推理判断题讲义

推理判断这类题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思， 通过语篇逻辑关系， 研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。 推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。 做这类题时，考生应在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。提问整篇文章或某句某段的含蓄意思时，问句中都含有infer,imply,indicate,suggest(推断，暗指)等词。对付这类题时我们不仅要弄懂文章字面的意思，更重要的是要知道文章潜在的含义，和作者所给的提示。 同时要对文章的含义和作者的暗示作合理的猜测和推论。 关键是：意思要靠推断得出，而不是原文照搬。这就要把握住文章的主题思想和每段的内容；明确作者的观点及其写作该文的目的； 分析文章里所给的有关信息； 注意词汇在词典的定义和词典以外的含义； 最后运用自己的知识进行由表及里的逻辑推理， 挖出文章的伏笔，得出正确的推论。这种问题的提问方式通常有：Fromparagraph4wecaninferthat ./WhatcanbeinferredfromtheTOC\o"1-5"\h\zpassage?/Fromthelastparagraphwecaninferthat .Wecaninferfromthetextthat…/Whatcanwelearnfrom…?/Wecanconcludefromthepassagethat-Thelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthat .Theauthorimpliesthatbytheyear2080, .Tosolvethepresentsocialproblemstheauthorsuggeststhatweshould .Theauthormentionsthefactthat…toshow .Thispassagewouldmostlikelybefoundin ?Theauthor'sattitudetoward …is ?Thetoneofthepassagecanbestbedescribedas ?这些提问方式的答案一般在短文中不可能直接找到， 必须根据提问中的某些关键字眼与短文中相应的有关内容加以逻辑推理或演算， 从而得出某些作者并未说明却已在字里行间所暗含的意思及观点。具体的说，考生应当注意以下几点：首先要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇” 的原则。千万不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。有的推断，考生完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节， 再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来帮助进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原意的结论。要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全。要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，同时还要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展方向，悟出作者的言外之意。在解答推理性问题时，一定要注意确定推理依据的位置或范围。应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细节进行推断， 还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning的方法，迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，则常常要纵览全篇文章。以下介绍几种常见的推理判断题型：1.细节推断题要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件、具体信息等。考生要从文章本身所提供的信息出发，抓住关键的信息词，运用逻辑思维，并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。例题：（2008年全国卷I、IIB篇）MONTREAL（Reuters）-CrossingtheUS-Canadaborder（边界）togotochurchonaSundaycostaUScitizen$10,000forbreakingWashington'sstrictnews安全ity（ules.TheexpensivetriptochurchwasasurpriseforRichardAlbert,wholivesrightontheCanadianborder.Liketheotherhalf-dozenpeopleofTownship15,crossingtheborderisadailyoccurreneeforAlbert.ThenearbyQuebecvillageofSt.Pamphileiswheretheyshop,eatandgotochurch.59.WelearnfromthetextthatRichardAlbertis .anAmericanlivinginTownship15aCanadianlivinginaQuebecvillageaCanadianworkinginacustomsstationanAmericanworkinginaCanadianchurch答案与解析：选A。根据第一段中的costaUScitizen$10,000可以推断出RichardAlbert是美国人，workinginaCanadianchurch与第二段后两句事实不符。（2010山东A）64.WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph4?Unpackagedproductsareofbadquality.Supermarketscaremoreaboutpackaging.Itisimpropertojudgequalitybypackaging.Otherproductsarebetterpackagedthanfood.Butthisisnotjustaboutsupermarkets.Itisaboutallofus.Wehavelearnedtoassociatepackagingwithquality.Wehavelearnedtothinkethatsomethingunpackagedisofpoorquality.Thisisespeciallytrueoffood.Butitalsoappliestoawiderangeofconsumerproducts,whichoftenhavefarmorepackagingthannecessary.（2010山东C）65.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?Fightingwastefulnessisdifficult.Needlessmaterialismostlyrecycled.Peoplelikecollectingrecyclablewaste.Theauthorisproudoftheirconsumerculture.Therearesignsofhope.Asmoreofusrecycle,wearebeginningtorealisejusthowmuchunnecessaymaterialarecollecting.Weneedtofacethewastefulnessofourconsumerculture,butwehaveamoutaintoclimb.

68.WhatcanwelearnaboutVersed”？aiA.Itconsistsofthreeparts.bouttheAmericanarmy.Thefirsthalfof“Versed”focusesonthedarkforcesItiItisabookpublishedtwodecadesago.D.Itpartlyconcernsthepoet'sownlife.holdoftheUnitedStatesasitfoughtthewaragainstIraq.ThesecondhalflooksatthedarkforcescastingashadowoverherownlifeafterArmantroutwasdiagnosedwithcancerin2006.60Whatcanwelearnfromthetext?ThecommunityofAltowaspoor.ThesummercampwasattractiveSandyVanWeeldengotalegacyformtheHatches.TheHatcheswouldliketheneighborstofollowtheirexample.thepareThroughtheyears,theHatchespaidforlocalchildrentoattendsummercampwhentheirparentscouldnsaystheirfriendyouhappier,andtheywoulddothem.EvenmoreextraordinarywasthattheHatcheshadtheirfarmlanddistributed.Itwasalegacyofkindnessasmuchasoneofshouldenrichthewholecommunity（68.WhatcanwelearnaboutVersed”？aiA.Itconsistsofthreeparts.bouttheAmericanarmy.Thefirsthalfof“Versed”focusesonthedarkforcesItiItisabookpublishedtwodecadesago.D.Itpartlyconcernsthepoet'sownlife.holdoftheUnitedStatesasitfoughtthewaragainstIraq.ThesecondhalflooksatthedarkforcescastingashadowoverherownlifeafterArmantroutwasdiagnosedwithcancerin2006.60Whatcanwelearnfromthetext?ThecommunityofAltowaspoor.ThesummercampwasattractiveSandyVanWeeldengotalegacyformtheHatches.TheHatcheswouldliketheneighborstofollowtheirexample.thepareThroughtheyears,theHatchespaidforlocalchildrentoattendsummercampwhentheirparentscouldnsaystheirfriendyouhappier,andtheywoulddothem.EvenmoreextraordinarywasthattheHatcheshadtheirfarmlanddistributed.Itwasalegacyofkindnessasmuchasoneofshouldenrichthewholecommunity（社区）andlastfor'taffordit.ndVanWeelden.shandArleneneveraskedifyouneededanything,“Theycouldseethingsthe（ytoouidketheHatches'wishthattheirlegacydollarsandcent-generationstocomNeighborshelpingneighbors thatwasIshandArleneHatch'sstory.2•因果推断题要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因或根据已有的原因推断可能的结果。 考生要准确掌握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。最关键的是要找准事物间存在的因果关系信息，根据已有信息，进行分析判断推理，从而推出最符合逻辑的原因或判断出最可能导致的结果。70.Theydecidedtoopenasecondstorebecausethey .hadenoughmoneytodoit.hadsucceededintheirbusinesswishedtomeettheincreasingdemandofcustomerswantedtomakebelievethattheyweresuccessfulDeLucawasmanagingthestoreandgoingtotheUniversityofBridgeportatthesametime.BuckwasworkingathisdayjobasanuclearphysicistinNewYork.They'dneetMondayeveningsandbrainstormideasforkeepingthebusinessrunning. “Weconvincedourselvestoopeiasecondstore.Wefiguredwecouldtellthepublic, ‘Weiresosuccessful,weareopeninga

secondstore.error.tAhnedydid—inthespringof1966.Still,itwasalotoflearningbytrialandsecondstore.error.例题：（2008年全国高考—福建卷A篇）PaulZindel'sdeathonMarch27,2003endedthebrilliantlifeofafamouswriter.NotonlydidPaulZindelwinaPulitzerPrizeaswellasanObiePrizeforhis1970playTheEffectofGammaRaysonMan-in-the-MoonMarigolds,butbewasoneoftheearliestwritersinthefieldofcontemporary（当代的）literatureforyoungadults（成人）.ThePigman,publishedin1968,isstilloneofthemostwell-knownandwidely-taughtnovelsinthegenre.TheAmericanLibraryAssociationhasnameditoneofthe100BestoftheBestBooksforYoungAdultspublishedbetween1967and1992,andZindel 'sautobiographyn,TahnedPMigem,waasamongthe100BestoftheBestBookspublishedforteenagersduringthelastpartofthetwentiethcentury.SixofZindel'sbooks,infact,havebeenvotedtheBestBooksforYoungAdults,andmostofhisrecenthorrorbooks-suchasTheDoomStoneandRats-havebeenchosenasQuickPicksforReluctantYoungAdultReaders.Clearly,hewasawriterwhoknewhowtointerestcontemporarychildren.Recognizingthat,theAmericanLibraryAssociationin2002honoredPaulZindelwiththeMargaretA.EdwardsPrizeforhislifetimeachievements,andlaterthatsameyearhewaspresentedwiththeALANPrizeforhiscontributionstoYoungAdultLiterature.Withhispassing,youngreaders,teachers,andlibrarianshavelostagreatfriend.57.WhywasPaulZindelhonoredwiththeMargaretA.EdwardsPrize?Hisbookswerewidelyreadbychildren.Hisbookswereinterestingandhelpfultoadults.Hemadegreatcontributionstocontemporaryliterature.Hewroteanumberofhorrorbooksforyoungadults.答案与解析：选C。从第二段第一句中的后半句…butbewasoneoftheearliestwritersinthefieldofcontemporary（当代的）literatureforyoungadults（成人）及倒数第二句前半句Recognizingthat,theAmericanLibraryAssociationin2002honoredPaulZindelwiththeMargaretA.EdwardsPrizeforhislifetimeachievements,可知PaulZindel是当代文学领域中最早期的作家之一,2002年美国文学协会授予他MargaretA.EdwardsPrize以表彰他毕生的成就。综合两部分考虑，可知选项C正确。从倒数第二句后半句andlaterthatsameyearhewaspresentedwiththeALANPrizeforhiscontributionstoYoungAdultLiterature.排除选项D。3．人物性格、心情处境、态度及观点等推断题高考阅读测试中有些题目考查学生对文章作者的主导思想、被描写人物语气、言谈话语中流露的情绪、性格倾向和作用或文中人物的态度、观点等方面的理解。做这一类题时一定（1） 由表及里地准确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点。（2） 特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情，态度观点的词语。要特别注意作者在文章中的措辞，尤其是感情色彩的形容词。（3） 能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。

C.childlikeD.curiousB.optimistic（2009山东A）59.AccordingtoSandyVanWeelden,theHatcheswere态度推断C.childlikeD.curiousB.optimisticA.understandingaidforlocalchildrentoattendsummercampwhen“IshandArleneneveraskedifyouneededanything.Throughtheyears,theHatchaidforlocalchildrentoattendsummercampwhen“IshandArleneneveraskedifyouneededanything.theirparentscouldn 'taffordit.saystheirfriendSandVanWeelden,“Theycouldseethingstheycoulddotomakeyouhappier,andtheywoulddothem.（2009山东C）69.Rogers'attitudwardsthelow-incomesmokersmightbethatof态度推断A.toleranee B.unconcernC.doubtD.sympathyHalRogers,RepresentativefromKentucky,likethosewhoareagainsthightobaccotaxes,arguesthattheburdenofthetaxfallsonlow-incomeAmericans “whochoosetosmoke.例题：（2008年全国高考一安徽卷E篇）Parentsshouldstopblamingthemselvesbecausethere 'snotalottheycandoaboutit.Imeantheteenager（十几岁的孩子）problem.Whateveryoudoorhoweveryouchoosetodealwithit,atcertaintimesawonderful,reasonableandhelpfulchildwillturnintoaterribleanimal.I'veseenfriendsdealwithitinallkindsofdifferentways.Onestrictmotherinsistedthatherson,rightfromachild,shouldstandupwheneveranyoneenteredtheroom,opendoorsandshakehandslikeagentleman.IsawhimlastweekwhenIcalledround.Sprawlinghimself（懒散地躺）onthesofainfulllength,hemadenoattempttoturnofftheloudTVhewaswatchingasIwalkedin,andhisgreetingwasnomorethanaquickglaneeatme.Hismotherwasashamed. "Idon'tknowwhattodowithhimthesedays, ”shesaid. "He'sforgottenallthemannerswetaughthim.Hehasn'tforgottenthem.He'sjustdecidedthathe 'snotgoingtousethem.Sheconfessed（坦白）thatshewouldliketocomeupbehindhimandthrowhimdownfromthesofaontothefloor.Anothergoodfriendofminelethertwodaughtersclimballoverthefurniture,reachacrossthetable,stareatmeandsay, "Idon'tlikeyourdress;it 'sugly."tlyOneofthedaughtersbeendrivenoutofschool.Theotherhaslefthome."Wheredidwegowrong?”herparentsarenowverysad.Probablynowheremuch.Atleast,nomorethantherestofthatunfortunaterace,parents.Theboyonthesofawouldmostprobablybedescribedas .lazyB.quietG.unusual D.rudeFromthesecondexamplewecaninferthattheparentsofthetwodaughters .paynoattentiontothem B.aretoobusytolookafterthemC.havecometohatethem D.feelhelplesstodomuchaboutthemWhatistheauthorsopinionaboutthesuddenchangeinteenagechildren?Parentshavenochoicebuttotrytoacceptit.Parentsshouldpaystillsoreattentiontothechange.Parentsshouldworkmorecloselywithschoolteachers.Parentsareatfaultforthechangeintheirchildren.答案与解析：73.选D。此题属于"人物性格推断题”。从文中第二段"Onestrictmotherinsistedthatherson,rightfromachild,shouldstandupwheneveranyoneenteredtheroom,opendoorsandshakehandslikeagentleman.”以及其后的细节描述和该段最后一句话" He'sforgottenallthemannerswetaughthim.”可以看出：一位严厉的母亲想把她的孩子培养成绅士，但是她的孩子后来对客人的表现却是很不礼貌。选D。此题属于"人物心情处境推断题”。最后一段，Wheredidwegowrong?herparentsarenowverysad.”一句可推测这两位父母对他们学坏的女儿无可奈何，因此正确答案为 D。选A。此题属于"态度及观点推断题” ，文中第一句话"Parentsshouldstopblamingthemselvesbecausethere'snotalottheycando'”b就表明了作者的观点，父母不应当总是为此事而责怪自己。应当采取措施面对这个事情。 然后最后又用了"Probablynowheremuch.Atleast,nomorethantherestofthatunfortunaterace,parents.”做总结，表明父母们不得不接受这个不好的事实。例题2:（2008年全国高考一北京卷C篇）Howcouldwepossiblythinkthatkeepinganimalsincagesinunnaturalenvironments—mostlyforentertainmentpurposes—isfairandrespectful?Theanimalsarekepttogetherinsmallspaces,withnoprivacyandlittleopportunityformentalandphysicalexercise.Thisresultsinunusualandself-destructivebehaviorcalledzoochosis.Aworldwidestudyofzoosfoundthatzoochosisiscommonamonganimalskeptinsmallspacesorcages.Anotherstudyshowedthatelephantsspend22percentoftheirtimemakingrepeatedheadmovementsorbitingcagebars,andbearsspend30percentoftheirtimewalkingbackandforth,asignofunhappinessandpain.64.Howwouldtheauthordescribetheanimals 'lifeinzoos?Dangerous. B.Unhappy.C.Natural.D.Easy.答案与解析：64.选B。此题属于“态度及观点推断题”，由本段中的第一句话 keepinganimalsincagesinunnaturalenvironments，以及后文当中的Theanimalsarekepttogetherinsmallspaces,禾廿asignofunhappinessandpain.可以推断出作者认为动物园中的动物的生活不幸福。approvesatisfactionpositiveoptimisticamazing纟见态庚词approvesatisfactionpositiveoptimisticamazingdisapprovedissatisfactionnegativepessimisticgloomy负04•篇章结构推断题根据不同文章的内容和写作目的，作者会采取记叙、描写、议论、说明或应用文体。作者也会采用叙述、例证、 比较对照等不同的组织结构。不同文体的阅读难度、要求和任务不同，阅读方法也应不同。增强对篇章结构的理解能力有助于提高阅读质量。例题1: （2008年全国高考一湖北卷A篇）Haveyoueverwonderedwhybirdssing?Maybeyouthoughtthattheywerejusthappy.Afterall,youprobablysingorwhistlewhenyouarehappy.Somescientistsbelievethatbirdsdosingsomeofthetimejustbecausetheyarehappy.However,theysingmostofthetimeforaverydifferentreason.Theirsingingisactuallyawarningtootherbirdstostayoutoftheirterritory.Howdoesthewriterexplainbirds 'singing?Bycomparingbirdswithhumanbeings.Byreportingexperimentresults.Bydescribingbirds'dailylife.Bytellingabird 'sstory.答案与解析：由文章第一、二两段可知作者是把鸟儿和人类进行对比。例题2：（2008年全国高考一浙江卷C篇）Inthecourseofworkingmywaythroughschool,ItookmanyjobsIwouldratherforget.Butnoneofthesejobswasasdreadfulasmyjobinanappleplant.Theworkwashard;thepaywaspoor;and,mostofall,theworkingconditionswereterrible.Firstofall,thejobmadehugedemandsonmystrength…Istayedonthejobforfivemonths,allthewhilehatingthedifficultyofthework,thepoormoney,andtheconditionsunderwhichIworked.BythetimeIleft,Iwasdeterminednevertogobackthereagain.

52.Howisthetextorganized?Topic—Argument—ExplanationOpinion—Discussion--DescriptionMainidea—Comparison—SupportingexamplesIntroduction—Supportingexamples—Conclusion答案与解析：选D。本题考查对语篇的结构理解。本文为记叙文的一般结构，本文叙述了作者上学时在一个苹果加工厂打工的经历。 作者在第一段提出在苹果加工厂工作的辛苦，工资低和工作条件差 (Theworkwashard;thepaywaspoor;and,mostofall,theworkingconditionswereterrible.)，中间三段举例描述，最后一段得出"再也不愿意做”的结论(BythetimeIleft,Iwasdeterminednevertogobackthereagain.)。5•文章结论推断题由具体到一般，对已知的事实进行归纳总结性推断称为结论。60Whatcanwelearnfromthetext?ThecommunityofAltowaspoor.ThesummercampwasattractiveSandyVanWeeldengotalegacyformtheHatches.TheHatcheswouldliketheneighborstofollowtheirexample.theparents.Throughtheyears,theHatchespaidfotheirparentscouldnsaystheirfrienyouhappier,andtheywoulddothem.EvenmoreextraordinarywasthattheHatcheshadtheirfarmlanddistributed.Itwasalegacyofkindnessasmuchasoneofshouldenrichthewholecommunity（社区）andlastfor'taffordit.ndVanWeelden,ocalchildrentoattendsummercampwhenshandArleneneveraskedifyouneededanything,“TheycouldseethingsthesytoomlalketheHatches'wishthattheirlegacydollarsandcentgenerationstocomeNeighborshelpingneighbors thatwasIshandArleneHatch'sstory.例题：（2008年全国高考一广东卷D篇）In1837,thehistorianCarlylemadethefirstrecordeduseoftheword"queue"（排队）.HespokeoftheFrenchandtheir"habitofstandinginaqueue".FortyyearslaterPariswasthebestplacetowaitinline.However,queuingbecamepopularinBritaintoo.TheSecondWorldWarwasthegoldenageofqueuing,andpeoplejoinedanylineinthehopethatitwasaqueueforsomethingtobuy.ThiswasthesourceofmanySecondWorldWarjokes:Shopkeepertocustomer:Excuseme,miss,areyoupregnant（怀孕）?Customer:Well,Iwasn 'twhenIjoinedthequeue.Today,accordingtoresearchinAmerica,we（inBritain）canspendupto5yearsofourlivesqueuing-ascomparedtotwelvemonthslookingforthingswehavelost.Butthingsmaybechanging.Butsomepeoplejustlikequeuing.OnemanqueuedallnightforHarrodsfamousJanuarysale,andthenreturnedhomeforbreakfastatnineo'clockthenextmorningwithoutgoingintotheshop.71.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat .queuemanagementdoesn 'tworkwellthereisstillqueuinginEnglandwedon'tseemuchqueuinginParistheFrenchlikequeuingmorethantheBritish答案与解析：•选B。文章结论推断题。文章最后说了" Butsomepeoplejustlikequeuing.”，该句表明在英国还是有人喜欢排队，因此排队仍然存在。6•预测题有些内容文章中没有明确说明，要求考生根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等进行预测推理。常见的与预测相关的问题主要有：Whatinformationwillprobablybeprovidedfollowingthelastparagraph?Whatdoyouthinktheauthorismostlikelytosuggestifhecontinuestowrite?Whatwould…dointheend?对于这类问题的判断，做这类题时应常常要纵览全文，把握作者的写作思路（如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述），作者往往在前文提出几个要解决或说明的问题，提出几种观点看法， 然后在下文一一解释说明， 考生可通过文章，找出作者已经阐明了哪些问题或观点，然后接下去文章将会如何发展便一目了然了。例题1:（2004全国卷IB篇）GivingBackFairWayTheWestboroughHighSchoolgolfteamhadtakentheofficialphotoswiththestateprize.Theotherteams,disappointed,wereonthebusheadinghome.AndthenWestboroughinstructorGregRotanoticedsomethingwrongononeofthescorecards.A9hadbeenrecordedasa7.Theywerenotthestateprizewinner;WoburnHighhadwon."Noonewouldhaveknown,"saidWoburn'sstructor,BobDoran.ForRota,itwasn'tadifficultdecision:Theprizewasn'tourstotake.”WhatdidGregRota