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牛牛文库文档分享Chapter20EstimationforSoftwareProjectsSlideSettoaccompany
SoftwareEngineering:APractitioner’sApproach,7/e
byRogerS.PressmanSlidescopyright©1996,2001,2005,2009
byRogerS.PressmanFornon-profiteducationaluseonlyMaybereproducedONLYforstudentuseattheuniversitylevelwhenusedinconjunctionwithSoftwareEngineering:APractitioner'sApproach,7/e.Anyotherreproductionoruseisprohibitedwithouttheexpresswrittenpermissionoftheauthor.AllcopyrightinformationMUSTappeariftheseslidesarepostedonawebsiteforstudentuse.1牛牛文库文档分享Chapter2
牛牛文库文档分享SoftwareProjectPlanningTheoverallgoalofprojectplanningistoestablishapragmaticstrategyforcontrolling,tracking,andmonitoringacomplextechnicalproject.Why?Sotheendresultgetsdoneontime,withquality!2牛牛文库文档分享Softwar3
牛牛文库文档分享ProjectPlanningTaskSet-IEstablishprojectscopeDeterminefeasibilityAnalyzerisksRiskanalysisisconsideredindetailinChapter25.DefinerequiredresourcesDeterminerequirehumanresourcesDefinereusablesoftwareresourcesIdentifyenvironmentalresources3牛牛文库文档分享Project4
牛牛文库文档分享ProjectPlanningTaskSet-IIEstimatecostandeffortDecomposetheproblemDeveloptwoormoreestimatesusingsize,functionpoints,processtasksoruse-casesReconciletheestimatesDevelopaprojectscheduleSchedulingisconsideredindetailinChapter27.EstablishameaningfultasksetDefineatasknetworkUseschedulingtoolstodevelopatimelinechartDefinescheduletrackingmechanisms4牛牛文库文档分享Project5
牛牛文库文档分享EstimationEstimationofresources,cost,andscheduleforasoftwareengineeringeffortrequiresexperienceaccesstogoodhistoricalinformation(metrics)thecouragetocommittoquantitativepredictionswhenqualitativeinformationisallthatexistsEstimationcarriesinherentriskandthisriskleadstouncertainty5牛牛文库文档分享Estimat6
牛牛文库文档分享WriteitDown!SoftwareProjectPlanProjectScopeEstimatesRisksScheduleControlstrategy6牛牛文库文档分享Writei7
牛牛文库文档分享ToUnderstandScope...Understandthecustomersneedsunderstandthebusinesscontextunderstandtheprojectboundariesunderstandthecustomer’smotivationunderstandthelikelypathsforchangeunderstandthat...Evenwhenyouunderstand,nothingisguaranteed!7牛牛文库文档分享ToUnde8
牛牛文库文档分享WhatisScope?Softwarescope
describesthefunctionsandfeaturesthataretobedeliveredtoend-usersthedatathatareinputandoutputthe“content”thatispresentedtousersasaconsequenceofusingthesoftwaretheperformance,constraints,interfaces,andreliabilitythatboundthesystem.Scopeisdefinedusingoneoftwotechniques:Anarrativedescriptionofsoftwarescopeisdevelopedaftercommunicationwithallstakeholders.Asetofuse-casesisdevelopedbyend-users.8牛牛文库文档分享Whatis9
牛牛文库文档分享Resources9牛牛文库文档分享Resourc10
牛牛文库文档分享ProjectEstimationProjectscopemustbeunderstoodElaboration(decomposition)isnecessaryHistoricalmetricsareveryhelpfulAtleasttwodifferenttechniquesshouldbeusedUncertaintyisinherentintheprocess10牛牛文库文档分享Projec11
牛牛文库文档分享EstimationTechniquesPast(similar)projectexperienceConventionalestimationtechniquestaskbreakdownandeffortestimatessize(e.g.,FP)estimatesEmpiricalmodelsAutomatedtools11牛牛文库文档分享Estima12
牛牛文库文档分享EstimationAccuracyPredicatedon…thedegreetowhichtheplannerhasproperlyestimatedthesizeoftheproducttobebuilttheabilitytotranslatethesizeestimateintohumaneffort,calendartime,anddollars(afunctionoftheavailabilityofreliablesoftwaremetricsfrompastprojects)thedegreetowhichtheprojectplanreflectstheabilitiesofthesoftwareteamthestabilityofproductrequirementsandtheenvironmentthatsupportsthesoftwareengineeringeffort.12牛牛文库文档分享Estima13
牛牛文库文档分享FunctionalDecompositionfunctionaldecompositionStatementofScopePerformaGrammatical“parse”13牛牛文库文档分享Functi14
牛牛文库文档分享ConventionalMethods:
LOC/FPApproachcomputeLOC/FPusingestimatesofinformationdomainvaluesusehistoricaldatatobuildestimatesfortheproject14牛牛文库文档分享Conven15
牛牛文库文档分享Example:LOCApproachAverageproductivityforsystemsofthistype=620LOC/pm.Burdenedlaborrate=$8000permonth,thecostperlineofcodeisapproximately$13.BasedontheLOCestimateandthehistoricalproductivitydata,thetotalestimatedprojectcostis$431,000andtheestimatedeffortis54person-months.15牛牛文库文档分享Exampl16
牛牛文库文档分享Example:FPApproachTheestimatednumberofFPisderived: FPestimated=count-total3[0.65+0.013
S(Fi)] FPestimated=375organizationalaverageproductivity=6.5FP/pm.burdenedlaborrate=$8000permonth,approximately$1230/FP.BasedontheFPestimateandthehistoricalproductivitydata,totalestimatedprojectcostis$461,000andestimatedeffortis58person-months.16牛牛文库文档分享Exampl17
牛牛文库文档分享Process-BasedEstimationObtainedfrom“processframework”applicationfunctionsframeworkactivitiesEffortrequiredtoaccomplisheachframeworkactivityforeachapplicationfunction17牛牛文库文档分享Proces18
牛牛文库文档分享Process-BasedEstimationExampleBasedonanaverageburdenedlaborrateof$8,000permonth,thetotalestimatedprojectcostis$368,000andtheestimatedeffortis46person-months.18牛牛文库文档分享Proces19
牛牛文库文档分享Tool-BasedEstimationprojectcharacteristicscalibrationfactorsLOC/FPdata19牛牛文库文档分享Tool-B20
牛牛文库文档分享EstimationwithUse-CasesUsing620LOC/pmastheaverageproductivityforsystemsofthistypeandaburdenedlaborrateof$8000permonth,thecostperlineofcodeisapproximately$13.Basedontheuse-caseestimateandthehistoricalproductivitydata,thetotalestimatedprojectcostis$552,000andtheestimatedeffortis68person-months.20牛牛文库文档分享Estima21
牛牛文库文档分享EmpiricalEstimationModelsGeneralform:effort=tuningcoefficient*sizeexponentusuallyderivedasperson-monthsofeffortrequiredeitheraconstantoranumberderivedbasedoncomplexityofprojectusuallyLOCbutmayalsobefunctionpointempiricallyderived21牛牛文库文档分享Empiri22
牛牛文库文档分享COCOMO-IICOCOMOIIisactuallyahierarchyofestimationmodelsthataddressthefollowingareas:Applicationcompositionmodel.Usedduringtheearlystagesofsoftwareengineering,whenprototypingofuserinterfaces,considerationofsoftwareandsysteminteraction,assessmentofperformance,andevaluationoftechnologymaturityareparamount.Earlydesignstagemodel.Usedoncerequirementshavebeenstabilizedandbasicsoftwarearchitecturehasbeenestablished.Post-architecture-stagemodel.Usedduringtheconstructionofthesoftware.22牛牛文库文档分享COCOMO23
牛牛文库文档分享TheSoftwareEquationAdynamicmultivariablemodel
E=[LOCxB0.333/P]3x(1/t4)
where E=effortinperson-monthsorperson-years t=projectdurationinmonthsoryears B=“specialskillsfactor”
P=“productivityparameter”23牛牛文库文档分享TheSo24
牛牛文库文档分享EstimationforOOProjects-IDevelopestimatesusingeffortdecomposition,FPanalysis,andanyothermethodthatisapplicableforconventionalapplications.Usingobject-orientedrequirementsmodeling(Chapter6),developuse-casesanddetermineacount.Fromtheanalysismodel,determinethenumberofkeyclasses(calledanalysisclassesinChapter6).Categorizethetypeofinterfacefortheapplicationanddevelopamultiplierforsupportclasses:Interfacetype MultiplierNoGUI 2.0Text-baseduserinterface 2.25GUI 2.5ComplexGUI 3.024牛牛文库文档分享Estima25
牛牛文库文档分享EstimationforOOProjects-IIMultiplythenumberofkeyclasses(step3)bythemultipliertoobtainanestimateforthenumberofsupportclasses.Multiplythetotalnumberofclasses(key+support)bytheaveragenumberofwork-unitsperclass.LorenzandKiddsuggest15to20person-daysperclass.Crosschecktheclass-basedestimatebymultiplyingtheaveragenumberofwork-unitsperuse-case25牛牛文库文档分享Estima26
牛牛文库文档分享EstimationforAgileProjectsEachuserscenario(amini-use-case)isconsideredseparatelyforestimationpurposes.Thescenarioisdecomposedintothesetofsoftwareengineeringtasksthatwillberequiredtodevelopit.Eachtaskisestimatedseparately.Note:estimationcanbebasedonhistoricaldata,anempiricalmodel,or“experience.”Alternatively,the‘volume’ofthescenariocanbeestimatedinLOC,FPorsomeothervolume-orientedmeasure(e.g.,use-casecount).Estimatesforeachtaskaresummedtocreateanestimateforthescenario.Alternatively,thevolumeestimateforthescenarioistranslatedintoeffortusinghistoricaldata.Theeffortestimatesforallscenariosthataretobeimplementedforagivensoftwareincrementaresummedtodeveloptheeffortestimatefortheincrement.26牛牛文库文档分享Estima27
牛牛文库文档分享TheMake-BuyDecision27牛牛文库文档分享TheMa28
牛牛文库文档分享ComputingExpectedCost
(pathprobability)x(estimatedpathcost)iiForexample,theexpectedcosttobuildis:expectedcost=0.30($380K)+0.70($450K)similarly,expectedcost=$382Kexpectedcost=$267Kexpectedcost=$410Kbuildreusebuycontrexpectedcost==$429K28牛牛文库文档分享Comput29
牛牛文库文档分享Chapter20EstimationforSoftwareProjectsSlideSettoaccompany
SoftwareEngineering:APractitioner’sApproach,7/e
byRogerS.PressmanSlidescopyright©1996,2001,2005,2009
byRogerS.PressmanFornon-profiteducationaluseonlyMaybereproducedONLYforstudentuseattheuniversitylevelwhenusedinconjunctionwithSoftwareEngineering:APractitioner'sApproach,7/e.Anyotherreproductionoruseisprohibitedwithouttheexpresswrittenpermissionoftheauthor.AllcopyrightinformationMUSTappeariftheseslidesarepostedonawebsiteforstudentuse.1牛牛文库文档分享Chapter30
牛牛文库文档分享SoftwareProjectPlanningTheoverallgoalofprojectplanningistoestablishapragmaticstrategyforcontrolling,tracking,andmonitoringacomplextechnicalproject.Why?Sotheendresultgetsdoneontime,withquality!2牛牛文库文档分享Softwar31
牛牛文库文档分享ProjectPlanningTaskSet-IEstablishprojectscopeDeterminefeasibilityAnalyzerisksRiskanalysisisconsideredindetailinChapter25.DefinerequiredresourcesDeterminerequirehumanresourcesDefinereusablesoftwareresourcesIdentifyenvironmentalresources3牛牛文库文档分享Project32
牛牛文库文档分享ProjectPlanningTaskSet-IIEstimatecostandeffortDecomposetheproblemDeveloptwoormoreestimatesusingsize,functionpoints,processtasksoruse-casesReconciletheestimatesDevelopaprojectscheduleSchedulingisconsideredindetailinChapter27.EstablishameaningfultasksetDefineatasknetworkUseschedulingtoolstodevelopatimelinechartDefinescheduletrackingmechanisms4牛牛文库文档分享Project33
牛牛文库文档分享EstimationEstimationofresources,cost,andscheduleforasoftwareengineeringeffortrequiresexperienceaccesstogoodhistoricalinformation(metrics)thecouragetocommittoquantitativepredictionswhenqualitativeinformationisallthatexistsEstimationcarriesinherentriskandthisriskleadstouncertainty5牛牛文库文档分享Estimat34
牛牛文库文档分享WriteitDown!SoftwareProjectPlanProjectScopeEstimatesRisksScheduleControlstrategy6牛牛文库文档分享Writei35
牛牛文库文档分享ToUnderstandScope...Understandthecustomersneedsunderstandthebusinesscontextunderstandtheprojectboundariesunderstandthecustomer’smotivationunderstandthelikelypathsforchangeunderstandthat...Evenwhenyouunderstand,nothingisguaranteed!7牛牛文库文档分享ToUnde36
牛牛文库文档分享WhatisScope?Softwarescope
describesthefunctionsandfeaturesthataretobedeliveredtoend-usersthedatathatareinputandoutputthe“content”thatispresentedtousersasaconsequenceofusingthesoftwaretheperformance,constraints,interfaces,andreliabilitythatboundthesystem.Scopeisdefinedusingoneoftwotechniques:Anarrativedescriptionofsoftwarescopeisdevelopedaftercommunicationwithallstakeholders.Asetofuse-casesisdevelopedbyend-users.8牛牛文库文档分享Whatis37
牛牛文库文档分享Resources9牛牛文库文档分享Resourc38
牛牛文库文档分享ProjectEstimationProjectscopemustbeunderstoodElaboration(decomposition)isnecessaryHistoricalmetricsareveryhelpfulAtleasttwodifferenttechniquesshouldbeusedUncertaintyisinherentintheprocess10牛牛文库文档分享Projec39
牛牛文库文档分享EstimationTechniquesPast(similar)projectexperienceConventionalestimationtechniquestaskbreakdownandeffortestimatessize(e.g.,FP)estimatesEmpiricalmodelsAutomatedtools11牛牛文库文档分享Estima40
牛牛文库文档分享EstimationAccuracyPredicatedon…thedegreetowhichtheplannerhasproperlyestimatedthesizeoftheproducttobebuilttheabilitytotranslatethesizeestimateintohumaneffort,calendartime,anddollars(afunctionoftheavailabilityofreliablesoftwaremetricsfrompastprojects)thedegreetowhichtheprojectplanreflectstheabilitiesofthesoftwareteamthestabilityofproductrequirementsandtheenvironmentthatsupportsthesoftwareengineeringeffort.12牛牛文库文档分享Estima41
牛牛文库文档分享FunctionalDecompositionfunctionaldecompositionStatementofScopePerformaGrammatical“parse”13牛牛文库文档分享Functi42
牛牛文库文档分享ConventionalMethods:
LOC/FPApproachcomputeLOC/FPusingestimatesofinformationdomainvaluesusehistoricaldatatobuildestimatesfortheproject14牛牛文库文档分享Conven43
牛牛文库文档分享Example:LOCApproachAverageproductivityforsystemsofthistype=620LOC/pm.Burdenedlaborrate=$8000permonth,thecostperlineofcodeisapproximately$13.BasedontheLOCestimateandthehistoricalproductivitydata,thetotalestimatedprojectcostis$431,000andtheestimatedeffortis54person-months.15牛牛文库文档分享Exampl44
牛牛文库文档分享Example:FPApproachTheestimatednumberofFPisderived: FPestimated=count-total3[0.65+0.013
S(Fi)] FPestimated=375organizationalaverageproductivity=6.5FP/pm.burdenedlaborrate=$8000permonth,approximately$1230/FP.BasedontheFPestimateandthehistoricalproductivitydata,totalestimatedprojectcostis$461,000andestimatedeffortis58person-months.16牛牛文库文档分享Exampl45
牛牛文库文档分享Process-BasedEstimationObtainedfrom“processframework”applicationfunctionsframeworkactivitiesEffortrequiredtoaccomplisheachframeworkactivityforeachapplicationfunction17牛牛文库文档分享Proces46
牛牛文库文档分享Process-BasedEstimationExampleBasedonanaverageburdenedlaborrateof$8,000permonth,thetotalestimatedprojectcostis$368,000andtheestimatedeffortis46person-months.18牛牛文库文档分享Proces47
牛牛文库文档分享Tool-BasedEstimationprojectcharacteristicscalibrationfactorsLOC/FPdata19牛牛文库文档分享Tool-B48
牛牛文库文档分享EstimationwithUse-CasesUsing620LOC/pmastheaverageproductivityforsystemsofthistypeandaburdenedlaborrateof$8000permonth,thecostperlineofcodeisapproximately$13.Basedontheuse-caseestimateandthehistoricalproductivitydata,thetotalestimatedprojectcostis$552,000andtheestimatedeffortis68person-months.20牛牛文库文档分享Estima49
牛牛文库文档分享EmpiricalEstimationModelsGeneralform:effort=tuningcoefficient*sizeexponentusuallyderivedasperson-monthsofeffortrequiredeitheraconstantoranumberderivedbasedoncomplexityofprojectusuallyLOCbutmayalsobefunctionpointempiricallyderived21牛牛文库文档分享Empiri50
牛牛文库文档分享COCOMO-IICOCOMOIIisactuallyahierarchyofestimationmodelsthataddressthefollowingareas:Applicationcompositionmodel.Usedduringtheearlystagesofsoftwareengineering,whenprototypingofuserinterfaces,considerationofsoftwareandsysteminteraction,assessmentofperformance,andevaluationoftechnologymaturityareparamount.Earlydesignstagemodel.Usedoncerequirementshavebeenstabilizedandbasicsoftwarearchitecturehasbeenestablished.Post-architecture-stagemodel.Usedduringtheconstructionofthesoftware.22牛牛文库文档分享COCOMO51
牛牛文库文档分享TheSoftwareEquationAdynamicmultivariablemodel
E=[LOCxB0.333/P]3x(1/t4)
where E=effortinperson-monthsorperson-years t=projectdurationinmonthsoryears B=“specialskillsfactor”
P=“productivityparameter”23牛牛文库文档分享TheSo52
牛牛文库文档分享EstimationforOOProjects-IDevelopestimatesusingeffortdecomposition,FPanalysis,andanyothermethodthatisapplicableforconventionalapplications.Usingobject-orientedrequirementsmodeling(Chapter6),developuse-casesanddetermineacount.Fromtheanalysismodel,determinethenumberofkeyclasses(calledanalysisclassesinChapter6).Categorizethetypeofinterfacefortheapplication
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