托福作文写作范文详解nite

托福作文写作范文详解ReadingInthepastcentury,thesteadygrowthofthehumanpopulationandthecorrespondingincreaseinagricultureandpesticideusehavecausedmuchharmtowildlifeintheUnitedStates-birdsinparticular.Unfortunatelyforbirds,thesetrendsarelikelytocontinue,withtheresultthatthenumberofbirdsintheUnitedStateswillnecessarilydecline.First,ashumanpopulationsandsettlementscontinuetoexpand,birds1naturalhabitatswillcontinuetodisappear.Forests,wetlands,andgrasslandswillgivewaytoevermorehomes,malls,andoffices.Asthetraditionalareassuitableforbirdskeepdecreasing,sowillthesizeofthebirdpopulationsthatdependonthosevanishinghabitats.Second,agriculturalactivitiesmustincreasetokeeppacewiththegrowinghumanpopulation.Thegrowthofagriculturewillalsoresultinthefurtherdestructionofbirdhabitatsasmoreandmorewildernessareasareconvertedtoagriculturaluse.Asaresult,birdpopulationsinruralareaswillcontinuetodecline.Third,ashumansettlementsexpandandagricultureincreases,theuseofchemicalpesticideswillalsoincrease.Pesticidesarepoisonsdesignedtokillagriculturalandhomegardenpests,suchasinsects,butinevitably,pesticidesgetintothewaterandintothefoodchainforbirdswheretheycanharmbirds.Birdsthateatthepoisonedinsectsordrinkcontaminatedwatercandieasaresult,andevenifpesticidesdonotkillbirdsoutright,theycanpreventthemfromreproducingsuccessfully.Sopesticideshavesignificantlycontributedtodeclinesinbirdpopulation,andbecausetherewillcontinuetobeaneedtocontrolagriculturalpestsinthefuture,thisdeclinewillcontinue.ListeningThepassageclamsthattherewillbefewerandfewerbirds,buttheargumentsusedtosupportthisclaimareunconvincing.First,it'struethaturbangrowthhasbeenbadforsometypesofbirds,buturbandevelopmentactuallyprovidesbetterandlargerhabitatsforothertypes,somuchsothatcityandsuburbandwellersoftencomplainaboutincreasedbirdspopulations—seagullsatlandfills,pigeonsonthestreetsandsoon.Evenbirdslikehawksandfalconscannowbefoundincities,wheretheypreyontheincreasingpopulationsofpigeonsandrodents.Soit'snotgoingtobeastoryofuniformdeclineofbirdpopulationsinthefuture.Somepopulationsmayshrink,butotherswillgrow.Asforagriculture,itzstruethatittoowillincreaseinthefuture,butnotinthewayassumedbythereadingpassage.Thetruthis,intheUnitedStates,lessandlesslandisbeingusedforagricultureeveryyear.Increasinginagriculturalproductionhaveresultedfromandwillcontinuetoresultfromtheintroductionofnew,moreproductivevarietiesofcrops.Thesenewcropsproducemorefoodperunitofland,andasaresult,there7snoneedtodestroywildernessareas.Andthird,whileitscertainlytruethattraditionalpesticideshavebeendestructivetobirds,it'sincorrecttoprojectthishistoryintothefuture.Nowthatpeopleareawareofthepossibleconsequencesoftraditionalpesticides,twochangeshaveoccurred.First,newandmuchlesstoxicpesticideshavebeendeveloped,andthat'simportant.Second,andperhapsmoreimportantlythereisagrowingtrendtodevelopmorepestresistantcrops,cropsthataregeneticallydesignedtobeunattractivetopests.Pestresistantcropsgreatlyreducetheneedforchemicalpesticides.Andbestofall,pestresistantcropsdonztharmbirdsatalL一、阅读听力要点概括ReadingPassageMainpoints:Birdsnumberwilldeclineinresultofhumangrowth.Subpoint1:Birds'habitsdisappearsincehumanexpand.Subpoint2:Birds7habitatsdecreasesincefurtheragriculturalactivities.Subpoint3:Useofchemicalpesticideswillincreaseandkillagriculturalthenkillbirds.LectureAttitude:Unconvincing.SubPoint1:Notauniformdeclineforallbirds.(Badforsome,Goodforsome,Seagulls,Pigeons,Hawks.)SubPoint2:Lesslandisusedforagriculture.(ProductiveCrops.)SubPoint3:Newpesticidesdon'tharmbirds.(Lesstoxic,Pestresistantcrops.)二,范文逐段赏析Paragraph1ThereadingpassageclaimsthatthenumberofbirdsintheUSwilldefinitelydecline.Yettheprofessorarguesthatbirdpopulationswillnotshrinkduetoincreasesinhumanpopulation,agriculture,andpesticideuseasissuggestedbythereadingpassage'sauthor.此段功能：（Listeningpassage后文提到用L代替）（Readingpassage后文用R代替）以L的观点为主要观点。先复述R的观点：US的鸟群数量会降低。再确定L的反对逻辑关系。然后说鸟群数量不会随着人类增长而减少。此段结构：开头段非常简练干净，先复述R的观点，然后说L反对R,再列出L的观点。为引出充分的辩论做出了准备。Paragraph2First,theprofessorpointsoutthaturbangrowth,whileharmfultosometypesofbirds,canprovidehabitatsformanyothertypes.Asamatteroffact,urbanandsuburbandwellerscomplainfrequentlyabouthavingtoomanybirds.This,however,contradictsthestatementinthereadingpassagethaturbandevelopmentcausesbirdstodisappear.此段功能：引出第一个分论点（人类引起的城市扩张对鸟类影响），L中说，虽然扩张影响了一部分鸟类，但是能为其他很多鸟类提供住所。甚至城市人会投诉鸟数量太多了，反对了R中的声明。此段结构：此段为总分结构，先写出L的结论，随后列举证据,最后达到反对R观点的效果。Paragraph3Second,theprofessorexplainsthatagriculturaldevelopmentwon'taffectbirdpopulationasthereadingillustrates.Newly-introducedandhighlyproductivecropscontinuouslycontributetoproductionenhancementandmoreefficientlanduse,makingitunnecessaryforhumanstodestroymorewildernessareas.此段功能:引出第二个分论点，L中教授继续发表观点：农业发展不会影响鸟群数量。然后解释说新型高产作物使得人们不需要更多耕种用地。此段结构：此段还是总分结构。L发表了新观点后，列举证据，最后一句和R中所得结论相反。Paragraph4Third,whileconvincedoftheharmfulnatureofpesticideusetobirds,thep