专业英语带解释的

FinancialMarketsFinancialmarket金融市场：Afinancialmarketisamarketinwhichpeopleandentitiescantradefinancialsecurities,commoditiesandotherfungibleitemsofvalueatlowtransactioncostsandatpricesthatreflectssupplyanddemand.Internationalfinancialmarket国际金融市场：Afinancialmarketthatinvolvesparticipantsallovertheworld.(查不到自己编的，请慎重考虑)Directfinancing直接融资：Aninvestorpurchasesthesecuritiesissuedbyultimateborrowers(i.e.withoutintermediaries).Indirectfinancing间接融资：Indirectfinancingiswhereborrowersborrowfundsfromthefinancialmarketthroughindirectmeans,suchasthroughafinancialintermediary.Moneymarket货币市场：Moneymarketisacomponentoffinancialmarketforassetsinvolvedinshort-termborrowing,lending,buyingandsellingwithORIGINALmaturitiesofoneyearorless.Capitalmarket资本市场：Capitalmarketprovidesforthebuyingandsellingoflong-term(over1year)debtsorequity-backedsecurities.Foreignexchangemarket(orcurrencymarket)夕卜汇市场：Foreignexchangemarketdealswiththeexchangesofdifferentmeansofpayment.Primarymarket一级市场：Aprimarymarketisamarketinwhichnewissuesofasecurity(likeabondorastock),aresoldtoinitialbuyersbythecorporationorgovernmentagencyborrowingthefunds.Secondarymarket二级市场：Asecondarymarketiswhereiswherethesaleofpreviouslyissuedsecuritiestakesplace.Exchangemarket交易所市场:Itisahighlyorganizedmarketwheretradablesecurities,commodities,foreignexchanges,futuresandoptioncontractsaresoldandbought.OTCmarket柜台市场：over-the-countermarket.Adecentralizedmarketofsecuritiesnotlistedonanexchangewheremarketparticipantstradeoverthetelephone,facsimileorelectronicnetworkinsteadofaphysicaltradingfloor.Technicalanalysis技术分析：Itistheartofdeducingprobablefuturetrendfromhistoricalrecordsofstocktrading.(thestudyofthestockmarketitselfratherthanexternalfactors)Fundamentalanalysis基本面分析或基础分析:Itexaminesallrelevantfactorsaffectingthestockpriceinordertodetermineanintrinsicvalueforthatstock.Thetop-downapproachorEconomy-Industry-Company(EIC)model自上而下法:1)selectacountrywhichcouldoffertheinvestorsbetterreturnsfromothereconomies;2)selectpromisingindustriesandcompaniesinthiscountry.Thebottom-uporstockpickingapproach自下而上法:Itistofindundervaluedstocksregardlessofthemarketandindustryfactors.CapitalMarketBond债券：Bondsaresecuritiesthatrepresentadebtowedbytheissuertotheinvestor.Theyobligatetheissuertopayaspecifiedamountatagivendate.Governmentnotesandbonds(Treasurybonds)国库券：Theyareissuedtofinancethenationaldebt.Difference:noteshaveaoriginalmaturityoflyearto10yearswhilebondshaveaoriginalmaturityof10-30years.Notethattheyarefreeofdefaultrisk.Corporatebonds公司债券：Largecorporationsissuebondsinordertoborrowfundsforlongperiodsoftime.Thebondindentureisacontractthatstatesthelenderprivilegesandsrightsandthetheborrower'sobligations.Stock股票：Sharesofstockinthefirmrepresentownership.Outstandingstock流通股：Thesharesofacorporation'sstockthathavebeenissuedandareinthehandsofthepublic.Mortgageloan抵押贷款：Amortgageloanisaloansecuredbyrealproperty.ForeignExchangeMarketExchangerate7匚率：Theratiooftwodifferentcurrencies.Billsofexchange票据：Theyarefinancialdocumentsthatrequiretheindividualorbusinessthatisaddressedinthedocumenttopayaspecifiedamountofmoneyonadatethatiscitedinthedocument.Demanddraft即期?匚票：Itisacheckcreatedbyamerchantwithabuyer'cseckingaccountnumberonit,butwithoutthebuyer'soriginalsignature.Bankersdraft专艮行汇票:Itisacheckwherethefundsaretakendirectlyfromfinancialinstitutionsratherthantheindividualdrawer’saccount.Foreignbond夕卜国债务：Abondissuedinadomesticmarketbyaforeignentity,inthedomesticmarket'scurrency.Dividendcheck股禾U支票：Ashareofprofitsintheformofchecksreceivedbyastockholder.（查不到自己编的，请慎重考虑）Pensioncheck养老金支票：Asumofmoneyintheformofcheckspaidregularlyasaretirementbenefitorbywayofpatronage.（查不到自己编的，请慎重考虑。另外，pension没有年金的意思，年金是annuity）Travelers'check支票:Itisapreprinted,fixed-amountcheckdesignedtoallowthepersonsigningittomakeanunconditionalpaymenttosomeoneelseasaresultofhavingpaidtheissuerforthatprivilege.Directquotationmethod直接报价法：Theratesarequotedintermsofvariablenumberofhomecurrencyperfixedforeigncurrencyunit.Indirectquotationmethod间接报价法：Theratesarequotedintermsofvariablenumberofforeigncurrencyperfixedhomecurrencyunit.Convertiblecurrency自由兑换货币：Theholderofaconvertiblecurrencycanchangeitfreelyintoanothercurrency.Spotrate即期?匚率：Thepricethatisquotedforimmediatesettlementonacommodity,asecurityoracurrency.Forwardrate远期?匚率：Arateapplicabletoafinancialtransactionthatwilltakeplaceinthefuture.Crossrate交叉汇率：Theexchangeratebetweentwocurrenciesexpressedastheratiooftwoforeignexchangeratesthatarebothexpressedintermsofathirdcurrency.FinancialInstrumentsFinancialinstruments金融工具：Afinancialinstrumentisatradableassetofanykind;eithercash,evidenceofanownershipinterestinanentity,oracontractualrighttoreceiveordelivercashoranotherfinancialinstrument.Debtinstruments债务工具：Theyarecontractualagreementsbytheborrowertopaytheholderoftheinstrumentsfixedamountatregularintervalsuntilthematuritydate.Equities权益工具：Theyareclaimtoshareinthenetincomeandassetsofabusiness.Cashinstruments直接金融工具：Cashinstrumentsarefinancialinstrumentswhosevalueisdetermineddirectlybythemarkets.Derivativeinstruments彳行生工具：Theyarefinancialinstrumentswhichderivetheirvaluefromthevalueandcharacteristicsofoneormoreunderlyingentitiessuchasanasset,index,orinterestrate.Maturitydate到期日：Thematurityofthedebtinstrumentisthetimetotheinstrument'sexpirationdate.Short-termdebt短期债务:Itsmaturityislessthanayear.Long-termdebt长期彳^务:Itsmaturityistenyearorlonger.Intermediate-termdebt中期债务:Itsmaturityisbetweenoneandtenyears.Commonstock普通股：Itsholderswillhavetheownershipofthecorporationprostandtheinterestproducedbyitsassets,therighttovoteforitsboardofdirectorsandtherightassetdistributionincaseofitsbankruptcy.Preferredstock优先股：ItsholderswillhavetherighttogetaportionofdividendsbeforeitsdistributiontoallCommonStockholders,buttheyhavenorighttovoteorvetofortheboardofdirectors.Dividends股禾1:Itistheportionofcorporateprofitspaidouttostockholders.Capitalgain资本禾U得：Acapitalgainisaprofitthatresultsfromadispositionofacapitalasset.Forwardcontract远期合同：Anagreementtobuyorsellanassetatacertaindateatacertainprice.Forwardprice远期价格：Theagreeduponpriceoftheunderlyingassetinaforwardcontract.Futures期货：Futuresarestandardizedforwardtransactionswhicharetradedonexchanges,i.e.notOTC.Swaps掉期互换：Itcontainstwosimultaneousinseparablecontract-deals,thefirstforspotdelivery,andthesecondforfuturedelivery.Option期权：Acontractinwhichthewriterpromisesthatthecontractbuyerhastheright,butnottheobligation,tobuyorsellacertainsecurityatacertainprice(thestrikeprice)onorbeforeacertainexpirationdate.Foreignexchangeoption夕卜汇期权：Itgivestheownertherightbutnottheobligationtoexchangemoneydenominatedinonecurrencyintoanothercurrencyatapre-agreedexchangerateonaspecifieddate.Europeanoptioncontract欧式期权：Anoptioncontractthatmayonlybeexercisedontheexpirationdate.Americanoption美式期权：Anoptioncontractthatmaybeexercisedatanytimeonorbeforetheexpirationdate.CallOption看涨期权(买入):Therighttobuyacertainamountofacurrencyatafixedrate(strikeprice)atapre-arrangedexpirydatePutOption看跌期权(卖出):Therighttosellacertainamountofacurrencyatafixedrate(strikeprice)atapre-arrangedexpirydate.FinancialInstitutionsFinancialinstitution(financialintermediation/financialintermediary)金融机构：Financialinstitutionisaninstitutionthatprovidesfinancialservicesforitsclientsormembers.Commercialbanking商业车艮行活动：1)creationofmoneythroughlendingandinvestingactivities;2)holdingofthedeposits;3)provisionofamechanismforpaymentandtransferoffunds.Investmentbanking投资车艮行活动：Investmentbankingarebankingactivitiesassociatedwithsecuritiesunderwriting,makingamarketinsecurities,andarrangingmergers,acquisitionsandrestructuring.Pensionfund养老基金：Apensionfundisanyplan,fund,orschemewhichprovidesretirementincome.TheCentralBank中央专艮行：Acentralbankisapublicinstitutionthatmanagesastate'scurrency,moneysupply,andinterestrates.Centralbanksalsousuallyoverseethecommercialbankingsystemoftheirrespectivecountries.CommercialBankingT-bill国库券：T-billswhichhavenodefaultrisksareissuedbythegovernmenttofinancethenationaldebt.Thenegotiablecertificateofdeposit可转让定期存单：Anegotiablecertificateofdepositisabank-issuedsecuritythatdocumentsadepositandspecifiestheinterestrateandthematuritydate.Bankersacceptances专艮行承兑汇票：Ashort-termdebtinstrumentissuedbyafirmthatisguaranteedbyacommercialbank.Repurchaseagreements回购协议:ItisthesaleofsecuritiestogetherwithanagreementforthesellertobuybackthesecuritiesatalaterdateSettlement结算：Settlementisthestrikingofabalancebetweentwoormorepartieshavingdealingswithoneanother.Trust信托：Arelationshipinwhichoneparty,knownasthetrustor,givestoapersonororganization,knownasthetrustee,therighttoholdandinvestassetsorpropertyonbehalfofathirdparty,knownasthebeneficiary.Lease租赁：Anagreementbetweentwopartieswherebyonepartyallowstheothertousehis/herpropertyforacertainperiodoftimeinexchangeforaperiodicfee.Factoring保理：Factoringisshort-termfinancingfromthenonrecoursesaleofaccountsreceivabletoathirdparty.Debtor债务人：Aperson,company,orotherorganizationthatowesmoneytoanotherindividual,company,ororganization.Creditor债权人：Apersonorcompanytowhomoneowesmoney.PromissoryNotes本票：Awrittenpromisemadebyonepartytomakeastatedpaymentinfullbyacertaindate.Paymentorder付款委托书：Instructionstotransferfundssentviapaperand/orelectronicmeans.MailTransfer(M/T)信7匚：Amailtransferistotransferfundsbymeansofapaymentorderoramailadvice,orsometimesadebitadviceissuedbyaremittingbank,attherequestofaremitter.DemandDraft(D/D)票?匚：Adraftorbillthatispayableondemandoruponpresentation.TelegraphicTransfer(T/T)电汇：TelegraphictransferreferstoremittancebySwift.Documentarycollection跟单托收：Itisanoperationinwhichabankcollectspaymentonbehalfoftheseller(theprincipal)bydeliveringdocumentstothebuyer.Collectionorder托收委托书：Itisatypeofdocumentinwhichanattempttopromotethetenderingofapaymentorthedeliveranceofsomesortofinformationismade.Invoice发票：Astatementgivenbyasellertoabuyeritemizingthesaleanddemandingpayment.Billoflading运单：Adocumentissuedbyacarriertoashipper,listingandacknowledgingreceiptofgoodsfortransportandspecifyingtermsofdelivery.Collectingbank代收行：Abankthatassistsinobtainingpaymentinaccordancewithdraftpaymentterms.Documentsagainstpayment(D/P)支付交单：Thepresentingbankisauthorizedtoreleasethedocumentstothedraweeonlyagainstimmediatepayment.Documentsagainstacceptance(D/A)承兑交单：Thepresentingbankreleasesthedocumentstotheimporteragainsthisacceptanceofabillofexchange.DocumentaryCredit跟单信用证：查不到，应该和信用证的意义一致。Letterofcredit信用证:Itisadocumentthatafinancialinstitutionorsimilarpartyissuestoasellerofgoodsorserviceswhichprovidesthattheissuerwillpaythesellerforgoodsorservicesthesellerdeliverstoathird-partybuyer.Advisingbank通矢口行：ThebankwhichadvisesaLetterofCredittotheBeneficiaryattherequestoftheissuingbank.Confirmingbank保兑行：ThebankwhichaddsconfirmationtoanLC.Issuingbank开证行：Thebankwhichissuesacredit.NominatedBank才旨定行:ThebankwithwhichcreditisavailableGuarantee保函：Apromisemadebyathirdpartytoprovidepaymentonabond.BidBonds/TenderGuarantees/TenderBond/BidSecurity/BidGuarantee投标保函：Theyguaranteethatthewinningbidderwillundertakethecontractunderthetermsatwhichtheybid.PerformanceGuarantees/PerformanceBond/PerformanceSecurity履约保函:Itisasuretybondissuedbyaninsurancecompanyorabanktoguaranteesatisfactorycompletionofaprojectbyacontractor.DownorAdvancePaymentGuarantee/RefundmentGuaranteefortheAdvancePayment/RepaymentGuarantee预付款保函：Itguaranteetherepaymentincaseofnoncontractualdelivery.Retentionmoneyguarantees保留金保函：Thisguaranteesecuressellercompliancewithhiswarrantyobligationsandenablesthebuyertoreleasetheretainedamountbeforeterminationofthewarrantyperiod.Maintenanceguarantees维修保函：Itistosecuretheconstructorobligationsduringthemaintenanceperiodoncetheconstructionhasbeencompleted.Certificateofanarbitrationaward(orarbitralaward):仲裁判决证明书Forwardingagent'scertificateofreceipt(FCR货代理商的运货单据StandbyLetterofCredit备用信用证:Itisdesignedtoindemnifythebeneficiaryintheeventofopeningbank'clienttofailincomplyingwithhiscommitmentsarisingoutoftheunderlyingcontract.CommercialLoans商业贷款:Itisadebtevidencedbyanotewhichspecifies,amongotherthings,theprincipalamount,interestrate,anddateofrepayment.ExportCredit出口信贷：Itisgovernment(governmentexportcreditagencies)guaranteedlendingchanneledthroughacommercialbanktosupportexport.Buyercredit买方信贷：Inbuyercredit,exporter'bankprovidesloanstotheimporter(importerbankguarantees)ortoimporter'bsnk,whichon-lends(转贷)theloantotheimporter.Suppliercredit卖方信贷：Insuppliercredit,exporter'bankprovidesloanstothesupplier(exporter)tofinancethecontractwithspecialpaymenttermswhichimporterpaysforthecontractgoodsbyhalfyearlyinstallments.Forfaiting福费廷：Forfaitingprovidesasourceofnon-recoursefinancethroughuseofdrafts,promissorynotesorotherinstrumentsrepresentingsumsduetotheexporter.Itisafirm-basedoperationthatthefirmsellsoneofitstransactions.Syndicatedloan专艮团贷款：Asyndicatedloanisalargecreditloanarrangedbyaleadbankbetweenaborrower,itself,andagroupofotherbanksthatarepartiestotheoriginalcreditagreement.Build-operate-transfer(BOT)项目融资:Itisaformofprojectfinancing,whereinaprivateentityreceivesaconcessionfromtheprivateorpublicsectortofinance,design,construct,andoperateafacilitystatedintheconcessioncontract.Aconcessionagreement:特许经营协议InvestmentBankInvestmentbank投资专艮行：Investmentbanksarefinancialinstitutionsengagedininvestmentbankingactivities.Investmentbanking投资车艮彳f活动：Theyareassociatedwithsecuritiesunderwriting,makingamarketinsecurities,andarrangingmergers,acquisitionsandrestructuring.Proprietarytrading自营业务：Itoccurswhenafirmtradesstocks,bonds,currencies,commodities,theirderivatives,orotherfinancialinstruments,withthefirm'sownmoneyasopposedtoitscustomers'money,soastomakeaprofitforitself.Underwriting承销：Itmeansthattheinvestmentbankerpromisestobuythesecurities.Feebanking收费业务：Itinvolvesactivitiesearningafeesuchasadvisingonmergersandacquisitions,securitiesandeconomicresearches,andothertypesoffinancialconsulting.Mergersandacquisitions兼并和收购：Itmeansonecompanywouldattempttotakeoveranotherbygainingenoughofitscommonstocktogaincontrol.Conglomeratemerger混合并购：ItisthecombinationoffirmsindifferentindustriesorfirmsoperatingindifferentgeographicareasFinancialRisksCreditrisk信用风险:Itreferstotheriskthataborrowerwilldefaultonanytypeofdebtbyfailingtomakepaymentswhichitisobligatedtodo.Exchangerisk汇率风险:Itisafinancialriskposedbyanexposuretounanticipatedchangesintheexchangeratebetweentwocurrencies.Defaultrisk违约风险：Similartocreditrisks.Interestraterisk禾U率风险：Theriskarousedbyinterestratechanges.Politicalrisk政治风险：Theriskofastrategic,financial,orpersonnellossforafirmbecauseofsuchnonmarketfactorsasmacroeconomicandsocialpoliciesoreventsrelatedtopoliticalinstability.Risktransfer风险转移：Risksaretransferredtootherpartiesthroughacertainmechanism.(自己编的，请慎重考虑)Currency:货币Themoneyusedinacountry-euros,dollars,yen,etc.-isitsC..Overtime;力口班时间moneyreceivedforworkingextrahours.Pension;养老金moneypaidbyacompanyorthegovernmenttoaretiredP..Mortgage;租金repaymentsofmoneyborrowedtobuyahouseorflat.Budget;预算afinancialplan,showinghowmuchmoneyapersonororganizationexpectstoearnandspendiscalledabudget.Shareholders;股东thepeoplewhoinvestmoneyinsharesarecalledshareholders.Revenue;收入allthemoneycomingintoacompanyduringagivenperiodisrevenue.Dividend股禾1thepartofitsprofitthatacompanypaystoitsshareholdersisaD.Balancesheet资产负债表showsthecompany'sasthetshingitowes,itsliabilities-themoneyitowes;itscapital.Assets资产thecapitalabankhasandtheloansithasmadeareit'sAAuditing审计Ameansexaminingacompany'ssystemsofcontrolandtheaccuracyorexactnessofitsrecords.Externalaudit夕卜部审计isdonebyindependentauditors;auditorswhoarenotemployeesofthecompany.Partnerships合伙企业aPisabusinessarrangementinwhichseveralpeopleworktogether,andsharetherisksandprofits.Depreciation折旧reducingthevalueofassetsinthecompany'saccounts.Full-disclosureprinciple全面披露theFprinciplestatesthatfinancialreportingmustincludeallsignificantinformation;anythingthatmakesadifferencetotheusersoffinancialstatements.Revenuerecognitionprinciple收入确认原贝Uisthatreyenueisrecognizedintheaccountingperiodinwhichitisearned.Matchingprinciple配比原贝Uwhichisrelatedtorevenuerecognitionstatesthateachcostorexpenserelatedtorevenueearnedmustberecordedinthesameaccountingperiodastherevenueithelpedtoearn.'Currentassets流动资产whichwillbeusedorconvertedintocashinlessthanayear.Externalauditors夕卜部审计人员independentauditorswhodonotworkforthecompanyLedger总分类账abookofaccountsLiabilities;负债Lareobligationstopayotherorganizationsorpeople,moneythatthecompanyowes,orwilloweatafatedateSuppliers供应商companieswhichproviderawmaterialsorparts.Goodwill商誉;theamountacompanypaysforanotherone,inexcessofthenetvalueofitsassets.Retainedearnings;留存收益profitsfrompreviousyearsthathavenotbeendistributedTangibleassets有形资产areassetswithaphysicalexistence-thingsyoucantouch-suchasproperty,plantandequipmentCurrentliabilities流动短期侦债CareexpectedtobepaidwithinayearofthedateofthebalancesheetCreditors应付账款largelysuppliersofgoodsorservicestothebusinesswhoarenotpaidatthetimeofpurchaseDeferredtaxes应交禾兑金moneythatwillhavetobepaidastaxinthefutur