2017-1995年英语专业八级改错持续更新(部分详解)文字校对版

1995-2017年英语专业八级改错真题及答案（文字 /答案校对版）2017年改错真题Theabilitytocommunicateistheprimaryfactorthatdistinguisheshumanbeingsfromanimals.Anditistheabilitytocommunicatewellwhich1. distinguishesoneindividualfromanother.Thefactisthatapartfromthebasicnecessities,oneneedstobeequippedwithhabitsforgoodcommunicationskills,thusthisis2. whatwillmakeoneahappyandsuccessfulsocialbeing.Inordertodevelopthesehabits,oneneedstofirstacknowledgethefactthattheyneedtoimprovecommunicationskillsfromtimetotime.Theyneedtotakestockofthewayhowtheyinteractandthedirection3. inwhichtheirworkandpersonalrelationsaregoing.Theonlyconstantinlifeischange,themoreoneacceptsone’sstrengthsandworks4. towardsdealingwiththeirshortcomings,speciallyintheareaof5. communicationskills,thebetterwillbetheirinteractionsandthemoretheirsocialpopularity.Thedominatedquestionthatcomeshereis:Howtoimprove6. communicationskills?Theanswerissimple.Onecanfindplentyofliteratureonthis.Therearealsoexperts,whoconductworkshopsandseminarsbasedoncommunicationskillsofmenandwomen.Infact,alargenumberofcompaniesarebringingintrainerstoregularlymakesessionsonthesubject,inorderto 7. helptheirworkforcemaintainbetterinterpersonalworkrelations.Todayeffectivecommunicationskillshavebecomeapredominantfactorevenwhilerecruitingemployees.Whileinterviewingcandidates,mostinterviewersjudgethemonthebasisoftheskillstheycommunicatewith.Theybelievethatsomeskillscanbeimprovisedonthejob;butabilityto8. communicatewellisimportant,aseveryemployeebecomestherepresentingfaceofthecompany.Therearetrainers,whospecializedindeliveringcustom-made9. programsonthesubject.Throughthesessionstheynotonlyfacilitatebettercommunicationskillsintheworkplace,butalsolookintotheproblemsinthemannerofbeingabletoconveymessageseffectively.10. 2016年改错真题Allsocialunitsdevelopaculture.Evenintwo-personrelationships,aculturedevelopsintime.Infriendshipandromanticrelationships,1. forexample,partnersdeveloptheirownhistory,sharedexperiences,languagepatterns,habits,andcustomsgivethatrelationshipaspecial2. character—acharacterthatdiffersitinvariouswaysfrom 3. otherrelationships.Examplesmightincludespecialdates,places,songs,oreventsthatcometohaveauniqueandimportantsymbolicmeaningforthetwoindividuals.Thus,any4. socialunit—whetherarelationship,group,organization,orsociety—developsaculturewiththepassageoftime.Whilethedefiningcharacteristicsofeachcultureareunique,allculturessharecertainsamefunctions.Therelationshipbetween5. communicationandcultureisaverycomplexintimateone. 6. Culturesarecreatedthroughcommunication;thatis,communicationisthemeansofhumaninteraction,throughitculturalcharacteristics7. arecreatedandshared.Itisnotsomuchthatindividualssetouttocreateaculturewhentheyinteractinrelationships,groups,organizations,orsocieties,butratherthanthatculturesareanaturalby-productofsocialinteraction.8. Inasense,culturesarethe “residue”muWithoutcommunicationandcommunicationmedia,itwouldbeimpossibletohaveandpassalongculturalcharacteristicsfromoneplaceandtimeto9. another.Onecansay,furthermore,thatcultureiscreated,shaped,10. transmitted,andlearnedthroughcommunication.2015年改错真题WhenIwasinmyearlyteens,Iwastakentoaspectacularshowonicebythemotherofafriend.Lookedroundattheluxuryofthe1. rink,myfriend’smotherremarkedonthe“plushs”eatswehadbeengiven.Ididnotknowwhatshemeant,andbeingproudofmy 2. vocabulary,Itriedtoinferitsmeaningfromthecontext.“Plush”wasclearlyintendedasacomplimentary,apositiveevaluation;that3. muchIcouldtellitfromthetoneofvoiceandthecontext.SoI 4. startedtousetheword.Yes,Ireplied,theycertainlyareplush,andsoaretheicerinkandthecostumesoftheskatersa,ren’tthey?Myfriend’smotherwasverypolitetocorrectme,butIcouldtellfromher5. expressionthatIhadnotgotthewordquiteright.Oftenwecanindeedinferfromthecontextwhatawordroughlymeans,andthatisinfactthewaywhichweusuallyacquireboth6. newwordsandnewmeaningsforfamiliarwords,speciallyinour7. ownfirstlanguage.Butsometimesweneedtoask,asIshouldhaveaskedforplush,andthisisparticularlytrueinthe 8. aspectofaforeignlanguage.Ifyouarecontinuallysurroundedby9 speakersofthelanguageyouarelearning,youcanaskthemdirectly,butoftenthisopportunitydoesnotexistforthelearnerofEnglish.Sodictionarieshavebeendevelopedtomendthegap. 10. 2014年改错真题Thereiswidespreadconsensusamongscholarsthatsecondlanguageacquisition(SLA)emergedasadistinctfieldofresearchfromthelate1950stoearly1960s.Thereisahighlevelofagreementthatthefollowingquestions1. havepossessedthemostattentionofresearchersinthisarea: 2. Isitpossibletoacquireanadditionallanguageinthesamesenseoneacquiresafirstlanguage? 3. Whatistheexplanationforthefactadultshave 4.moredifficultyinacquiringadditionallanguagesthanchildrenhave?Whatmotivatespeopletoacquireadditionallanguages?Whatistheroleofthelanguageteachinginthe 5.acquisitionofanadditionallanguage?Whatsocio-culturalfactors,ifany,arerelevantinstudyingthelearningofadditionallanguages?Fromacheckoftheliteratureofthefielditisclearthatall6. theapproachesadoptedtostudythephenomenaofSLAsofarhaveonethingincommon:Theperspectiveadoptedtoviewtheacquiringofanadditionallanguageisthatofanindividualattemptstodo7. so.Whetheronelabelsit “learning”or“acquiring”anadditionallanguage,itisanindividualaccomplishmentorwhatisunder8. focusisthecognitive,psychological,andinstitutionalstatusofanindividual.Thatis,thespotlightisonwhatmentalcapabilitiesareinvolving,whatpsychologicalfactorsplayaroleinthelearning9. oracquisition,andwhetherthetargetlanguageislearntintheclassroomoracquiredthroughsocialtouchwithnativespeakers.10. 2013年改错真题Psycho-linguisticsisthenamegiventothestudyofthepsychologicalprocessesinvolvedinlanguage.Psycholinguisticsstudyunderstanding,productionandrememberinglanguage,andhenceareconcerned1. withlistening,reading,speaking,writing,andmemoryforlanguage.Onereasonwhywetakethelanguageforgrantedisthatitusually 2. happenssoeffortlessly,andmostoftime,soaccurately. 3. Indeed,whenyoulistentosomeonetospeaking,orlookingatthispage,4. younormallycannothelpbutunderstandit.Itisonlyinexceptionalcircumstanceswemightbecomeawareof5. thecomplexityinvolved:ifwearesearchingforawordbutcannotrememberit;ifarelativeorcolleaguehashadastrokewhichhas 6. influencedtheirlanguage;ifweobserveachildacquirelanguage; 7. ifwetrytolearnasecondlanguageourselvesasanadult;orifwearevisuallyimpairedorhearing-impairedorifwemeetanyoneelse8. whois.Asweshallsee,alltheseexamplesofwhatmightbecalled“languagienexceptionalcircumstances”revealagreatdealaboutthe

processesevolvedinspeaking,listening,writingandreading.But9. giventhatlanguageprocesseswerenormallysoautomatic,wealso10. needtocarryoutcarefulexperimentstogetatwhatishappening.2012年改错真题Thecentralproblemoftranslatinghasalwaysbeenwhethertotranslateliterallyorfreely.Theargumenthasbeengoingsinceatleas1t. thefirstcenturyB.C.Uptothebeginningofthe19thcentury,manywritersfavoredcertainkindof“freetr”anslation:thespirit,notthe 2. letter;thesensenottheword;themessagerathertheform;thematte3r. notthemanner.Thisistheoftenrevolutionarysloganofwriterswho4. wantedthetruthtobereadandunderstood.Thenintheturnof5. 19thcentury,whenthestudyofculturalanthropologysuggestedthatthelinguisticbarrierswereinsuperableandthatthelanguagewas6. entirelytheproductofculture,theviewtranslationwasimpossible7. gainedsomecurrency,andwithitthat,ifwasattemptedatall,itmust8. beasliteralaspossible.Thisviewculminatedthestatementofthe9. extreme“literalistsWalte”rBenjaminandVladimirNobokov.Theargumentwastheoretical:thepurposeofthetranslation,thenatureofthereadership,thetypeofthetext,wasnotdiscussed.Toooften,writer,translatorandreaderwereimplicitlyidentifiedwitheachother.Now,thecontexthaschanged,andthebasicproblemremains1.0. 2011年改错真题Fromaveryearlyage,perhapstheageoffiveorsix,IknewthatwhenIgrewIshouldbeawriter.Betweentheagesofaboutseventeenandtwenty-fourItriedtoabandonthisidea,butIdidsowiththeconsciencethatIwasoutragingmytruenatureandthatsoonorlaterIshouldhavetosettledownandwritebooks. amounttohalfadozenpages.Iwrotemyfirstpoemattheageoffourorfive,mymothertakingitdowntodictation.2010年改错真题Sofaraswecantell,allhumanlanguagesareequallycompleteandperfectasinstrumentsofcommunication:thatis,everylanguageappearstobewellequippedasanyothertosaythethingstheirspeakerswanttosay.Theremayormaynotbeappropriatetotalkaboutprimitivepeoplesorcultures,butthatisanothermatter.Certainly,notallgroupsofpeopleareequallycompetentinnuclearphysicsorpsychologyorthecultivationofrice.Whereasthisisnotthefaultoftheirlanguage.TheEskimoseverylanguageappearstobewellequippedasanyothertosaythethingstheirspeakerswanttosay.Theremayormaynotbeappropriatetotalkaboutprimitivepeoplesorcultures,butthatisanothermatter.Certainly,notallgroupsofpeopleareequallycompetentinnuclearphysicsorpsychologyorthecultivationofrice.Whereasthisisnotthefaultoftheirlanguage.TheEskimos,itissaid,canspeakaboutsnowwithfurthermoreprecisionandsubtletythanwecaninEnglish,butthisisnotbecausetheEskimolanguage(oneofthosesometimesmiscalled'primitive')isinherentlymorepreciseandsubtlethanEnglish.ThisexampledoesnotcometolightadefectinEnglish,ashowofunexpected'primitiveness'.Thepositionis1 2 3 4 5 6 simplyandobviouslythattheEskimosandtheEnglishliveinsimilar7 environments.TheEnglishlanguagewillbejustasrichinterms8 fordifferentkindsofsnow,presumably,iftheenvironmentsinwhichEnglishwashabituallyusedmadesuchdistinctionasimportant.9 Similarly,wehavenoreasontodoubtthattheEskimolanguagecouldbeaspreciseandsubtleonthesubjectofmotormanufactureorcricketifthesetopicsformedthepartoftheEskimos'life.10 Forobvioushistoricalreasons,Englishmeninthenineteenthcenturycouldnottalkaboutmotorcarswiththeminutediscriminationwhichispossibletoday:carswerenotapartoftheirculture.Buttheyhadahostoftermsforhorse-drawnvehicleswhichsendus,puzzled,toahistoricaldictionarywhenwearereadingScottorDickens.Howmanyofuscoulddistinguishbetweenachaise,alandau,avictoria,abrougham,acoupe,agig,adiligence,awhisky,acalash,atilbury,acarriole,aphaeton,andaclarence?2009年改错真题Theprevioussectionhasshownhowquicklyarhymepassesfromoneschoolchildtothenextandillustratesthefurtherdifference1. betweenschoolloreandnurserylore.Innurseryloreaverse,learntinearlychildhood,isnotusuallypassedonagainwhenthelittlelistener2. hasgrownup,andhaschildrenoftheirown,orevengrandchild3. Theperiodbetweenlearninganurseryrhymeandtransmittingitmaybesomethingfromtwentytoseventyyears.Withtheplaygroundlore,4. therefore,arhymemaybeexcitedlypassedonwithintheveryhouritis5. learnt;andinthegeneral,itpassesbetweenchildrenofthesameage,6.

ornearlyso,sinceitisuncommonforthedifferenceinagebetweenplaymatestobemorethanfiveyears.If,therefore,aplaygroundrhymecanbeshowntohavebeencurrentlyforahundredyears,orevenjust7._forfifty,itfollowsthatithasbeenretransmittedoverandover;very8.___possiblyithaspassedalongachainoftwoorthreehundredyounghearersandtellers,andthewonderisthatitremainsliveaftersomuch9.handling,toletalonethatitbearsresemblancetothe2008年改错真题Thedesiretouselanguageasasignofnationalidentityisaverynaturalone,andinresultlanguagehasplayedaprominentpartinnationalmoves.Menhaveoftenfelttheneedtocultivateagivenlanguagetoshowthattheyaredistinctivefromanotherracewhosehegemonytheyresent.AtthetimetheUnitedStatessplitofffromBritain,forexample,therewereproposalsthatindependenceshouldbelinguisticallyacceptedbytheuseofadifferentlanguagefromthoseofBritain.TherewasevenoneproposalthatAmericansshouldadoptHebrew.OthersfavouredtheadoptionofGreek,though,asonemanputit,thingswouldcertainlybesimplerforAmericansiftheystuckontoEnglishandmadetheBritishlearnGreek.Attheend,aseveryoneknows,thetwocountriesadoptedthepracticalandsatisfactorysolutionofcarryingwiththesamelanguageasbefore.10. 10. 2007年改错真题 ofsuchevidencedoesnotdisprovethetheory,butinothergrounds6. toothetheoryisnotveryattractive.Peopleofallracesandlanguagesmakerathersimilarnoisesinreturntopainorpleasure.Thefactthat 7. suchnoisesaresimilaronthelipsofFrenchmenandMalaysianswhoselanguagesareutterlydifferent,

saythatthecriesofpainorchortlesofamusementarelargelyreflexactions,instinctivetolargeextent,whereaslanguageproperdoesnotconsistofsignsbutofthesethathavetobelearntandthatarewhollyconventional.10. 2006年改错真题Weuselanguageprimarilyasameansofcommunicationwithotherhumanbeings.Eachofusshareswiththecommunityinwhichweliveastoreofwordsandmeaningsaswellasagreeingconventionsas1. tothewayinwhichwordsshouldbearrangedtoconveyaparticular2. message:theEnglishspeakerhasinhisdisposalvocabularyanda3. setofgrammaticalruleswhichenableshimtocommunicatehis4. thoughtsandfeelings,inavarietyofstyles,totheotherEnglish5. speakers.Hisvocabulary,inparticular,boththatwhichheusesactivelyandthatwhichherecognises,increasesinsizeashegrowsoldasaresultofeducationandexperience. 6. But,whetherthelanguagestoreisrelativelysmallorlarge,thesystemremainsnomorethanapsychologicalrealityfortheindividual,unlesshehasameansofexpressingitintermsabletobeseenbyanother7. memberofhislinguisticcommunity;hehastogivethesystemaconcretetransmissionform.Wetakeitforgrantedthetwomost8. commonformsoftransmission-bymeansofsoundsproducedbyourvocalorgans(speech)orbyvisualsigns(writing).Andtheseare9. amongmoststrikingofhumanachievements. 10. 2005年改错真题TheUniversityasBusinesAnumberofcollegesanduniversitieshaveannouncedsteeptuitionincreasesfornextyea—rmuchsteeperthanthecurrent,verylowrateofinflation.Theysaytheincreasesareneededbecauseofalossinvalueofuniversityendowmentsheavilyinvestingincommonstock.Iamskeptical.1. Abusinessfirmchoosesthepricethatmaximizesitsnetrevenues,irrespectivefluctuationsinincome;andincreasinglytheoutlookof 2. universitiesintheUnitedStatesisindistinguishablefromthoseof 3. businessfirms.Theriseintuitionsmayreflectthefacteconomic4. uncertaintyincreasesthedemandforeducation.Thebiggestcostofbeingintheschoolisforegoingincomefromajob(thisisprimarilya5. factoringraduateandprofessional-schooltuition);thepoorone'sjobprospects,themoresenseitmakesto 6. reallocatetimefromthejobmarkettoeducation,inordertomakeoneselfmoremarketable.Thewayswhichuniversitiesmakethemselvesattractivetostudents7.

includesoftmajors,studentevaluationsofteachers,givingstudentsagovernancerole,andeliminaterequiredcourses.Sky-hightuitions8. havecauseduniversitiestoregardtheirstudentsascustomers.Justasbusinessfirmssometimescolludetoshortentherigorsofcompetition,9. universitiescolludetominimizethecosttothemoftheathleteswhomtheyrecruitinordertostimulatealumnidonations,sothebestathletesnowoftenbypasshighereducationinordertoobtainsalariesearlierfromprofessionalteams.Anduntiltheywerestoppedbytheantitrustauthorities,theIvyLeagueschoolscolludedtolimitcompetitionforthebeststudents,byagreeingnottoawardscholarshipsonthebasisofmeritratherthanpurelyofneed—justlikebusinessfirmsagreeingnottogivediscountsontheirbestcustomer.10 2004年改错真题Oneofthemostimportantnon-legislativefunctionsoftheU.S.Congressisthepowertoinvestigate.Thepowerisusuallydelegtatedtocommittees—eitherstadingcommittees,specialcommitteessetforaspecificpurpose, 1. orjointcommitteesconsistedofmembersofbothhouses. 2. InvestigationsareheldtogatherinformationontheneedforFuturelegislation,totesttheeffectivenessoflawsalreadypassed,toinquireintothequalificationandperformanceofmembersandofficialsoftheotherbranches,andinrareoccasions,tolaythe3. groundworkforimpeachmentproceedings.Frequently,committees Thereareimportantcorallariestotheinvestigativepower.Oneisthepowertopublicizeinvestigationsanditsresults.mostcommitteehearingsareopentopublicandarereportedwidelyinthemassmedia.Congressionalinvestigationneverthelessrepresentoneimportanttoolavailabletolawmakestoinformthecitizenryandtoarousepublicinterestsinnationalissuses.9. Congressionalcommitteesalsohavethepowertocompeltestimonyfromunwillingwitnesses,andtocitefrocontemptofCongresswitnesseswhorefusetotestifyandforperjurythesewhogivefalsetestimony. 10. 2003年改错真题DemographicindicatorsshowthatAmericansinthepostwarperiodweremoreeagerthanevertoestablishfamilies.Theyquicklybroughtdowntheageatmarriageforbothmenandwomenandbroughtthebirthratetoatwentiethcenturyheightaftermorethanahundred1. yearsofasteadydecline,producingthe“babyboom.”Theseyoung2. adultsestablishedatrendofearlymarriageandrelativelylargefamiliesthatwentformorethantwodecadesandcausedamajor3. buttemporaryreversaloflong-termdemographicpatterns.Fromthe1940sthroughtheearly1960s,Americansmarriedatahighrate4. andatayoungeragethantheirEuropecounterparts. 5. Lessnotedbutequallymoresignificant,themenandwomenwho6. formedfamiliesbetween1940and1960neverthelessreducedthe7. divorcerateafterapostwarpeak;theirmarriagesremainedintacttoagreaterextentthandidthatofcoupleswhomarriedinearlieraswell8. aslaterdecades.SincetheUnitedStatesmaintaineditsdubious9. distinctionofhavingthehighestdivorcerateintheworld,thetemporarydeclineindivorcedidnotoccurinthesameextentin10. Europe.Contrarytofearsoftheexperts,theroleofbreadwinnerandhomemakerwasnotabandoned.2002年改错真题Therearegreatimpedimentstothegeneraluseofastandardinpronunciationcomparabletothatexistinginspelling(orthography).Oneisthefactthatpronunciationislearnt“naturallyand”unconsciously,andorthographyislearnt 1. deliberatelyandconsciously.Largenumbersofus,infact,remainthroughoutourlivesquiteunconsciouswithwhat 2. ourspeechsoundslikewhenwespeakout,anditoften 3. comesasashockwhenwefirstlyheararecordingofourselves.4. Itisnotavoicewerecognizeatonce,whereasourownhandwritingissomethingwhichwealmostalwaysknow.Webeginthe“natural5”. learningofpronunciationlongbeforewestartlearningtoreadorwrite,andinourearlyyearswewentonunconsciouslyimitatingand6. practicingthepronunciationofthosearoundusformanymorehourspereverydaythanweeverhavetospendlearningevenourdifficult7. Englishspelling.Thisis“naturalthe”refore,thatourspeech-sounds8. shouldbethoseofourimmediatecircle;afterall,aswehaveseen,speechoperatesasameansofholdingacommunityand 9. givingasenseof “belongin.gW”elearnquiteearlytorecognizea“strange,rso”meonewhospeakswithanaccentofadifferentCommunity—perhapsonlyafewmilesfar. 10. 2001年改错真题Duringtheearlyyearsofthiscentury,wheatwasseenastheverylifebloodofWesternCanada.Peopleoncitystreetswatchedtheyieldsandthepriceofwheatinalmostasmuchfeelingasiftheyweregrowers.1. Themarketingofwheatbecameanincreasingfavoritetopicofconversation.2. Warsetthestageforthemostdramaticeventsinmarketingthewesterncrop.Foryears,farmersmistrustedspeculativegrainsellingascarriedonthroughtheWinnipegGrainExchange.Wheatpricesweregenerallylowintheautumn,sofarmerscouldnotwaitfor3.marketstoimprove.Ithadhappenedtoooftenthattheysoldtheirwheatsoonshortlyafterharvestwhenfarmdebtswerecomingdue,4.justtoseepricesrisingandspeculatorsgettingrich.Onvariousoccasions,5.producergroups,askedfirmercontrol,butthegovernmenthadnowishto6.becomeinvolving,atleastnotuntilwartimewhenwheatpricesthreatened7.torunwild.Anxioustocheckinflationandrisinglifecosts,ernmentappointedaboardofgrainsupervisorstodealwithdeliveriesfromthecropsof1917and1918.GrainExchangetradingwassuspended,andfarmerssoldatpricesfixedbytheboard.Tohandlewiththecropof9.1919,thegovernmentappointedthefirstCanadianWheatBoard,withtotalauthoritytobuy,sell,andsetprices. 10.2000年改错真题ThegrammaticalwordswhichplaysolargeapartinEnglishgrammarareforthemostpartsharplyandobviouslydifferentfromthelexicalwords.Aroughandreadydifferencewhichmayseemthemostobviousisthatgrammaticalwordshave“less1.meaning”,butinfactsomegrammarianshavecalledthem2. “empty"wordsasopposedinthe"full'wordsofvocabulary.3. Butthisisarathermisledwayofexpressingthedistinction.4. Althoughawordliketheisnotthenameofsomethingasmanis,itisveryfarawayfrombeingmeaningless;thereisasharp5. differenceinmeaningbetween“manisvileand” “themanisvile“yettheisthesinglevehicleofthisdifferenceinmeaning.6. Moreover,grammaticalwordsdifferconsiderablyamongthemselvesastheamountofmeaningtheyhave,eveninthe7. lexicalsense.Anothernameforthegrammaticalwordshasbeen“littlewords”.Butsizeisbynomeanagoodcriterionfor8. distinguishingthegrammaticalwordsofEnglish,whenweconsiderthatwehavelexicalwordsasgo,man,say,car.Apart9. fromthis,however,thereisagooddealoftruthinwhatsomepeoplesay:wecertainlydocreateagreatnumberofobscurity10.

whenweomitthem.ThisisillustratednotonlyinthepoetryofRobertBrowningbutintheproseoftelegramsandnewspaperheadlines.1999年改错真题Thehunter-gatherertribesthattodayliveasourprehistoric1.humanancestorsconsumeprimarilyavegetabledietsupplementing2.withanimalfoods.Ananalysisof58societiesofmodemhunter-gatherers,includingtheKungofsouthernAfrica,revealedthatonehalfemphasizegatheringplantfoods,one-thirdconcentrateonfishingandonlyone-sixthareprimarilyhunters.Overall,two-thirdsandmoreofthehuntergathererscaloriescomefromplants.Detailed..7.8.Plantfoodsprovidefor60percentto80percentoftheKungdiet,andnoonegoeshungrywhenthehuntfails.Interestingly,iftheyescapefatalinfectionsoraccidents,thesecontemporaryaborigineslivetooldagesdespiteoftheabsenceofmedicalcare.Theyexperiencenoobesity,nomiddle-agedspread,littledentaldecay,nohighbloodpressure,onheartdisease,andtheirbloodcholesterollevelsareverylow(abouthalfoftheaverageAmericanadult),ifnooneissuggestingwhatwereturnto9.anaboriginallifestyle,wecertainlycouldusetheireatinghabitsasamodelforhealthierdiet.1998年改错真题Whenahumaninfantisbornintoanycommunityinanypartoftheworldithastwothingsincommonwithanyinfant,provided1.neitherofthemhavebeendamagedinanywayeitherbefore2.orduringbirth.Firstly,andmostobviously,newbornchildrenarecompletelyhelpless.Apartfromapowerfulcapacitytopayattentiontotheirhelplessnessbyusingsound,thereisnothing3.thenewbornchildcandotoensurehisownsurvival.Withoutcarefromsomeotherhumanbeingorbeings,beitmother,grandmother,orhumangroup,achildisveryunlikelytosurvive.Thishelplessnessofhumaninfantsisinmarkedcontrastwiththecapacityofmanynewbornanimalstogetontheirfeetwithinminutesofbirthandrunwiththeherdwithinafewhours.Althoughyounganimalsarecertainlyinrisk,sometimesforweeksorevenmonthsafterbirth,comparedwiththehumaninfanttheyveryquicklydevelopthecapacitytofendforthem.Itisduringthisverylongperiodinwhichthehumaninfantistotallydependentontheothersthatitrevealsthesecondfeature.

thenewbornchildcandotoensurehisownsurvival.Withoutcarefromsomeotherhumanbeingorbeings,beitmother,grandmother,orhumangroup,achildisveryunlikelytosurvive.Thishelplessnessofhumaninfantsisinmarkedcontrastwiththecapacityofmanynewbornanimalstogetontheirfeetwithinminutesofbirthandrunwiththeherdwithinafewhours.Althoughyounganimalsarecertainlyinrisk,sometimesforweeksorevenmonthsafterbirth,comparedwiththehumaninfanttheyveryquicklydevelopthecapacitytofendforthem.Itisduringthisverylongperiodinwhichthehumaninfantistotallydependentontheothersthatitrevealsthesecondfeature.whichitshareswithallotherundamagedhumaninfants,acapacitytolearnlanguage.Forthisreason,biologistsnowsuggestthatlanguagebe"speciesspecific"tothehumanrace,thatis8. tosay,theyconsiderthehumaninfanttobegeneticprogrammed9. insuchwaythatitcanacquirelanguage.Thissuggestionimplies10. thatjustashumanbeingsaredesignedtoseethree-dime