【精选】阅读理解15篇

Text1Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonworkforceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.HumanresourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Thelackofimportantattachedtohumanresourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy(社团中的等级制度).InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostoftheheadofhumanresourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsuitedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochaneetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer.WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheirempioyeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.Asaresult,problemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkers,forexample,takemuchIongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermany(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.WhichofthefollowingappliestothemanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompanies?Theyhirepeopleatthelowestcostregardlessoftheirskills.Theyseethegainingofskillsastheiremployees'ownbusiness.Theyattachmoreimportaneetoworkersthantoequipment.Theyonlyhiredskilledworkersbecauseofkeencompetition.WhatisthepositionoftheheadofhumanresourcemanagementinanAmericanfirm?Heisoneofthemostimportantexecutivesintherun.Hispostislikelytodisappearwhennewtechnologiesareintroduced.Heisdirectlyunderthechieffinancialexecutive.Hehasnosayinmakingimportantdecisionsinthefirm.ThemoneymostAmericanfirmsputintrainingmainlygoesto .workerswhocanoperatenewequipmentprofessionalandmanagerialstaffworkerswholacebasicgroundskillstopexecutivesWhat'sthemainideaofthepassage?AmericanfirmsaredifferentfromJapaneseandGermanfirmsinhumanresourcemanagement.Extensiveretrainingisindispensabletoeffectivehumanresourcemanagement.Theheadofhumanresourcemanagementmustbeinthecentralpositioninafirm'shierarchy.ThehumanresourcemanagementstrategiesofAmericanfirmswillaffecttheircompetitivecapacity.Accordingtothepassage,thedecisivefactorinmaintainingafirm 'scompetitiveadvantageistheintroductionofnewtechnologiestheimprovementofworkers'basicskillstherationalcompositionofprofessionalandmanagerialempioyeestheattachmentofimportancetothebottomhaftoftheempioyeesText2GeorgeWashingtonCarvershowedthatplantlifewasmorethanjustfoodforanimalsandhumans.Carver'firststepwastoanalyzeplantpartstofindoutwhattheyweremadeof.Hethencombinedthesesimplerisolatedsubstanceswithothersubstancestocreatenewproducts.Thebranchofchemistrythatstudiesandfindswaystouserawmaterialsfromfarmproductstomakeindustrialproductsiscalledchemurgy（农业化学加工学）.Carverwasoneofthefirstandgreatestchemurgistsofalltime.Todaythescieneeofchemurgyisbetterknownasthescieneeofsynthetics.Eachdaypeopledependonandusesyntheticmaterialsmadefromrawmaterials.All_hislifeCarverbattledagainstthedisposalofwastematerials,andwarnedofthegrowingneedtodevelopsubstitutesforthenaturalsubstancesbeingusedupbyhumans.Carvernevercaredaboutgettingcreditforthenewproductshecreated.Henevertriedtopatenthisdiscoveriesorgetwealthyformthem.HeturneddownmanyofferstoleaveTuskegeeInstitutetobecomearichscientistinprivateindustry.ThomasEdison,inventoroftheelectriclight,offeredhimalaboratoryinDetroittocarryoutfoodresearchwhenhewasintheUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture.Atthepeakofhiscareer,Carver'sfameandinflueneewereknownoneverycontinent.Withwhattopicisthepassagemainlyconcerned?TheworkandcareerofGeorgeWashingtonCarver.TheresearchconductedatTuskegeeInstitute.Theprogressofthescieneeofsynthetics.Theuseofplantsasasourceofnutrition.Thewordstep"（Line2,Para.1）couldbestbereplacedby .footprintB.action C.scale D.stairWhydoestheauthormentionThomasEdison'soffertoCarver?ToillustrateoneofCarver'smanyopportunities.ToportraythewealthofoneofCarver'competitors.TocontrastEdison'contributionwiththatofCarver.TodescribeCarver'dependenceonindustrialsupport.WhichofthefollowingisNOTdiscussedinthepassageasworkdonebyCarver?Researchonelectricity. B.Analysisofplantparts.C.Inventionofnewproducts. D.Battleagainstthedisposalofwastematerials.OneofCarver'smainconcernsismostsimilartowhichofthefollowingpresentdaycauses?Preventivemedicine. B.Recyclingofusedmaterials.C.Preservationofoldbuildings. D.Preventionofcrueltytoanimals.Text3AskStevelandMorrisandhe‘11tellyouthatblindnessisnotnecessarilydisabling.Stevelandwasbornprematurely（过早地）andtotallywithoutsightin1950.HebecameStevieC.GreatMusicians D.BlindPeopieC.GreatMusicians D.BlindPeopiewonder---composer,singer,andpianist.ThewinneroftenGrammyawards,Stevieiswidelyacclaimedforhisoutstandingcontributionstothemusicworld.Asachild,Stevielearnednottothinkaboutthethingshecouldnotdo,buttoconcentrateonthethingsthathecoulddo.Hisparentsencouragedhimtojoinhissightedbrothersinasmanyactivitiesaspossible.Theyalsohelpedhimtosharpenhissenseofhearing,thesenseuponwhichthevisuallydisabledaresodependent.Becausesoundwassoimportanttohim,Steviebeganatanearlyagetoexperimentwithdifferentkindsofsound.Hewouldbangthingstogetherandthenimitatethesoundwithhisvoice.Oftenrelyingonsoundforentertainment,hesang,beatontoydrums,playedatoyharmonica( 口琴),andlistenedtotheradio.Steviesoongraduatedfromtoyinstrumentstorealinstruments.Hefirstlearnedtoplaythedrums.Hethenmasteredtheharmonicaandthepiano.Hebecameamemberofthejuniorchurchchoirandaleadsinger.Intheeveningsandonweekends,Steviewouldplaydifferentinstrumentsandsingpopularrhythmandbluestunesonthefrontporchesofneighbors'homes.OneofStevie'sessionswasoverheardbyRonnieWhite,amemberofapopularsinginggroupcalledTheMiracles.RonnieimmediatelyrecognizedStevie'stalentandtookhimtoauditionforBerryGordy,thepresidentofHistvilleUSA,alargerecordingcompanynowknownasMotown.StevierecordedhisfirstsmashhitFinger-tips"in1962atagetwelve,andtherestofStevie'storyismusichistory.BysayingSteviesoongraduatedfromtoyinstrumentstorealinstruments"(Line1,Para.4),theauthormeansthat .SteviefinishedhisstudyatatoyinstrumentsschoolSteviestartedtoplayrealinstrumentsSteviegaveupallhistoyinstrumentsandbegantobuymanyrealinstrumentsSteviebegantostudyinarealinstrumentsschoolWhichofthefollowingstatementsdoesnotprovidetherightinformationofStevie'Fingertips”？ItrecordedStevie'musicalperformaneethatwonhiminstantfame.Itwasarecordthatturnedouttobeagreatsuccess.Itcarriedthemessagethattheblindcouldworkmiracleswiththeirfingertips.Itwastheblindnessthatcontributedtohissuccess.TheauthormentionsallthefollowingfactsEXCEPTthat .Stevie'neighbourscouldoftenenjoyhisplayingandsingingitwasRonnieWhitewhorecognizedStevie'talentandledhimtoasuccessfulcareerBerryCordyhelpedhimtosetuphisownrecordingcompanyStevie'familyplayedaveryimportantpartintraininghissenseofhearWhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutStevie'childhood?Stevieoftentoldpeoplethatablindpersonisnotnecessarilydisabled.Helearnedtoconcentrateonthingsthathecoulddo.Heplayedasoftenaspossiblewithhisbrothers,whohadnormalsight.Hetriedveryhardtotrainhissenseofhearing.Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe .TheMusicWorld B.StevieWonderText4TheNorwegianGovernmentisdoingitsbesttokeeptheoilindustryundercontrol.AnewlawlimitsexpIorationtoanareasouthofthesouthernendofthelongcoastline;productionlimitshavebeenlaiddown(thoughthesehavealreadybeenraised);andoilcompanieshavenotbeenallowedtoemploymorethanalimitednumberofforeignworkers.Buttheoilindustryhasawayofgettingoversuchproblems,andfewpeoplebelievethattheGovernmentwillbeabletoholdthingsbackforlong.AsoneNorwegianpoliticiansaidlastweek:Wewillsoonbechangedbeyondallrecognition.”Eversincethewar,theGovernmenthasbeencarryingoutaprogrammeofdevelopmentintheareanorththeArcticCircle.Duringthepastfewyearsthisprogrammehashadagreatdealofsuccess:Tromsohasbeenbuiltupintoalocalcapitalwithauniversity,alargehospitalandahealthyindustry.Buttheoilindustryhasalreadystartedtodrawpeoplesouth,andwithinafewyearsthewholenorthernpolicycouldbeinruins.Theeffectsoftheoilindustrywouldnotbelimitedtothenorth,however.Withnearly100percentemployment,everyonecanseeasituationdevelopinginwhichtheserviceindustriesandthetouristindustrywilllosemoreoftheirworkerstotheoilindustry.Somesmallerindustriesmightevendisappearaltogetherwhenitbecomescheapertobuygoodsfromabroad.TherealargumentoveroilisitsthreattotheNorwegianwayoflife.Farmersandfishermendonotmakeupmostofthepopulation,buttheyareimportantpartofitbecauseNorwegiansseeinthemmanyofthequalitiesthattheyregardwithprideasessentiallyNorwegian.Anditisthefarmersandthefishermenwhoaremostcriticaloftheoilindustrybecauseofthedamagethatitmightcausetothecountrysideandtothesea.TheNorwegianGovernmentwouldprefertheoilindustryto .quickenitsexpIorationofundergroundoilalongthecoastlineslowdownthespeedofitsdevelopmentraiseitsoilproductionwhileemployingfewerworkersfindawaytoovercometheproblemofunemploymentThemajorityoftheNorwegianpeople .don'understandwhatthegovernmentisdoingbelievethatthegovernmentwillbeabletodevelopthatoilindustrydon'thinkthegovernmentisabletoexerciseitscontrolovertheoilindustryhopethatthewholenationwillchangeasquicklyaspossibleTromsoisfacingtheproblemthat .toomanypeoplehaveleftthecityandheadedforthesouthitsoilindustrywillendangerthehealthofitscitizensithasnooilresourceinthelocalareaitsdevelopingprogrammehasfailedAccordingtothepassage,thefollowingstatementsaretrueEXCEPT .theargumentovertheoilindustryis,aboveall,itsthreattotheNorwegianwayoflifethechancesofgettingempioyedintheoilcompaniesarealmost100%theoilindustryisnotworriedaboutthegovernment'scontrol,forithasawayofcopingwiththeproblemthedevelopmentofTromsoissuccessfulNorwegianfishermenandfarmershaveanimportantinflueneebecause .theymakeupthemajorityofthepopulationmanyoftheirqualitiesareregardedasessentiallyNorwegiantheirworkisnotthatimportanttothenation'economytheyhaveprovedthedamagethattheoilindustryhasdonetothecountrysideandtotheseaText5IhadalwaysknownthattheChineseNewYearwasdifferentfromourownbutotherwiseassumedthatthewayweEuropeansdivideduptheyearwassomethingincommon.Quiterecently,though,Ifoundoutthatthereusedtobesomeprettydramaticdifferences.DuringtheMiddleAges,theofficialstartoftheyearvariedenormouslywithinEurope.InSpain,Portugal,SwitzerlandandGermany,itbeganonChristmasDay,whereasitstartedonthe1stMarchinVeniceand21stinEngland.InRome,itwasatonetimethe25thJanuarybutthenchangedtothe25thMarch.InRussiatheNewYearcoincidedwiththespringequinox（春分）.Ifthisisn'complicatedenough,theFrenchusedtostarttheirofficialyearfromEasterDay.Easter,asIamsureyouallknow,isamoveablefeastwhosecomplicatedcalculationisquiteamysterytome.However,thisFrenchstyleofworkingoutthebeginningoftheyearledtosomeyearsbeingasshortasthreehundreddayswhileotherscouldstretchtofourhundredwithtwospringtimeswithoneateachend!Withallthesedifferentdatingsystemsinoperation,youcanimaginetheenormouspotentialforconfusion.Thiscancreateheadachesforstudentsengagedinstudyingtheperiodfromoriginaldocumentsastheycanactuallyfindsomebody'deathbeingrecordedmonthsbeforetheyaremarried!Itwouldalldependonwheretheeventshadbeenrecorded.AsaconcreteexamplethestudentcouldeasilygetmuddledoverthedateofthefamoustrialoftheKnightsTemplarinParis.Accordingtorecords,thislongandcomplextrialendedin1313astheNewYeardidnotofficiallystartuntilthe7thApril.Fortunatelyforallofusthesedifferenceswereeventuallyresolved.InDecember1564the

stFrenchdecidedtostarttheNewYearfromthe1January.TheRussiansadoptedthisnewstyleofdatingin1725andtheEnglishafurthertwenty-sevenyearslater.Thewriter .hadalwaysknownaboutthedatingsystemsknewEuropeansvariedintheirdatingsystemshadjustfoundoutabouttheChineseNewYearhadbeenforcedtorevisehisopinionWhatusedtobethemostcommonstartoftheofficialyear?ChristmasDay. B.Thespringequinox.C.January1st. D.March25th.WhatwasafeatureoftheFrenchofficialyear?ItcouldhavetwoEasters.Itcouldvaryinlength.Itcouldbeshorterthanthreehundreddays.Itoftenhadtwosummers.Whydostudentssometimesgetconfused?

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Text7Lazinessisasin,everyoneknowsthat.Wehaveprobablyallhadlecturespointingoutthatlazinessisimmoral,thatitiswasteful,andthatlazypeoplewillneveramounttoanythinginlife.Butlazinesscanbemoreharmfulthanthat,anditisoftencausedbymorecomplexreasonsthatsimplewishtoavoidwork.Somepeoplewhoappeartobelazyaresufferingfrommuchmoreseriousproblems.Theymaybesodistrustfuloftheirfellowworkersthattheyareunabletojoininanygrouptaskforfearofridiculeorofhavingtheirideastolen.Thesepeoplewhoseemlazymaybeparalyzedbyafearoffailurethatpreventsfruitfulwork.Orothersortsoffantasies,maypreventwork;somepeoplearesobusyplanning,sometimesplanninggreatdealsorfantasticachievementsthattheyareunabletodealwhateverlessei”workisonhand.Stillotherpeoplearenotavoidingwork;strictlyspeaking,theyaremerelyprocrastinating---reschedulingtheirday.Lazinesscanactuallybehelpful.Likeprocrastinators（拖延者）,somepeoplemaylooklazywhentheyarereallythinking,planning,contemplating（沉思）,researching.Weshouldallrememberthatgreatscientificdiscoveriesoccurredbychanee.Newtonwasn'tworkingintheorchardwhentheapplehithimandhedevisedthetheoryofgravity.Allofuswouldliketohavesomeonefazy”whoselazinesswascausedbytheworkerstakingtimetocheckeachstepofhisworkandtodohisjobright.Andsometimes,beinglazy"---thatis,takingtimeoffforarest---isgoodfortheoverworkedstudentsorexecutive.Takingarestcanbeparticularlyhelpfultotheathletewhoistryingtoohardorthedoctorwho'simplyworkinghimselfovertimemanyeveningsattheclinic.Sobecarefulwhenyou‘retemptedtocallsomeonelazy,thatpersonmaybethinking,resting,orplanninghisorhernextwork.Themainideaofthispassageisthat .lazinessisamoralsinthereareadvantagesanddisadvantagesinbeinglazylazinessisthesignofdeep-seatedemotionalproblemslazypeopledomorecarefulworkWecanlearnfromthepassagethat .lazinessisadiseaselazinessismorebeneficialthanharmfulagooddefinitionoflazinessisemotionalillnesssomepeopleappearlazybecausetheyfeelinsecureWhichofthefollowingconclusionsdoesthepassagesupport?Mostofthetimelazinessisavirtue.Mostassemblyworkersarelazy.Theword“aziness”ssometimesappliedincorrectly.Mostinsecurepeoplearelazy.Theauthor'toneofwritingthelastparagraphis D.humorousD.provedtothatofmother（forthefactual B.serious C.satiricalD.humorousD.provedtothatofmother（fortheAsusedinthispassage,theworddevised"means understood B.wrote C.formulatedText8Inmanytraditionalsocietiesawoman'roleisrestricted

continuationoftherace）,andsheisconfinedtofamilyandhouseholdactivities,includinghelpingoutinthefieldandmarket.Insomeethnic（种族的）communitiesinIndonesia,eventoday,womenaresupposedtodothehardlabourinthericefields,whilementakeiteasyintheircoffeeshops.WhenIvisitedtheislandofTimorineasternIndonesiain1987,Iwastoldbyfriendsthatintheinterioroftheislands,whereroadsarestillnon-existent,villagerstravelledtothemarketeitheronfootoronhorseback.Itwasacommonsighttoseethehusbandridingahorse,withhiswifewalkingbehindhimcarryingaheavybundleofproduceonherheadtothemarket.OntheislandofAlor,alsoineasternIndonesia,Imetanoldmanagedabout80years,proudlyboastingtomethathehadninewives.ButyouareaCatholic,"Isaidtohim,Howcouldyouhaveninewives?”Hesmiled,andsaid,Imarriedonlyonceinchurch,butImarriedtheothereightwivesaccordingtoourtraditionallaws."InIndonesiamanyyearsagothewivesofgovernmentworkersormembersofthearmedforceswereorganizedintowomen'organizations.Theleadershipofthesewomen'organizationswassetupaccordingtothehierarchicalpositionsofthemembers'husbands.Forexample,theorganizationofwomenpersonnelofagovernmentministrywouldautomaticallyhaveasitschairpersonthewifeofthegovernor,andsoontotheloweradministrativelevels.WhenthehusbandisnoIongerministerorgovernor,shealsoautomaticallylosesherposition.Manyofthesewomenhavecomplainedtomethattheyfeelthisisastraitiacket（约束物）imposedonthem,buttheyfeeltheyhavetoaccepttheroleforthesakeofsafeguardingtheirhusbands‘careers.womenshoulddothefollowingthingsEXCEPTdoinghouseholdactivitiesdoingthehardlabourinthefieldsInthefirstsentenceofthe2womenshoulddothefollowingthingsEXCEPTdoinghouseholdactivitiesdoingthehardlabourinthefieldsInthefirstsentenceofthe2ndparagraphgivingbirthofchildrenenjoyingthemselvesinthecoffeeshopsroads"meansD.heavyroadssmoothroads B.highwaysC.countryroadsD.heavyroadsWhatdoesthequestionHowcouldyouhaveninewives?”mean?Theoldmanistoooldtohaveninewives.Theoldmanshouldn'havehadninewives.TheoldmancouldmarryoncebecauseheisamemberoftheChurchofRome.TheoldmancouldhaveonlyawifeforheisaChristian.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtoParagraph3?Women'organizationweresetupinthegovernmentadministrativelevelsandthearmedforces.Theheadofthewomen'organizationofaprovincemustbethewifeofthegovernor.Alltheleadersofthewomen'organizationsenjoyedtheirroles.Thewifeofagovernorlosesherleadingpositionforthesakeofherhusband.rdThecloseststatementofthelastsentenceinthe3paragraphis .womenwouldhatetobethechairpersonswithoutconsideringtheirhusbands'ernors‘wivescomplaintheyhavetoacceptthechairpersonrolesmanywomenareforcedtobecometheleadersofwomen'sorganizationsinordertoprotecttheirhusbands'professionsmanygovernors'wivesfeelitnecessarytoaccepttherolesText9Everyday25millionUSchildrenrideschoolbuses.Thesafetyrecordforthesebusesismuchbetterthanforpassengercars;butnevertheless,about10childrenarekilledeachyearridingonlargeschoolbuses,andnearlyfourtimesthatnumberarekilledoutsidebusesintheloadingzones.Byandlarge,however,thenation'schoolchildrenaretransportedtoandfromschoolsafely.Eventhoughthenumberofschoolbuscasualties(伤亡事故)isnotlarge,thesafetyofchildrenisalwaysofintensepublicconcern.Whileeveryonewantstoseechildrentransportedsafely,peoplearedividedaboutwhatneedstobedone---particularlywhetherseatbeltsshouldbemandatory(强制性的).Proponentsofseatbeltsonschoolbuses---manyoftheparentsandmedicalorganizations---arguethatseatbeltsarenecessarynotonlytoreducefatalityandinjury,butalsototeachchildrenlessonsabouttheimportaneeofusingthemroutinelyinanymovingvehicle.Asidebenefit,proponentspointout,isthatseatbeltshelpkeepchildrenintheirseats,awayfromthebusdriver.OpponentsofseatbeltinstallationsuggestthatchildrenarealreadywellprotectedbytheschoolbusesthatadheretotheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministrations(NHTSA)safetyrequirementssetin1977.Theyalsobelievethatmanychildrenwon'wearseatbeltsanyway,andthattheymaydamagethebeltsorusethemasweaponstohurtotherchildren.Anewresearchcouncilreportonschoolbussafetysuggeststhattherearealternatesafetydevicesandproceduresthatmaybemoreeffectiveandlessexpensive.Forexample,thestudycommitteesuggestedthatraisingseatbacksfourinchesmayhavethesamesafetyeffectivenessasseatbelts.ThereportsponsoredbytheDepartmentofTransportationattherequestofCongress,reviewsseatbeltsextensivelywhiletakingabroaderlookatsafetyinandaroundschoolbuses.TOC\o"1-5"\h\zEachyear,childrenkilledoutsidebusesintheloadingzonesareabout .10 B.40 C.30 D.50Accordingtothepassage,theschoolbus”s .thebusofferedbytheschoolthebusthathasnodiffereneefromthepublicbusthebusthatisdrivenbythestudentsthebusthatisnotsafeAccordingtothepassage,whohasthegreatestdegreeofcontroloftheschoolbusessafety”Anewresearchcouncil.TheDepartmentofTransportation.Themedicalorganizations.NationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.Itmaybeinferredfromthispassagethat .manyoftheopponentsofseatbeltinstallationareparentsandofficialsoftheDepartmentofTransportationproposalsofseatbeltsonschoolbuseswouldbeseriouslyconsideredanalternatesafetydevice(raisingseatbacksfourinches)maybetakenintoconsiderationTheDepartmentofTransportationmayeithertaketheideaofseatbeltsorothermeasureswhenitreviewsthewholesituationThetitlebelowwhichbestexpressestheideaofthepassageisMakingSchoolBusesEvenSaferforChildrenSeatBeltsNeededonSchoolBusesAlternateSafetyDevicesandProceduresSafetyinandaroundSchool