新编简明英语语言学教程 第二版 戴炜栋6 pragmatics课件

Chapter6Pragmatics(语用学)----thestudyoflanguageinuseorlanguagecommunication;thestudyoftheuseofcontexttomakeinferenceaboutmeaning.----thestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.SomebasicnotionsinPragmaticsContextPragmaticsvs.semanticsSentencemeaningvs.utterancemeaningCorrectnessvs.appropriatenessContextContext----abasicconceptinthestudyofpragmatics.Itisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer,suchasculturalbackground,situation(time,place,manner,etc.),therelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthehearer,etc.….Sentencemeaningvs.utterancemeaning

----Sentencemeaning:abstractandcontext-independentmeaning;literalmeaningofasentence;----utterancemeaning:concreteandcontext-dependentmeaning;intendedmeaningofaspeaker;Forexample,“Thebagisheavy”canmean:abagbeingheavy(sentencemeaning);anindirect,politerequest,askingthehearertohelphimcarrythebag;Note:Themeaningofanutteranceisbasedonthesentencemeaning;itistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext;utterancemeaningisricherthansentencemeaning;itisidenticalwiththepurposeforwhichthespeakeruttersthesentence.Correctnessvs.appropriateness

“Johnplaygolf”----grammaticallyincorrect;“GolfplayedJohn”----logicallyincorrect;butitmightbeappropriatepragmaticallyincertaincontext.Note:Pragmaticscanmakesenseoutofnonsense,givenasuitablecontext.Appropriatenessisveryimportantinlinguisticcommunication,especiallyincross-culturalcommunication.Ifyousaysomethinggrammaticallyincorrect,youareatworsecondemnedas“speakingbadly”,but,ifyousaysomethinginappropriately,youwillbejudgedas“behavingbadly”,suchasinsincere,untruthful,ordeceitful.(Thomas,1983)Speechacttheory

SpeechactsisatermderivedfromtheworkofthephilosopherJ.L.Austin(1962)andnowusedtorefertoatheorywhichanalyzestheroleofutterancesinrelationtothebehaviorofthespeakerandthehearerininterpersonalcommunication.Itaimstoanswerthequestion“Whatdowedowhenusinglanguage?”SomeExamplesofPerformatives“Ido”“InamethisshipElizabeth.”“Igiveandbequeath(遗赠)mywatchtomybrother.”“Ibetyousixpenceitwillraintomorrow.”“Ideclarethemeetingopen.”

Forexample,“Itiscoldinhere.”Itslocutionaryactisthesayingofitwithitsliteralmeaningtheweatheriscoldinhere;Itsillocutionaryactcanbearequestofthehearertoshutthewindow;Itsperlocutionaryactcanbethehearer’sshuttingthewindoworhisrefusaltocomplywiththerequest.----Analyzeonemoreexample:“Youhaveleftthedoorwideopen.”

Note:Ofthethreeacts,whatspeechacttheoryismostconcernedwithistheillocutionaryact.Itattemptstoaccountforthewaysbywhichspeakerscanmeanmorethanwhattheysay.Searle’sclassificationofspeechacts(1969)

Assertives/representatives(阐述)Directives(指令)Commissives(承诺)Expressives(表达)Declarations(宣告)Assertives/representatives(阐述)

----Statingordescribing,sayingwhatthespeakerbelievestobetrue,e.g.Ithinkthefilmismoving.I’mcertainIhaveneverseenthemanbefore.Isolemnlyswearthathehadgotit.…Directives(指令)----Tryingtogetthehearertodosomething,e.g.Iorderyoutoleaverightnow.Openthewindow,please.Yourmoneyoryourlife!…

Commissives(承诺)

----Committingthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction,e.g.Ipromisetocome.Iwillbringyouthebooktomorrowwithoutfail.…

Expressives(表达)

----Expressingthespeaker’spsychologicalstateaboutsomething,e.g.I’msorryforbeinglate.Iapologizeforthesufferingsthatthewarhascausedtoyourpeople.

…Note:(1)Alltheactsthatbelongtothesamecategorysharethesamepurposebutdifferintheirstrengthorforce,e.g.Iguess/amsure/swearheisthemurderer.Note:(2)Inordertogetsomeoneopenthedoor,wecanchooseonefromavarietyoftheformsinbelow:Couldyouopenthedoor,please!Canyouopenthedoor!Doyoumindopeningthedoor?Openthedoor!Thedoorplease!Principleofconversation(PaulGrice)

(会话原则）

Cooperativeprinciple(CP)----AccordingtoGrice,inmakingconversation,thereisageneralprinciplewhichallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserve.Itgoesasfollows:Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.

答非所问：Conversationalimplicature

（言外之意/会话含义）Inrealcommunication,however,speakersdonotalwaysobservethesemaximsstrictly.Thesemaximscanbeviolatedforvariousreasons.Whenanyofthemaximsisblantantlyviolated,i.e.boththespeakerandthehearerareawareoftheviolation,ourlanguagebecomesindirect,thenconversationalimplicaturearises.ViolationofMaximofquality----A:Wouldyouliketogomoviewithmetonight?----B:Thereisnofilmtonight.(lackingevidence)----A:wouldyouliketocometoourpartytonight?----B:Idon’tlikeparties.(alie)----A:WhowasthatladyIsawyouwithlastnight?----B:Thatwasnolady.Thatwasamanwithlonghair.(alie)Violationofmaximofrelation

----A:Howdidthemathexamgotoday,Jonnie?----B:Wehadabasketballmatchwithclass2andwebeatthem.

----A:Thehostessisanawfulbore.----B:Therosesinthegardenarebeautiful,aren’tthey?----A:Whattimeisit?----B:Thepostmanhasjustarrived.Violationofmaximofmanner

----A:Shallwegetsomethi