英语国际贸易概念

CHAPTER1绝对优势Absoluteadvantage:eachcountrycouldproduceoneormorecommoditiesatlowerrealcostthanitstradingpartners.Andeachcountrywillbenefitfromspecializationinthosecommoditiesinwhichithasan“absoluteadvantage”,exportingthemandimportingothercommoditieswhichitproducesatahigherrealcostthananothercountry.相对优势Comparativeadvantage:tradethatwillbenefitbothnationsprovidedonlythattheirrelativecost,thatis,theirratiosoftheirrealcostsmeasuredbylabor-houroranothercommodity,aredeferentfromtwoormorecommodities.Inshort,tradedependsoncomparativecostoropportunitycost,andonenationcanprofitablytradewithanothereventhoughitsrealcostarehigher(orlowerineverycommodity.Reasonsfortraderestrictions1.Manycountrieswantadiversifiedeconomytobelessdependentonforeigncountriesbotheconomicallyandpolitically.Inaddition,itiscrucialforcountriestoprotecttheirvitalindustries,whicharestrategicallyrelatedtostabilityandeconomicdevelopment.2.Thereisaninfantindustryargumentwhichmaintainsthatanewindustryneedstobeprotecteduntilthelaborforceistrained,theproductiontechniquesaremasteredandtheoperationbecomeslargeenoughtoenjoytheeconomiesofscaleandbeabletocompeteinthemarket.3.Theunfaircompetitionargumentclaimsthatprotectionisneededwhenforeignfirmsreceivesubsidiesorothergovernmentbenefitsandsellgoodabroadatbelow-costpricetocaptureamarket.4.Domesticjobsneedtobeprotectedfromcheapforeignlabor,especiallyforlabor-intensiveindustriessuchastextileindustries,sinceemploymentiscrucialtoacountry’sstability.5.Somecountriesimposerestrictionsonimportinordertomaintainabalanceoftradeandbalanceofpayments.6.Therepurepoliticalreasons.E.g.ArabnationsdidnottradewithIsraelformanyyearsinhistory.关税Atariffisadutyorfeeleviedongoodsbeingimportedintoacountry.反补贴税Countervailingdutyiscollectedagainstbountyorgrantduringproduction,transportandexport,etc.反倾销税Anti-dumpingdutyiscollectedwhenimportingcountrybelievesthatthereisadumping(anotuniversallydefinedconceptthatcanmeansellingpriceinaforeigncountryisbelowdomesticsellingprice,worldmarketprice,orproductioncost.Variablelevy差额税CHAPTER2Internationalrulesfortheinterpretationoftradeterms(incoterms国际贸易术语解释通则Itaimstoprovidesuchasetofstandardizedtermswhichmeanexactlythesametobothpartiestoacontractandwhichwillbeinterpretedinexactlysamewaybycourtsineverycountry.1.GroupEterm:EXW2.GroupFterm:FCA,FAS,FOB3.GroupCterm:CFR,CIF,CPT,CIP4.GroupDterm:DAF,DES,DEQ,DDU,DDP.Withincreasingresponsibilities,costs,andrisksfortheselleranddecreasingresponsibilities,costs,andrisksforthebuyer.工厂交货价EXW:Ex…works货交承运人FCA:FreeCarrier船边交货价FAS:FreeAlongShipment离岸价FOB:FreeOnBoard成本加运费CFR:CostAndFreightCFR=FOB+F到岸价CIF:CostInsuranceAndFreightCIF=FOB+F+I运费付至CPT:CarriagePaidTo…运费和保险付至CIP:CarriageandInsurancePaidTo…边境交货DAF:DeliveredAtFrontier目的港船上交货DES:DeliveredExShip目的港码头交货DEQ:DeliveredExQuay未完税交货价格DDU:DeliveredDutyUnpaid完税交货价格DDP:deliveredDutyPaidCHAPTER3Cargopackagingisneededfor4mainreasons:protectivefunction,loadingandtransportfunction,stowagefunction,promotionfunction.Typesofpackaging1.Bale捆装Abaleisaheapofmaterialpressedtogetherandtiedwithropeormetalwire.Effectivelow-costeasy-to-handlelimitedprotection2.BagsBagscanbemadeofcotton,plastic,paperorjute.Theyareidealforcement,fertilizer,flour,chemicalsandmanyconsumerproducts.Lowcostbuteasytobedamagedbywater,sweat,leakageandbreakage.3.Barrel/DrumThistypeofcontainerismadeofwood,plastic,ormetal.Itisusedforliquidorgreasycargoessuchascasingforsausage.Ad:resalevalueinsomecountriesDisad:ametaldrumcangetrustyandresultinleakageifitisnotsealedproperly.4.Box/CaseAcaseismadeofwoodandvariesinsize.Somecasesarelinedtocreateairtightpacking.Ad:resalevalue,reliableprotectionforexpensivecargoes,againsttheriskofpilferage,easeofhandling.Highcost5.GlasscontainerThistypeofpackagingisoftenusedfordangerousliquidcargoessuchasacids.Itprotectsworkersandtransportvehiclesbutrequiresmorecarefulhandling.6.CartonAd:inexpensive,expandable,easytohandleandstow,wordscanbeprintedon.Dis:susceptibilitytocrushingandpilferage,humidity.7.Crate/SkeletoncaseThisformofpackagingishalfwaybetweenabaleandacaseandhasawoodenstructure.Itisoftenusedforlightweightgoodsoflargecubiccapacitysuchasmachineryanddomesticappliances.Stowageofcargo理仓1.Protectcargoes,transportvehiclesandpersonnel2.Increasehandlingefficiency3.Maximizestheutilizationoftheavailablespace4.HelppromotesalesCHAPTER4海运的优缺点优点1.Itiseasypassagesinceabout70%oftheearthiscoveredbywater.2.Oceantransporthasalargecapacity.3.Theunitdistributioncostisreduced4.Oceantransporthasgoodadaptabilitytocargoesofdifferentsize,weight,shape,etc.缺点Oneisslowpassage.Inadditionitisvulnerabletobadweatherandlesspunctual.Billoflading海运提单作用:1.Itisevidencethatavalidcontractofcarriageexistsbetweenthecarrierandtheshipper,anditmayincorporatethefulltermsofthecontractbetweenthem.2.Itisareceiptsignedbythecarrierconfirmingwhetherthegoodsmatchingthecontractdescriptionhavebeenreceivedfromtheshipperingoodcondition.3.Itisalsoadocumentoftitle,creatingownershipofthegoodsshipped.Clauseofshipment装运条款Thedetailsincludetimeofshipment,portofshipmentandportofdestination,adviceofshipment,partialshipmentandtransshipment,etc.Pipelines管道运输优点1.lowcostofdistribution2.The24-houravailabilityofthenetwork3.Littlemaintenanceneededduringoperation4.Causelittledisruptiontotheenvironmentduringinstallmentandcausenonoiseorfumesduringdistributionofcargoes.缺点1.Limitedcapacity2.Untilthenewpipelineisinstalled,themarketgrowthissomewhatinhibited.国际多式联运Internationalmultimodaltransportisthecarriageofgoodsbyatleasttwodifferentmodesoftransportonthebasisofamultimodalcontractfromaplaceinonecountryatwhichthegoodsaretakeninchargebythemultimodaltransportoperatortoaplacedesignatedfordeliverysituatedinadifferentcountry.多式联运运输单据Multimodaltransportdocumentisadocumentthatevidencesamultimodaltransportcontract,thetakinginchargeofthegoodsbythemultimodaltransportoperator,andanundertakingbyhimtodeliverthegoodsinaccordancewiththetermsofthatcontract.CHAPTER5Foreignexchangeisthecurrencyofanycountrywhichisauthorizedinstrumentofsettlementandthebasisforrecordkeepinginthatcountry.Foreignexchangerateisthepricerelationshipbetweenthecurrenciesoftwocountriesorthepriceofonecountryintermsoftheother.Quotation/quotemeansastatementofwillingnesstobuyorsellatannouncedprice.Underdirectquotation,whenforeigncurrenciesbecomemoreexpensive,thebuyingandsellingpricesarehigher.Mostcountriesintheworldusedirectquotation.Exportersshouldavoidreceivingthecurrenciesthathebelieveswillbecomeweaker.Importersshouldavoidpayingthecurrencythathebelieveswillbecomestronger.CHAPTER6Adraft(alsocalledbillofexchangeisanunconditionalorderinwritingsighedbyoneparty(drawerrequestingasecondparty(drawee/payertomakepaymentinlawfulmoneyimmediatelyoratadeterminablefuturetimetoathirdparty.Apromissorynoteisanunconditionalpromiseinwritingmadebyoneperson(themakertoanother(thepayee/theholdersignedbythemakerengagingtopayondemandoratafixedordeterminablefuturetimeasumofmoneytoortotheorderofaspecifiedpersonortobearer.Acheckisanunconditionalorderinwritingaddressedbythecustomer(drawertoabank(draweesignedbythecustomerauthorizingbanktopayondem