区中的大、小七孔景区，遗产地总面积73016公顷。荔波喀斯特是贵州高原和广西低地过渡地带峰丛喀斯特的典型代表，因为从高原喀斯特到低地喀斯特的逐渐过渡而构成的完整形态谱系而兀立于世。遗产地内的锥状喀斯特景观由最典型的峰林和峰丛喀斯特景观组成，包括峰丛谷地（坡立谷）、峰丛洼地（坡立谷）、峰丛峡谷、峰林洼地、峰林谷与峰林溶原（盆地），这些主要的喀斯特地貌形态呈有序排列。遗产地具有以下几大特征：1、展示了峰丛景观与峰林景观的相互地貌演化与递变。2、具有特殊的喀斯特森林生态系统与显著的生物多样性，包含众多特有和濒危动植物及其栖息地。3、代表了大陆型热带——亚热带锥状喀斯特地质演化和生物生态过程，是研究裸露型锥状喀斯特发育区喀斯特森林植被自然“本底”及森林生态系统结构、功能平衡的理想地和天然试场所。遗产地内90%的人口是少数民族（遗产地人口5751人，缓冲区总人口约24747人，遗产地人口密度为19人/km2,缓冲区人口密度为57人/km2），文化底蕴丰富，主要包括布依族、水族和瑶族等独特、丰富多彩的少数民族文化SouthChinaKarstSouthChinaKarstisoneoftheworld'smostspectacularexamplesofhumidtropicaltosubtropicalkarstlandscapes.ItisaserialsitespreadovertheprovincesofGuizhou,Guangxi,YunnanandChongqingandcovers176,228hectares.Itcontainsthemostsignificanttypesofkarstlandforms,includingtowerkarst,pinnaclekarstandconekarstformations,alongwithotherspectacularcharacteristicssuchasnaturalbridges,gorgesandlargecavesystems.ThestoneforestsofShilinareconsideredsuperlativenaturalphenomenaandaworldreference.TheconeandtowerkarstsofLibo,alsoconsideredtheworldreferencesiteforthesetypesofkarst,formadistinctiveandbeautifullandscape.WulongKarsthasbeeninscribedforitsgiantdolines(sinkholes),naturalbridgesandcaves.OutstandingUniversalValueBriefsynthesisThehugekarstareaofSouthChinaisabout550,000km2inextent.Thekarstterraindisplaysageomorphictransitionastheterraingraduallydescendsabout2000metersover700kilometersfromthewesternYunnan-GuizhouPlateau(averaging2100meterselevation)totheeasternGuangxiBasin(averaging110meterselevation).Theregionisrecognizedastheworld'stypeareaforkarstlandformdevelopmentinthehumidtropicsandsubtropics.TheWorldHeritagePropertyofSouthChinaKarstisaserialpropertythatincludessevenkarstclustersinfourProvinces:ShilinKarst,LiboKarst,WulongKarst,GuilinKarst,ShibingKarst,JinfoshanKarst,andHuanjiangKarst.Thetotalareais97,125hectares,withabufferzoneof176,228hectares.Thepropertywasinscribedintwophases.PhaseIinscribedin2007,includethreeclusterstotalling47,588hectares,withbufferzonestotalling98,428hectares.TheShilinKarstcomponentisinYunnanprovinceandcontainsstoneforestswithsculptedpinnaclecolumnsandisconsideredtheworldreferencesiteforpinnaclekarst.ShilinKarstconsistsoftwocoreareassurroundedbyacommonbufferzone.Theareais12,070hectareswithabufferzoneof22,930hectares.ThebufferzoneisdesignatedasaUNESCOGeopark.TheLiboKarstcomponentisinGuizhouprovinceandincludeshighconicalkarstpeaks,interveningdeepencloseddepressions(cockpits),sinkingstreamsandlongundergroundcaves.Theareaisconsideredaworldreferencesiteforconekarst.Thepropertyconsistsoftwocoreareassurroundedbyacommonbuffer.Theareais29,518hectareswithabufferzoneof43,498hectares.Oneofthecomponentsisanationalnaturereserve.TheWulongKarstcomponentisinChongqingprovinceandconsistsofhighinlandkarstplateauxthathaveexperiencedconsiderableuplift.ItsgiantdolinesandbridgesarerepresentativeofSouthChina'stiankeng(giantcollapsedepression)Iandscapes,andprovidetheevideneeforthehistoryofoneoftheworld'sgreatriversystems,theYangtzeanditstributaries.TheWulongKarstcomponentisaclusterofthreecorezones,eachwithaseparatebufferzone.Theareastotal6,000hectareswithbufferzonesof32,000hectares.PhaseIIinscribedin2014includesfourclusterstotaling49,537hectares,andbufferzonestotaling77,800hectares.TheGuilinKarstcomponentinGuangxiprovinceislocatedwithinLijiangNationalParkandcontainsfenglin(tower)andfengcong(cone)karstformations.GuilinKarstisdividedintotwosections:thePutaoSectionwithanareaof2,840hectaresandabufferzoneof21,610hectaresandtheLijiangSectionwithanareaof22,544hectaresandabufferzoneof23,070hectares.TheShibingKarstcomponentinGuizhouprovinceincludesdolomitickarstformationsandislocatedwithinWuyangheNationalPark.ShibingKarsthasanareaof10,280hectaresandabufferzoneof18,015hectares.TheJinfoshanKarstcomponentisauniquekarsttablemountainsurroundedbytoweringcliffs.JinfoshanKarstislocatedinChongqingprovincewithintheboundariesoftheJinfoshanNationalNatureReserveandJinfoshanNationalPark.TheJinfoshancomponenthasanareaof6,744hectaresandabufferzoneof10,675hectares.TheHuanjiangKarstcomponentisaconekarstarealocatedinGuangxiProvincewithintheboundariesoftheMulunNationalNatureReserve.TheHuanjiangComponenthasanareaof7,129hectaresandabufferzoneof4,430hectares.TheSouthChinaKarstWorldHeritagepropertyprotectsadiversityofspectacularandiconiccontinentalkarstlandscapes,includingtowerkarst(fenglin),pinnaclekarst(shilin)andconekarst(fengcong),aswellasotherkarstphenomenasuchasTiankengkarst(giantdolines),tablemountainsandgorges.Thepropertyalsoincludesmanylargecavesystemswithrichspeleothemdeposits.ThekarstfeaturesandgeomorphologicaldiversityoftheSouthChinaKarstarewidelyrecognizedasamongthebestintheworld.Theregioncanbeconsideredtheglobaltype-siteforthreekarstlandformstyles:fenglin(towerkarst),fengcong(conekarst),andshilin(stoneforestorpinnaclekarst).Thelandscapealsoretainsmostofitsnaturalvegetation,whichresultsinseasonalvariationsandaddstotheoutstandingaestheticvalueofthearea.Thepropertycontainsthemostspectacular,scientificallysignificantandrepresentativeseriesofkarstlandformsandlandscapesofSouthChinafrominteriorhighplateautolowlandplainsandconstitutestheworld'spremierexampleofhumidtropicaltosubtropicalkarst:oneofourplanet'sgreatIandscapes.Itcomplementssitesthatarealsopresentinneighbouringcountries,includingVietNam,whereseveralWorldHeritagepropertiesalsoexhibitkarstformations.Criterion(viiTheSouthChinaKarstWorldHeritagepropertyincludesspectacularkarstfeaturesandlandscapes,whicharebothexceptionalphenomena,andofoutstandingaestheticquality.ItincludesthestoneforestsofShilin,superlativenaturalphenomenawhichincludetheNaigustoneforestoccurringondolomiticlimestoneandtheSuyishanstoneforestarisingfromalake,theremarkablefengcongandfenglinkarstsofLibo,andtheWulongKarst,whichincludesgiantcollapsedepressions,calledTiankeng,andexceptionallyhighnaturalbridgesbetweenthem,withlongstretchesofdeepunroofedcaves.ItalsoincludesGuilin,whichdisplaysspectaculartowerkarstandinternationallyacclaimedfenglinriverinelandscapes,ShibingKarst,whichhasthebestknownexampleofsubtropicalfengcongkarstindolomite,deepgorgesandspine-likehillsoftendrapedwithcloudandmist,andJinfoshanKarst,whichisanisolatedislandlongdetachedfromtheYunnan-Guizhouplateau,surroundedbyprecipitouscliffsandpuncturedbyancientcaves.HuanjiangKarstprovidesanaturalextensiontoLiboKarst,containsoutstandingfengcongfeaturesandiscoveredinalmostpristinemonsoonforest.Theproperty'sforestcoverandnaturalvegetationismainlyintact,providingseasonalvariationtotheIandscapeandfurtherenhancingtheproperty'sveryhighaestheticvalue.Intactforestcoveralsoprovidesimportanthabitatforrareandendangeredspecies,andseveralcomponentshaveveryhighbiodiversityconservationvalue.Criterion(viiTheSouthChinaKarstWorldHeritagepropertyrevealsthecomplexevolutionaryhistoryofoneoftheworld'smostoutstandinglandscapes.ShilinandLiboareglobalreferenceareasforthekarstfeaturesandlandscapesthattheyexhibit.ThestoneforestsofShilindevelopedover270millionyearsduringfourmajorgeologicaltimeperiodsfromthePermiantopresent,illustratingtheepisodicnatureoftheevolutionofthesekarstfeatures.LibocontainscarbonateoutcropsofdifferentagesshapedovermillionsofyearsbyerosiveprocessesintoimpressiveFengcongandFenglinkarsts.Liboalsocontainsacombinationofnumeroustallkarstpeaks,deepdolines,sinkingstreamsandlongrivercaves.Wulongrepresentshighinlandkarstplateausthathaveexperiencedconsiderableuplift,withgiantdolinesandbridges.Wulong'slandscapescontainevidenceforthehistoryofoneoftheworld'sgreatriversystems,theYangtzeanditstributaries.HuanjiangKarstisanextensionoftheLiboKarstcomponent.Togetherthetwositesprovideanoutstandingexampleoffengcongkarstandalsopreserveanddisplayarichdiversityofsurfaceandundergroundkarstfeatures.GuilinKarstisconsideredthebestknownexampleofcontinentalfenglinandprovidesaperfectgeomorphicexpressionoftheendstageofkarstevolutioninSouthChina.Guilinisabasinatarelativelylowaltitudeandreceivesabundantallogenic(rainfed)waterfromsurroundinghills,leadingtoafluvialcomponentthataidsfenglindevelopment,resultinginfenglinandfengcongkarstside-by-sideoveralargearea.Scientificstudyofkarstdevelopmentintheregionhasresultedinthegenerationofthe‘Guilinmodel'offengcongandfenglinkarstevolution.ShibingKarstprovidesaspectacularfengconglandscape,whichisalsoexceptionalbecauseitdevelopedinrelativelyinsolubledolomiterocks.Shibingalsocontainsarangeofminorkarstfeaturesincludingkarren,tufadepositsandcaves.JinfoshanKarstisauniquekarsttablemountainsurroundedbymassivetoweringcliffs.ItrepresentsapieceofdissectedplateaukarstisolatedfromtheYunnan-Guizhou-Chonqingplateaubydeepfluvialincision.Anancientplanationsurfaceremainsonthesummit,withanancientweatheringcrust.Beneaththeplateausurfacearedismemberedhorizontalcavesystemsthatappearathighaltitudeonclifffaces.Jinfoshanrecordstheprocessofdissectionofthehighelevationkarstplateauandcontainsevidenceoftheregion'sintermittentupliftandkarstificationsincetheCenozoic.Itisasuperlativetype-siteofakarsttablemountain.IntegrityThecomponentsoftheserialpropertyhavewithintheirboundariesallthenecessaryelementstodemonstratethenaturalbeautyofkarstlandscapes.Theyalsocontainthescientificevidencerequiredtoreconstructthegeomorphicevolutionofthediverselandformsandlandscapesinvolved.Thecomponentsareofadequatesizeandtheyhavebufferzoneswhichwillhelpensuretheintegrityoftheearthsciencevalues,includingtectonic,geomorphicandhydrologicalfeatures.Someissuesthatfacethepropertyrequirepoliciesandactionstobetakenbeyondthebufferzoneboundaries.Challengestotheintegrityofthepropertyincludehumanpressurebothfrompeoplelivinginand/oraroundtheproperty,andthepressuresfromvisitors.Howevermanymeasureshavebeenandarebeingundertakentoaddresstheseissues.Thenaturalenvironmentandnaturallandscapeswithinthenominatedpropertiesareallwell-maintained,inordertoprotectthefeaturesofOutstandingUniversalValue,andthenaturallandscapesandprocessesthatsupportthem.ProtectionandmanagementrequirementsThepropertyiswellmanaged,withmanagementplansinplaceforeachcomponent,andwhichwillbeestablishedandmaintainedfortheserialpropertyasawhole,andwitheffectiveinvolvementofstakeholders.PartofLiboKarstiswithinanationalnaturereserve.ThebufferzoneforShilinisaUNESCO-recognisedGlobalGeopark.Traditionalmanagementbyminoritypeoplesisanimportantelementinmanagementofanumberofcomponents,andtherelationshipbetweenkarstandtheculturalidentityandtraditionsofminoritygroups,includingforexampletheYi(Shilin),theShui,YaoandBuyi(Libo)andJinfoshanbambooharvestersrequirescontinuedrecognitionandrespectinsitemanagement.Therearestronginternationalnetworksinplacetosupportcontinuedresearchandmanagement.Continuedeffortsarerequiredtoprotectupstreamcatchmentsandtheirdownstreamandundergroundcontinuationtomaintainwaterqualityatalevelthaten