中外文化史下课件01A

中外文化史课件：之WorldCult文件夹希腊古典文化希腊历史年表分裂与政治制度的多元性希腊的文化精神希腊的文学与艺术希腊哲学ChronologyofAncientGreece1230DestructionofTroy1130Mycenaedestroyed1100DorianinvasionofGreece780AlphabeticwritingbeginsinGreece(Phoenicianalphabet)776TraditionaldateforthebeginningoftheOlympicgames760FirstGreekcolonyontheItalianmainland(Cumae)750LargetemplesbegintobebuiltinGreeceChronologyofAncientGreece750-700TheIliadandtheOdyssey

reachapproximatelytheirpresentforms700Hesioddenouncestherich,Zeusagodofjustice;monarchiesinGreecegivingwaytooligarchies621publicationofthelawsofAthensbyDraco600SapphoofLesbos,firstfamousauthoress;GreekmonumentalsculpturebeginsChronologyofAncientGreece593Solon'sreformsinAthensc.585ThalesofMiletus,beginningofnaturalphilosophy(physics)546CyrusconquersCroesusofLydiac.540Xenophanes,philosophicmonotheismc.525Pythagoras,thephilosophiclife499Ioniancities,aidedbyAthens,revoltfromPersia490BattleofMarathon,PersianexpeditionagainstAthensdefeatedChronologyofAncientGreece480Xerxes,Darius'successor,invadesGreece479BattleofPlataea,Xerxes'armydestroyed;BattleofMountMycale,Xerxes'Aegeanfleetdestroyed;PersianlosesMacedon,Thrace,andCyrenaica478AthenscreatedtheDelianLeagueforliberationofGreekcitiesfromPersiac.475Parmenides'oppositionofreality(changeless)toappearance(changing)ChronologyofAncientGreece458Aeschylus'Oresteia;beginningofPericles'predominance457The"longwalls"secureAthensfromattackbyland454ThetreasuryoftheDelianLeaguemovedtoAthens449AthensmakespeacewithPersia447BeginningoftheParthenon,workofIctinusChronologyofAncientGreecec.447TheSophists'studyofargumentandrhetoric;Pindar(lyricpoetry),Sophocles(tragedy),Herodotus(history),Phidias(sculpture)431-404ThePeloponnesianWar,endingwiththedestructionoftheAthenianfleet,thelongwalls,andtheDelianLeague;Socrates(moralphilosophy),Hippocrates(rationalmedicine),Democritus(atomictheory),Aristophanes(comedy),Euripides(tragedy),Thucydides(history)ChronologyofAncientGreece404-371SpartanhegemonyinGreece399TrialandexecutionofSocrates395PersiafinancesGreekattacksonSparta394RebuildingofthelongwallsofAthensbegunwithPersianhelp378FormationoftheSecondAthenianLeague371BattleofLeuctra,SpartadecisivelydefeatedbyThebesChronologyofAncientGreece371-362ThebanhegemonyinGreece;SpartancontrolofthePeloponneseended;establishmentoftheArcadianLeague;PlatoteachinginAthens;Praxiteles(sculptor);Isocrates(rhetorician)359PhilipIIbecomeskingoftheMacedonians338BattleofChaironea,PhilipIIdefeatsAthensandThebesandsubjugatesGreece;Aristotle,Diogenes,Demosthenes(orator)ChronologyofAncientGreece336PhilipIIassassinated;Alexandersucceeds334AlexanderinvadesthePersianEmpire331Foundationof"Alexandria-by-Egypt";captureofBabylon,Susa,andPersepolis327InvasionofPakistan326ConquestoftheIndusValley323DeathofAlexanderinBabylonChronologyofAncientGreece323-276WarsofAlexander'ssuccessors,emergenceofthethreemajorHellenistickingdoms:AntigonidMacedon,PtolemaicEgypt,andtheSeleucidempire;Epicurus,Zeno(founderofStoicism),Theophrastus(successorofAristotle)ZenoofCitium(333BC-264BC),nottobeconfusedwithZenoofElea(c.490–c.430BC),famedforhisparadoxes275-215ZenithofAlexandriaascenterofthenew"Hellenistic"culture;Archimedes,Euclid,Theocritus(creatorofGreekbucolicpoetry),ApolloniusRhodius(librarianandpoet)分裂与政治制度的多元性商业和航海的发达使人口压力可以通过建立海外殖民地来缓解，无太大的必要进行政治上的整合多山而缺少大河、平原的地理条件使希腊半岛也难以达到政治上的统一长期分裂为多种政治制度并存并互相竞争提供了较大的空间亚里士多德的分类法：君主制（monarchy）、寡头制（oligarchy）、民主制（democracy）城邦政治Athens典型的城邦规模：面积为50-100平方公里，城乡公民约625-1250，总人口为数千人。雅典公民大会与直接民主制（而非代议民主制）抽签法决定国家元首陪审团制度奴隶制，但多为小奴隶主，每家奴隶人数有限斯巴达以少数人统治多数奴隶，社会长期军事化“天有二日”与寡头政治城邦政治Athens希腊的文化成就短时间内文化便发展到高峰，取得基本上是全面的文化成就哲学始于自然哲学，再延伸到道德哲学（社会哲学），使其理性化程度很高理性的逻辑思维发达（不避“诡辩”）平等精神：理性高于权威希腊的文化成就相互师承