专四听力讲义-真题精讲

专四讲学校题型介评分标考点及难minor20.5出现4次以上，扣1分扣minormajorGap-filling每空110Conversation每题1102、技能练习方听美剧技能训各题型解题攻1现anappointment/asitis/æzihalfanhour/ha:fənaʊə/realestate/'ri:əle'steit/thereis/ðɛrɪz/inaddition;failin;putinto;andofcountdown／ˈkaun(t)daun/greatpower／grei(t)ˈpaʊɚ／victim／ˈvi(k)tim／ 英语音标中还有一种摩擦音，它们是／f／,／v／,／s／,／z／,／dz／,／ts／,／h／,当音outside／ˈaʊ(t)ˌsaɪdbighouse／ˈbi(g)ˈhaus／goodfriend／ˈgu(d)ˈfrend／can'tsing／ˈka：n(t)ˈsɪŋ／some／sʌm／－／səmhave／hæv／－/həv／-／v／／mʌst／-／məst／-/ms/and／ænd／-/ənd/-/ən／of／ov／-／əv/-/v/-were/w3:/-/ alltogether— cen bare— flour steal—steelwood— elephanttusks-elephanttasksappeal-a odd- full- 英美音差异主要反映在字a,o，r不同读音a英式读作/ae.g.ask,can‘t,dance,e.g.box,hot,e.g.car,river,door,party,kilometerkɪləˌmi:təadult英:/ə'dʌlt/美:/'ædʌlt/scheduleʃedjuːl'skɛdʒul/direct英:／dəˈrekt／ leisure英:/ˈleʒə/ e.g.A.SaveupfortheirfutureB.Payfor alC.BuytheirownshoesandD.Makedonationswhen

W:Wouldyou?AndwhatwouldyouexpectthemtodowithM:Well,outofthat,they'dhavetobuysome althings,butIexpectthemtosavetobuytheirownsocks,forQ:Supposingthemanhadchildren,whatwouldheexpectthemtodowiththeirpocket＜表less＞表more＋表many,－表littlefewbeshort＝inotherwordsbeequal≠表示bedifferent×表示notnegative∵表示∴表示therefore↑表increaseadd,↗表→表leadtoresult←表resultedfromcaused＆表示andvs表示againste.gexample表示importante.g.AndIkeptmyhandupbecauseIdidthereadingandknowthee.g.：Essentially,thetraditionalview,aviewthathasbeenprevalentforover250years,isthattheRomanscopiedGreeksculpturesbecausetheycouldn’tcreatesculptureoftheirown.Butfinallysomecontemporaryarthistorianshavechallengedthisview.语态(bebelieve,maintain,consider,inmypointofview,inmyopinion,asIseeit,intheeyesof…,asforme,asfarasI’mconcerned,accordingto根据敏感词提示，记录后续重点（转折、因果等若有小标题总结，大概记录分论点（有实义的n.v.听∴event，X原文：Now,let’smoveontolow-contextculture.Alow-contextcultureisjusttheopposite.Alow-contextcultureisoneinwhichthemessage,theevent,ortheactionisofseparateentity,havingmeaningontoitselfregardlessofthesurroundingsorthecontextThatthemessagetheeventtheactionhasmeaninginitselfSowhatthismeansinalow-contextcultureisthatpeoplepaymoreattentiontotheeventitself,ratherthantothecontextwhichsurroundstheeventorthemessage.二、各题型解题攻题型特点选材分析120EmotionalReactiontoThinkPositiveandFeelMaleandFemaleRolesinLimitingtheGrowthofWhatAreDreamsBritishHolidayingNewYear’sChoosingae.g.YettheInternethasthepotentialforgoodandbad.／Onecanfindwell-organized,information-richwebsites．e.g.Ifyoubelievethatyourdreamsareimportant,/ yzingthemmayhelpThismadengbusinessmucheasier,／butpeoplestillfoundcoinsinconvenienttocarry.Becausegoingaboardismoreexpensive,／moreBritishpeoplearechoosingtospendtheirsummerholidaysintheUK.Theyalwayshavetoremindtheircustomers／ofthenameandqualitiesoftheirproductsbyTheyliveinthesaltwaterfromtwotosevenyears／untiltheyarereadytoswimbacktoPeopleoftendon’taskthemselvesiftheadvertisements lingthetruth/whenbuyadvertisedHowever,theseFirst，…／Second,…／Third,…/AndIntoday’sbusinesswork,Inthepast,…／InAfrica,…／Originally,Tosolvethisproblem,…／Besides,…/Asaresult,…/Today,Theidea,forexample,ofbeingapainteroramusicianmayseemveryattractive,Therearelotsofnamesforthesenewformsoftourism:/responsibletourism,tourism,Somepeopleholdahouseparty;othersattendstreetparties,/whilesomejustgoforminor20.5出现4次以上，扣1分minormajore.g.“NewYear’sEve”friendsorfamily，parties，drinks，fireworksnomorethan3度预读考题；了解文章及主要内容（分为几个e.g.MyWhyisn’tI.Q.theonlydifferencebetweenstudents?Whatisthekeyto e.g.Myinvestigationofallkindsofchallengingsettings,---WestPointMilitaryClass----Private hoursperMethodsof--- ,eatinganddrinkinginthe：e.g.one,two,three,firstly,secondly,last,what’s---Noovernight---Nomorethan5guestsduringthe---Reservethecommonroomforlarger ofprovidingacomfortable---studentspayinglessattentiontotheteacher’slanguage---studentsbeingmorevoluntarytocooperatewithII.ThenecessityofCorrecting原文：….canbeOther beingtheonlywayto原文：DonotfeelembarrassedtomakemistakeforthatistheonlywayyouwillII.Happinessand----happinessachievedbybringinga onothers’face原文：acertainlevelofAdvicefor----expressingoneidea原文：morethanoneLongA.Being B.BeingBeing D.BeingA.HeisveryHeiskindandHeiswarm-HeisalittleA.SheissimilartoherShehasa seofSheloveslaughingaSheisanolderA.IthelpswiththeirTheytendtospendmosttimeTheyhavethesamestrengthsandItmakesherlovehermothermorethanA.ItisnotagoodqualityatItisaqualitythatcanbehardlyItsometimesbringsItmakes special Whichqualitydoesthewomanadmireverymuchaboutherwhatdoesthemanknowaboutthewoman’sWhatdoesthewomansayaboutherWhatdoesthewomanthinkaboutbeingsimilartoherWhatdoesthewomansayaboutbeingM:Hey,longtimenosee.HowareW:Yeah,goodtoseeyouagain.IhavebeenwithmyfamilyforalongwhileM:Oh,really?Canyoudescribethepeopleinyourfamily?Like,what’syourmotherlike,yourfatherlikeandyourW:OK.Well,letmestartwithmymother.Mymotherisveryinteresting.Shehasagreaseofhumorandshe’saverykindandverygenerouswoman.(1)She’salsonotafraidtosaywhatsheisthinking,whichisaqualityIadmireaboutherverymuch.M:Whataboutyourfather?HowwouldyoudescribeW:Mydadisprobablythenicestmanyou’llevermeet.He’sverykind,verygenerous,warm-heartedandhe’sreallyagoodguyandIlovehimveryM:(2)AndactuallyImetyourfatherandhe’saverybigW:Heis.Mydad’sverytallandtakesupalotofspace.It’strue.M:Gentle-Giant,right?W:Yeah.SomethinglikeM:Ok,nowyouhaveasister.Issheyoungerorolder?W:Youngersister.M:Oh,youngersister.Howwouldyoudescribe W:Mysisterisactuallyquitesimilartomydadinthatshehasaverygoodheartand(3-1)verygenerousandveryopen,veryfriendlyandgiving alityandsheisprobablytheonlyontheplanetwhocanmakemelaughatanymoment.M:That’sW:Shecracksmeup.(3-2)So,she’sgota seofhumor,butpartofthatprobablyfrombeingsistersM:Nowyousaidthatyoursisterisverysimilartoyourfather,soareyouverysimilartoyourW:Coincidentally,yes,actually.(4)MymotherandIhavealotincommonintermsofourality,whi eansthatwegetalongverywell.M:So,likewhattraitsdoyouhaveinW:Iwouldsaythatwebothveryoftensaywhatwe’rethinking,whichnoteverybodylikestheM:IthinkbeingoutspokenisW:Itcanbe.(5)ThatiswhyIthinkit’sagoodqualitybutitsometimescanleadtomorethanyour‘repreparedM:Right.Well,itsoundslikeyouhaveanicebalance.W:Mm,wedo.M:Well,nicetalkingwithyou.Idohopetomeetyourfamilyoneday.W: etomyfamily.I’msuretheywillbegladtosee 语气词 overtime;assignment;salary;wage;pay;qualification;resumereferenceletter;application;applicantfirequitresignpulsorycourse;optional/selectivecourse;register;registrationstudentdebt/loan/transaction/rate/program;studio;TVshow;talkshow;hostToday,wearegoingtodiscuss/talkabout….Today,inthisstudiowehaveXXX…XXX,hisbookXXXoffersadvice

MaleandFemaleRolesinInthetraditionalmarriage,themanworkedtoearnmoneyforthefamily./Thewomanstayedathometocareforthechildrenandherhusband./Butthingsaredifferentthesedays./Therearetwomajordifferencesinthemaleandfemalerolesnow./Oneisthatbothmenandwomenhavemanymorechoices./Theymaychoosetomarryorstaysingle./Theymaychoosetoworkortostayathome./Aseconddifferenceisthat,withinmarriagemanydecisionsareshared./Menandwomennowdecidethingstogetherinamarriage.workedto弱化读Class

ASpeechDuringFreshmen’s---- attendanceis ngso:noattendance 2:inassigned----Individualworkinthelaboratoryofthecomputer ----Private hoursperMethodsof----Final5piecesofwrittenworkchosenfrom Finalexamof3three-hourpapers,ora10,000 informationfrom 7,eatinganddrinkinginthe8 ----Nomorethan5guestsduringthe forlargerASpeechduringFreshmen'sIwouldfirstofallliketo eyoualltothecollege.IknowyouhaveallworkedhardinordertogethereandIhopeyouwillfindallyourefforthasbeenworthwhileandthatwewillbeabletohelpyouachieveyourambitionsasfaraspossible.Pleasemakeuseofourfacilitiestothefullandifyouareinanydoubtofwhatwehavetooffer,pleasedonothesitatetoask,Iwouldliketomakecleartoyouyourpartofthecontract,whichyoumustfulfillifyouwishustofulfillours.Learning,asI'msureyourealizeisatwowayprocessandwithoutasignificantinvestmentfromyou,alloureffortswillcometonothing.Now，aboutclassattendance.Youarerequiredtoattend80%ofclasses.Ifyoudonotdoso,wewillnotbeabletogiveyouaofattendanceshouldyourequireoneforanyparticularpurpose.Inotherwords,wewillnotregardyouashavingfollowedthecourseatall.Thecompulsorycoursesarethoseclassesyoutakeinyourassignedgroups.Inaminute,Mr.Lucaswilllyouwhichgroupyouarein.Theextra,individualworkavailableinthelaboratoryorthecomputerroomis,ofcourse,optional.Inadditiontoclasswork,youaresupposedtoputin3-4hoursadayofprivatestudy.Thisyearwehavechangedourmethodsofassessment,inanefforttogetawayfromtheformalexaminationandmovetowardsasystemwhichbetterreflectsworkdonethroughouttheyear.Youarerequiredtohandin5piecesofwrittenworkaspartofyourfinalassessment—theseyoumaychoosefromyourclassassignments.Atofthecoursetherewillaformalexaminationconsistingof3three-hourpapers.Youdonothavetotakethelastofthese—youcansubmita10,000wordextendedessayinstead.Youshoulddiscussthetitleofthiswithyourtutor.Youcanobtainmoredetailsabouttheexaminationfromyourtutor.Onamorepracticalnote,wedonotwanttohavetoomanyrulesandregulations,butforthesakeofpublicsafetyandcomforttheremustbesome.Itisexpresslyforbiddentosmokeintheclassroomsasthisposesafirehazard.Wealsoaskthatyoudonottakefoodanddrinkintotheclassrooms.Aboutyourdorm.Youarenotpermittedtoputupovernightguestsinyourrooms.Similarly,wecan'tallowyoutoentertainmorethan5guestsduringthedayinyourrooms,asthiscausesadisturbance.Ifyouwishtoholdlargerparties,pleasereservethecommonroomforthatpurpose.Wehopethatyouwillfindtheserulesreasonableandenjoyyourstaywithus.IwillnowhandyoubacktoMissJohnson,whowillassignyoutoyourgroups.ConversationA.ThereturntripistooThereisnotechnologytogetpeoplePeopledon’twanttoThereturntripistooA.In B.C. D.A.ThekindofpeoplesuitablefortheInterestsandhobbiesoftheRecruitmentofpeopleforthePreparationforthetriptoWhyisthetriptoMarsaone-wayAccordingtotheman,whatismostimportantforthoseWhatisthelastpartoftheconversationC:oJ:oC:DoyouliketoJ:Ohyes,IlovegoingtonewandinterestingC:Whatdoyouthinkoftheideaofaone-waytriptoMars?J:YoudomeantheplanetMars?C:Well,thisiswhatisbeingplannedatthemomentbyacompanyintheNetherlands.TheyareplanningtosendpeopletomarsandthepeoplewhogowouldneverbeabletocomebacktoJ:SoundslikequiteaC:Whatisinterestingaboutitisthatthiswouldbeaone-waytrip.J:Whyisthisaone-waytrip?C:It’sabouttechnology.AlthoughwedohavetheknowledgeandtechnologytogetpeopleMars,wecan’tgetthemJ:That’sabigcommitment,isn’tit?ButIimaginesomepeoplewilljumpattheopportunity.Butwhatkindof aretheygoingtorecruitforthis“tripofalifetime”?C:Theywantsmartpeople,whi eansclever,in ligentpeopleThesepeopleneedtobehealthybothphysicallyandmentally.Theyalsoneedpeoplewithveryspecificskills.J:IwouldthinkC:AndthereissomethingmoreJ:What’sC:Character.Youneedtohavetheright J:Whatothercharacteristicsaretheylookingfor?C:Theywantpeoplewhocanstillworkwellwhenthingsarebad.PeoplewhoarecalminaSofromwhatyou’veheard,doesitsoundlikethejobforJ:Absoluynot,Idon’tmindtravelingbutIthinkit’sbigfarforme.AndwhataboutC:No,it’snotforme,Ihavetosay,I’mnotmadeoftherightstuff.Idon’tthinkI’mthekind whocanhandleacrisiswithcalm!A.GoingtothehighVisitingeveryBuyingthingslikeelectricalVisitingshopsandbuyingA. B. C. D.A.TheywanttoknowmoreaboutTheycanreturntheproductTheywanttoseetherealthingTheycanbargainforalowershopWhatisWhatisthepercentageofpeoplewhoshowroomedduringChristmasshopWhydidpeopleR:o,L:o,R:HappyNewYeartoyou,Linda.Thefestivalseasonisover-so,didallthatholidayshopbreakthebank?L:Youmean,didIspendtoomu oney?Well,yesIdid.R:Well,doyouknowaboutshowrooming?L:Yes,customersvisitshopstoseeandtestproductsbeforebuyingthemR:Yeah,youseetechnologyischangingthewayweshopanditcouldspelldisaster-orbeverybadfor-thehighstreet.L:Thehighstreet,youmeanthoseeverydayshopsthatwenormallyseeinourtowncenters?Thingslikeshoeshops,newsagents,supermarkets.R:Yes,thehighstreetiscompetingwiththeinternet.IbuythingslikeCDs,electricalgoodsandfoodonline.R:Yeah,youseetechnologyischangingthewayweshopanditcouldspelldisaster-orbeverybadfor-thehighstreet.L:Thehighstreet,youmeanthoseeverydayshopsthatwenormallyseeinourtowncenters?Thingslikeshoeshops,newsagents,supermarkets.R:Yes,thehighstreetiscompetingwiththeinternet.IbuythingslikeCDs,electricalgoodsandfoodonline.L:Ah,buthaveyouever“showroomed”before,R:Yes,Ishowroomedandthenboughtacameraataknock-downpriceonline.IknowI’mnotaloneinngthisthough.Researchfound24%ofpeople“showroomed”whileChristmasshoplastyear.L:Andamarketresearchcompanyalsofoundonethirdofconsumersaroundtheworldsaidtheyusedthistypeofshop.R:Now,althoughpeoplettotryandsavemoney,thereareotherreasonsforthis,too.L:Whatarethey?R:Threereasonsforpeopletoshowroom:theyareshortontime,shortonmoney,andtheywantL:Yes,reassurance–sotheywanttoknowthattheproductreallylookslikeandtheywanttobeconfidenttheyarebuyingtherightthing.R:Ithinkthat’strue,IliketoinspectwhatIambuying.Ifyougotoashopandlookatthething,yougetamuchbetterideaofwhatit’slike-butIalsowantaL:WecouldsayweusetheinternettoshopR:That’sgoodphrase,meaningtolookaroundforthebestEmotionalReactiontoNomatterwhoyouare,whereyoulive,/orwhatyourculturalbackgroundis,/getsomepleasurefromlisteningtotheirfavoritemusic./However,somepeoplearesimplynotthavetroublehearingmusicproperly,either.Instead,they’rejustindifferenttomusic./Researchershaveconductedstudiestofindout/whysomepeoplehavenoemotionalreactiontomusic./However,despitetheirefforts,themysteryremains.Critical

TheLinguisticGiftofDeclineofbabies’languagelearningabilityoccursatof(1) Labwork·Howbabieslearn inthefirstcritical·develoamodelforbabiesintheircriticalperiods--language--social,emotionaland BabiesneedtoTheyaretrainedtoturntheirheadswhen Apandabearpoundsadrumifbabiesare Babiescan ofall elanguage-boundbefore --soundreactionbetweenAmericanandJapanese-6to8monthsold:-twomonthslater:Twoeventsduringthecriticaltwo whenlisteningtoa--changeofbabies'brainswhendistributionsLanguagelearningmayslowdownwhensound eTheLinguisticGiftofGoodmorning,everyone.Intoday‘slecture,I’mgoingtotalkaboutsomethingyoucan'tsee.Thatis,what'sgoingoninthelittlebrainofababy,forexample,howbabieslearnalanguage.Itisalwaysaquestionpeopleshowgreatinterestin.Babiesandchildrenaregeniusesuntiltheyturnseven,andthenthere'sasystematicdecline.Workinmylabisfocusedonthefirstcriticalperiodindevelopment,andthatistheperiodinwhichbabiestrytomasterwhichsoundsareusedintheirlanguage.Wethink,bystudyinghowthesoundsarelearned,we'llhaveamodelfortherestoflanguage,andperhapsforcriticalperiodsthatmayexistinchildhoodforsocial,emotionalandcognitivedevelopment.Sowe'vebeenstudyingthebabiesbyconductinganexperiment.Duringourexperiment,thebaby,usuallyasix-monther,sitsonaparent'slap,andwetrainthemtoturntheirheadswhenasoundchanges---likefrom"ah"to"ee.”Iftheydosoattheappropriatetime,theblackboxlightsupandapandabearpoundsadrum.Whathavewelearned?Well,babiesallovertheworldarewhatIliketodescribeas"citizensoftheworld.”Theycandiscriminateallthesoundsofalllanguages,nomatterwhatcountrywe'retestingandwhatlanguagewe'reusing,andthat'sremarkablebecauseyouknowIcan'tdothat.We'reculture-boundlisteners.Wecandiscriminatethesoundsofourownlanguage,butnotthoseofforeignlanguages.Otherquestionarises:Whendothosecitizensoftheworldturnintothelanguage-boundlistenersthatweare?Andtheanswer:beforetheirfirstbirthdays.Whatyouseehereisperformanceonthathead-turntaskforbabiestestedinTokyoandtheUnitedStates,hereinSeattle,astheylistenedtothe"ra"and"la”---soundsimportanttoEnglish,butnottoJapanese.Soatsixtoeightmonths,thebabiesaretotallyequivalent.Twomonthslater,something,somethingincredibleoccurs.ThebabiesintheUnitedStatesaregettingalotbetter,whilebabiesinJapanaregettingalotworse.Sothequestionis:Whatishappeningduringthecriticaltwo-monthperiod?Weknowthisisthecriticalperiodforsounddevelopment,butwhat'sgoingonupthere?Maybetherearetwothingsgoingon.Thefirstisthatthebabiesarelisteningintentlytous,andthey'retakingstatisticsastheylistentoustalk---they'retakingstatistics.Thatistosay,thetwobabieslistentotheirownmothersspeakingmotherese---theuniversallanguageweusewhenwetalktokids.Duringtheproductionofspeech,whenbabieslisten,whatthey'rengistakingstatistics,thatis,sounddistributiononthelanguagethattheyhear.Andthosesounddistributionsgrowandbabiesabsorbmore.Andwhatwe'velearnedisthatbabiesaresensitivetothestatistics,andthestatisticsofJapaneseandEnglisharevery,verydifferent.Imeanthesounddistributionofbothlanguagesisdifferent.Sobabiesabsorbthestatisticsofthelanguageanditchangestheirbrains;itchangesthemfromthecitizensoftheworldtotheculture-boundlistenersthatweare.Becauseweasadultsarenolongerabsorbingthosestatistics.Inthiscase,ofcourse,we'rearguingthatthelearningoflanguagematerialmayslowdownwhenourdistributionsstabilize.OK,todaywejusttalkedaboutarecentprojectonbabies'languagedevelopment.Inournextlecture,wewillconcentrateonbilingualpeople,howbilingualskeeptwosetsofstatisticsinmindatonce.Now,youhavetwominutestocheckyourwork.ConversationA.ManyforeignlanguagesarespokeninEveryoneinBritaincanspeakaforeignTheBritishareunabletospeakaforeignTheBritishcansurviveontheirmotherA. B. C. D.A.TohelpimproveinternationalToallowaspeakertoholdasimpleToimprovetheeducationToencouragelearninganotherA.Itgivesyouself-ItmakesyoumoreItgivesyouanItmakesyouworkA. B. C.Teacherand D.BrotherandAccordingtotheman,whatisaBritishWhatisthesecondmost-spokenlanguageintheWhywasthe1,000WordsnAccordingtotheman,whichisnotconsideredanadvantageoflearningaforeignWhat’sthemostprobablerelationshipbetweenthemanandtheW:Hi,Bob.YouspeakverygoodM:Notreally,Mary.Ijustknowalittle.Actually,notbeingabletospeakaforeignlanguageIsabitofaBritishtrait,oraparticularBritishcharacteristic.TheBritisharegenerallyconsideredtobelazylinguists.Wejustdon'tbothertolearnanotherlanguage.W:Iguessthemainreasonisthatwhenyoutravelaroundtheworld,youfindthatEnglishisspokenalmosteverywhere.M:Yes,yes.Wegetby;wesurviveonjustusingourmotherW:Butyouseemtolovelearninglanguagesalot.Howmanyforeignlanguagescanyouspeak?M:Notthatmany---abitofGerman,someFrench,Polishalittle,Chineseofcourse,abitofJapanese.That'saboutit.W:I'mimpressed.Well,whatisthesecondmostspokenlanguageinEngland?IsitChinese?M:No,Idon'tthinkso.W:Then,thatmustbeM:No.Accordingtotherecentcensus,104differentlanguagesarespokenintheUKandPolishisthesecondmostspokenlanguage,followedbyPunjabiandUrdu.W:ThendoyouhavetolearnaforeignlanguageinM:No,it'snotcompulsory.ButrecentlyanwaslaunchedtoencourageeveryoneintheW:1,000M:Yes.It'scalledthe1,000wordsnbecauseitsaysavocabularyof1,000wordswouldallowaspeakertoholdasimpleconversation.W:ThatsoundslikeagoodM:Yes.Itgivesyouself-satisfactionandself-esteemifyoucanspeakanotherlanguagewhenyou'retravelling.AndIthinkitalsogivesyouanedgeinalotofdifferentareasintheworkplace.Youfeelgoodaboutlearninganewskillandyoufeelgoodaboutyourselfanditboostsyourconfidence.ImaginegoingonholidaytoSpainandbeingabletospeaktothelocals.W:Ofcourseitdoesmakeonefeelgood.M:Andtherearealsoeconomicbenefitsofspeakinganotherlanguage.Itgivesyouanadvantage,especiallyifyouaredealingwithforeigncompanies.W:Yes.Italsoshowspolitenessandrespectforotherpeoplebyshowingyouhavemadeaneffort.M:Youareright.Mmm,IamafraidImustgetgoingnow.I'llhavemyChineseclassat10o'clock.W:Oh,Ihaveaclassat10aswell.Okay,seeyoulater.M:SeeConversationA.AnunreasonableAdangerousAsmallA.OneinoneOneinfourOneinfourteenOneinfortyA.FutureCatastrophicSmall-scaleSmokingA.TravelingbyRidingaCatchingbirdSmokingA.TheygetpleasurefromTheycancontrolpotentialTheycanassessdangerfromTheyhavesstrongneedsforAccordingtoAlice,whatisaWhatarethechancesofgettingknockedoffone’sbicycleandkilledinaone-Whatkindofeventdopeopletendtoworry ayinvolveachronicWhydosomepeopleenjoy oand etotoday'sprograme.I'mAlice.M:And...I'mJack. o,Jack.You'reoffonholidaytomorrow,aren'tyou?M:Iamandyouknow,andI'mdreadingit.Ihateflying!W:Doyou?Ididn'tknowyouhadaphobia---andthatmeansastrongandunreasonablefearofM:Well,Idon'tthinkthisisaphobiabecauseitisn'tunreasonable.Flyingthousandsoffeetupinthesky,youknow,that'snotsafe!W:Flyingissaferthanyouthink,Jack.It'smuchriskiertodriveorcycletowork.And,actually,risktakingisthesubjectoftoday'sshow!Riskmeansthechancesofsomethingbadhappening.Forexample,didyouknowthatyourchanceofbeingknockedoffyourbicycleandkilledduringaone-journeyisthesameasyourchancesofwinningthelottery?M:Ididn'tknowW:Canyouguesswhatarethechancesofeitherofthesetwothingshappening?M:Ihavenoidea.1inamillion?W:No,it's1in14million.Youareaslikelytowinthenationallotteryfromasingleticketasyouaretobeknockedoffyourbicycleandkilledduringaone- M:ButwhyarewebadatassessingW:Peopletypicallyfearanythingwhichissmallprobabilitybutit'sextremelycatastrophicifitweretohappen.Recentlywehaveanotherincreaseinthesebirds'outbreaks.Peoplereadaboutthat.Andtheymaypayalotofattentiontothatinthenewsbuttheymayforgettogettheirflushot.M:That'sright.Wetendtoworryaboutbigorcatastrophiceventssuchascatchingbirdfluordyinginaplanecrashbecausewereactemotionallytothem.W:Yeah.Catastrophiceventsfeellikeveryrealthreats,whilewetendtoforgetaboutthesmallbutchronicrisksthat emorelikelyovertime.M:Wedo.Soforexample,whatiftherewasacigarettethatkilledyouassoonasyousmokedit?Nobodywoulddothat,wouldthey?W:No,theyM:Butplentyofpeoplearehappytosmokeforyears,andputoffworryingaboutthehealthrisksforthefuture.W:Yes,that'sagoodpoint,Jack!Peoplefeeltheyareincontrolofrisksthatstretchovertime.Youknow,theythink,"Icouldstoptomorrow"or”Icouldsmokeless”.Butwhataboutpeoplewhoreallyenjoytakingbigrisks---thosethrillseekersoutthere?M:Peoplewhoenjoyextremesportsactuallyseekoutdanger---itgivesthemextremepleasure!Iftheriskisreallyhigh,itmeansthatthepleasureneedstobeequallyhighorhopefullyevenW:YouareLearningAbigpartofbeinghumanisfeelingsympathy,／buthowearlyoninourlivesdowethis?/Scientistsfindthatbabiesrespondtootherpeople/bycryingwhenotherbabies/However,babiescan'tdistinguishbetweenthemselvesandothers/untiltheyareeighteentotwentymonthsold./Toddlersstarttoshowconcernforothersaroundthistime./Kidsalsobegintodothingslikecomfortingotherpeople./Andbythetimetheyarethree,/mostchildrenwilltrytoprotectavictiminafight./;；

OnlineOnlinecoursescanbringthebestqualityeducationtopeoplearoundtheworldforComponentsofonlinenoconstraintsof--contentdesignforonline--short,modularunitseachdiscussing--differentwaysofdealingwiththe--a oreprovidingstudents onthe indifferent --medianresponsetime:22minutesBenefitsofonlineeducation--educationasa--enabling--makingOnlineeducationwillhaveapromisingOnlineGoodmorning,everybody.Intoday’slecture,wewilltalkaboutonlineeducation.Youknowinsomepartsoftheworld,itisnotthateasyforpeopletoreceiveeducation.AndevenintheUnitedSateswhereeducationisavailable,itmightnotbewithinreach.Thus,onlinecoursesprovidedbythoseworldfamousuniversitiescanbringthebestqualityeducationtoasmanypeopleaswecouldaroundtheworld,andforfree.First,let’stalkalittlebitaboutsomeofthecomponentsthatgointoonlineeducation.(1)Thefirstcomponentisthatwhenyoumoveawayfromtheconstraintsofaphysicalclassroomanddesigncontentforanonlineformat,youcanbreakawayfrom,forexample,theone-hourlectureformat.Youcanbr