论翻译策略及其应用

欢迎阅读本文档，希望本文档能够对您有所帮助！欢迎阅读本文档，希望本文档能够对您有所帮助！感谢阅读本文档，希望本文档能够对您有所帮助！感谢阅读本文档，希望本文档能够对您有所帮助！欢迎阅读本文档，希望本文档能够对您有所帮助！感谢阅读本文档，希望本文档能够对您有所帮助！TowardsTranslationStrategiesAndTheirApplicationWrittenbyWuJianghuaSupervisedbyProfessorTanWeiguoAThesisSubmittedtoForeignLanguagesCollegeShanghaiNormalUniversityInPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsforTheDegreeofMasterofArtsinEnglishLinguisticsandLiteratureMay2006论翻译策略及其应用作者：吴江华导师：谭卫国教授上海师范大学外国语学院英语语言文学硕士论文2006年5月AcknowledgementsMymostsinceregratitudeshouldfirstgotomysupervisor,Prof.TanWeiguo,whoseconstantencouragement,illuminatinginstructionandmeticulousguidancehavegreatlycontributedtotheshapingofthisthesis.Itishewhohasguidedmeintotheacademicfieldoftranslationanditisalsohewhohasinspiredinmeaparticularinterestintranslationstrategies.Hecarefullyreadthevariousdraftsofmythesisandprovidedmewithinvaluablecommentsandsuggestions.Withouthiskindhelpandcarefuleffort,thisthesiswouldnotbewhatitappearsnow.IamalsogreatlyindebtedtoProf.CaiLongquan,fromwhosecommentsandsuggestionsIhaveundoubtedlybenefitedagreatdeal.Besides,IwouldliketoextendmyappreciationtoProf.ChengXinghua,Prof.SuChengzhi,Prof.Zhouzhongjie,andProf.DengMingde,whohavealsohelpedmeinonewayoranother.ItwasthroughtheirlecturesIhadthechancestoacquaintmyselfwithknowledgeessentialforthisthesisandthatIbroadenedmyhorizonsinthefieldoftranslationstudies,linguisticsandliterature.Inaddition,mythanksalsogotoalltheotherteachersandmydearfriendsfortheirsupportandencouragementduringmythree-yearstudyasapostgraduate.Finally,Idedicatethisthesiswithloveandgratitudetomyfamilymembers,whoarealwaystheretogivemeconstantencouragementandsupportwheneverIneed.Theirloveismyperpetualtreasure.AbstractTranslation,whichactsasabridgebetweendifferentlanguagesandcultures,contributessignificantlytocross-culturalcommunication.Duringtheprocessoftranslation,translatorsalwayshavetomakeachoiceofwhichtranslationstrategyshouldbeadoptedtodealwiththedifferencesbetweentheSL-cultureandtheTL-culture.Domesticationandforeignizationaretwomajortranslationstrategies.Thisthesismakesanattempttodiscussthetwostrategiesandtheirapplicationfromtheperspectivesoftranslatology,linguisticsandinterculturalcommunication.Thisthesisfirstsurveysthestatusquoofresearchesconcerningdomesticationandforeignizationathomeandabroadbeforeitpointsoutthenecessityofmakingfurtherstudiesofthesetwomajortranslationstrategies.Next,thethesisexpoundstherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureandthatbetweencultureandtranslation.Then,itdiscussesatlengththetwotranslationstrategies,includingtheirdefinitions,acomparativestudy,disputesinhistory,currentstudies,andtheauthor’sopinions.Thethesiscontinuestodealwithsuchneglectedfactorsasmayinfluencethetranslator’schoiceoftranslationstrategies:thetypeofthesourcetext(ST),thetranslationpurposes,theleveloftheintendedreaders,thesocialandhistoricalbackground,thetranslator’sattitudeandsoon.Finally,fromthelinguisticandculturalperspectives,thethesismakesacomparativestudyoftheapplicationofdomesticationandforeignizationbyanalyzingtypicalexamplesfromthetwoEnglishversionsofHongLouMengtranslatedbyYangXianyiandDavidHawkesrespectively.Thethesisconcludesthatthesetwotranslationstrategieshavetheirrespectivefeaturesandapplicablevalue.ItissincerelyhopedthatthisresearchintotranslationstrategieswillenlightentranslatorsandmakealittlecontributiontotheprosperityoftranslationstudiesandtranslationpracticeinChina.Keywords:translationstrategy;domestication;foreignization;application摘要翻译作为沟通不同语言与文化的桥梁，在跨文化交际中起着不可或缺的作用。译者在翻译的过程中总会面临翻译策略的选择。翻译策略是指译者在处理源语与译语语言文化差异时所用的方法。在翻译中有两种基本策略：归化和异化。本文主要从翻译学、语言学和跨文化交际的角度来讨论这两种翻译策略以及他们的应用。首先，文章概述了国内外翻译界对归化与异化研究的现状并指出继续深入研究的必要性；接着论述了语言、文化与翻译之间的相互关系；然后系统地讨论归化和异化这两种翻译策略，包括他们的定义，历史上的有关争论和当前的研究现状，并阐述了作者的观点。接下来本文讨论了影响译者选择翻译策略的因素，例如：文本类型、目标语读者的水平、翻译的社会历史背景、译者的翻译的目的及其文化态度等等。作者试图通过对这些因素进行详细分析，并结合具体例子，分别从语言和文化层面对中国古典名著《红楼梦》的两个英译本中归化与异化的应用进行比较研究（杨宪益译本和霍克斯译本），来论证异化与归化看似矛盾，实则相互补充的辩证关系；异化和归化因其各具特点，在不同情况下都有其存在的价值，过于强调其中的一种是片面的，不科学的；译者应该根据文本类型、翻译目的和读者水平等因素来选择合适的翻译策略，绝对归化和绝对异化都是行不通的。希望本文对翻译策略的研究能够给译者以启发，并达到进一步加强和丰富翻译理论、指导翻译实践的目的。关键词：翻译策略；归化；异化；应用TableofContentsTOC\o"1-5"\h\z\uAcknowledgements IAbstract II摘要 IIITableofContents IVChapter1Introduction 11.1TheCulturalTurnintheStudyofTranslation 11.2StatusQuoofStudiesofDomesticationandForeignization 31.3ThePurpose,SignificanceandtheFrameworkoftheThesis 4Chapter2Language,CultureandTranslation 62.1TheRelationshipBetweenLanguageandCulture 62.2TheRelationshipBetweenCultureandTranslation 72.3Translatabilityand“Untranslatability”ofCulture 8Chapter3TowardsDomesticationandForeignization 113.1DefinitionsofDomesticationandForeignization 113.2DomesticationandForeignizationVsFreeTranslationandLiteralTranslation 133.3TheDisputesoverDomesticationandForeignizationinHistory 153.3.1TheDisputesinChina 153.3.2TheDisputesAbroad 193.4CurrentStudiesofDomesticationandForeignization 213.5TheAuthor’sUnderstandingofDomesticationandForeignization 243.5.1WhyHavetheDisputesAlwaysBeenGoingon? 243.5.2AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofDomesticationandForeignization 25Chapter4FactorsInfluencingTranslator’sselectionofTranslationStrategies 274.1TypesofText 284.2SocialandCulturalBackground 324.2.1SocialBackground 324.2.2CulturalBackground 344.3TargetLanguageReaders 364.4TheSubjectiveFactorsInfluencingTranslationStrategies 384.4.1PurposeofTranslator 384.4.2Translator’sAttitude 39Chapter5TheApplicationoftheTwoStrategiestotheTwoEnglishVersionsofHongLouMeng 415.1AGlimpseofHongLouMengandItsEnglishVersions 415.2TheReasonsforChoosingTheseTwoEnglishVersionsofHongLouMeng 425.3AComparativeStudyoftheTwoVersionsofHongLouMeng 435.3.1LinguisticLevel 43Vocabulary 43GrammaticalStructure 475.3.2CulturalLevel 49EcologicalCulture 49MaterialCulture 51SocialCulture 52ReligiousCulture 55LanguageCulture 575.4Summary 59Chapter6Conclusion 60Bibliography 62Chapter1IntroductionNowadays,withtherapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyandtheincreasinginterconnectednessoftheinternationaleconomicandculturalsystems,theworldisgettingsmallerandsmallerandbecomingaglobalvillage.Communicationamongthepeopleintheglobalvillageisgrowingmoreandmorefrequent.Translation,asameansoftransferringlanguagesaswellascultures,isplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleintheglobalization,whichalsogivesagreatimpetustothedevelopmentofcivilization.1.1TheCulturalTurnintheStudyofTranslationForcenturies,thestudiesoftranslationhavebeensubsumedundereitheroftwodifferentsubjectsordisciplines:linguisticsandcomparativeliterature.Traditionaltranslationstudiesmainlyinvolvethecomprehensionandcriticismoftheoriginaltextanditstranslation.Mostpapersontranslationfocusonlinguisticanalysisandtextualcomparison.Translationevenhasbeenseenasasegmentorsub-fieldoflinguisticsonthebasicpremisethattranslationisakindofcommunicationbetweentwolanguages,andtheobjectoftranslationstudyistoachieveakindofgrammaticalorsyntacticalequivalence.Before1970s,thestudyoftranslationoccupiedaminorcornerofappliedlinguistics,anevenmoreminorcornerofliterarystudies,andlittlepositionatallintheculturalstudies.Butshortlyafterwards,itbegantobenoticedthattranslationisnotmerely“thereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguage(sourcelanguage)byequivalentmaterialinanotherlanguage(targetlanguage)”(J.C.Catford,1965:20).HansVermeer,aGermantranslator,onceproposedhisunderstandingoftranslationfromaculturalperspectiveas“informationofferedinalanguagezofcultureZwhichimitatesinformationofferedinlanguageaofcultureAsoastofulfillthedesiredfunction.Thatmeansthatatranslationisnotthetranscodingofwordsorsentencesfromonelanguageintoanother,butacomplexactioninwhichsomeoneprovidesinformationaboutatextundernewfunctional,culturalandlinguisticconditionsandinanewsituation,wherebyformalcharacteristicsareimitatedasfaraspossible”(HansVermeer,1986:36).Inabroadsense,allhumanactivitiesareculturalactivities.Translationisnoexception.ChristianeNordusesthenotionof“interculturalcommunication”insteadof“translation”;Holz-Manttariuses“interculturalcooperation”torefertotranslation;R.DanielShawcoinstheword“transculturation”toreplacetranslation;AndreLefevereviewstranslationasakindof“acculturation”(Guo,1998:12).Furthermore,LanceHewsonandJackyMartin(1991:131-135),whileconsideringthetranslatoras“culturaloperator”,claimthat“culturalequationshouldbeanessentialpartoftranslationtheoryandpracticealike.”In1990,SusanBassnettandAndreLefeverewerethefirsttosuggestthattranslationstudiestakethe“Culturalturn”,whichmarksashiftofemphasisintranslationstudiesfromthelinguisticanalysistothebroaderissuesofcontext,historyandconventionintheirco-editedworksofTranslation/History/Culture:ASourcebook:Onceuponatime,thequestionsthatwerealwaysbeingaskedwere“Howcantranslationbetaught?”and“Howcantranslationbestudied?”Thosewhoregardedthemselvesastranslatorswereoftencontemptuousofanyattemptstoteachtranslation,whilstthosewhoclaimedtoteachoftendidnottranslate,andsohadtoresorttotheoldevaluativemethodofsettingonetranslationalongsideanotherandexaminingbothinaformalistvacuum.Now,thequestionshavechanged.Theobjectofstudyhasbeenredefined;whatisstudiedisthetextembeddedinitsnetworkofbothsourceandtargetculturalsignsandinthiswayTranslationStudieshasbeenabletoutilizethelinguisticapproachandtomoveoutbeyondit(2004:123).Theymaintainthatthestudyoftranslationisthestudyofculturalinteraction.Translationisneverdoneinavacuum.Neitherdoesthewriternorthetranslatoroperateinavacuum;theyaretheproductsofaparticularculture,ofaparticularmomentintime.Increasingly,thereisamovetowardsculturalstudiesinthefieldoftranslationsincenotranslatorcanescapefromculturalconstrainsandtranslationtheorycanneverbeall-aroundwithoutculturalstudies.Translationstudieshavemovedonfromendlessdebatesabout“equivalence”todiscussionofthefactorsinvolvedintextproductionacrosslinguisticboundaries.Theygotowardsagreaterawarenessoftheinternationalcontextandtheneedtobalancelocalwithglobaldiscourses.Undoubtedlythisbroadenedthevisionoftranslationstudy.1.2StatusQuoofStudiesofDomesticationandForeignizationSincethe“CulturalTurn”inthestudyoftranslation,thereisanewtrendinthefield:culture-orientedtranslation,whichviewstranslationnotonlyasaninter-lingualcommunicationbutalsoasaninter-culturalcommunicationbymeansofwhichcultureofonelanguagecanbeandshouldbetransmittedintothatofanother.E.A.Nidathinksthat“fortrulysuccessfultranslating,biculturalismisevenmoreimportantthanbilingualism,sincewordsonlyhavemeaningintermsoftheculturesinwhichtheyfunction”(Nida,2001:82).Translationisinitsessenceakindofinterculturalcommunicationandiscloselyrelatedtoculture.“Accordingly,competenttranslatorsarealwaysawarethatultimatelywordsonlyhavemeaningintermsofthecorrespondingculture”(Nida,2001:139).Peoplehavepaidmoreandmoreattentionontheculturalfactors.However,the“gap”or“distance”betweenthesourcecultureandthetargetculturehasalwaysbeenahardnutfortranslatorstocrack.Generallyspeaking,therearetwomaintranslationstrategiesappliedbythetranslatorstotackletheproblem,oneisdomesticationandtheotherisforeignization.Theformerreferstothetranslationstrategy“whoseapplicationleadstoatransparent,fluentstylesothatthestrangenessoftheforeigntextfortargetlanguagereaders”isminimized,whiletheuseofthelatterbringsaboutatargettextwherethetranslatorretains“somethingoftheforeignismoftheoriginal”insteadof“followingthetargetlanguageconventions”(Shuttleworth&Cowie,2004:43).Somescholarspreferforeignizationwhileotherswouldliketoturntodomestication.ThetypicalrepresentativeofdomesticationisE.A.Nida,whoproposes“DynamicEquivalence”intranslationand“aimsatcompletenaturalnessofexpression…andtriestorelatethereceptortomodesofbehaviorrelevantwithinthecontextofhisownculture”(Venuti,2004:21).InChina,QianZhongshu(钱钟书)oncesaid,“thehighesttranslationcriterionofliteratureis‘Sublimation’(“化境”)…thetranslationshouldbenaturalandkeeptheforeignflavor…”FuLei(傅雷)adheredto“resemblanceinspirit”ratherthan“resemblanceinform”.Ontheotherhand,L.Venutiproposes“resistanttranslation”which“avoidsfluency”and“challengesthetarget-languageculture”.Undoubtedly,headvocatesforeignization.InChina,LuXun(鲁迅),LiuYingkai(刘英凯),SunZhili(孙致礼)allprefertoadoptingforeignization.1.3ThePurpose,SignificanceandtheFrameworkoftheThesisThedisputesoverthechoiceofthesetwostrategieshavelastedforalongtime.BothinChinaandabroad,therearetwocontraryopinions.Somescholarsthinkthatdomesticationwillbecomemorepopular,whereasothersmaintainthatforeignizationwillbemorecommonlyadopted.Theyallliketoaffirmonetothenegationoftheother.Apparently,itisnotappropriatetoemphasizeonestrategytotheneglectoftheother.Thisthesissetsouttostudydomesticationandforeignizationfromadialecticalviewpointandaimstoproveanddrawtheconclusionthatthesetwostrategiesarejustifiedfortheirexistenceandaresupplementarytoeachother.Overemphasisofonestrategyfromastaticandabsoluteviewpointisone-sidedandunscientific.Wecanneverregardatranslationstrategyasabsolutenorcanweexcludeitcompletely.Weshouldtakeadialecticalviewoftranslationstrategies.Thestudyoftranslationstrategieswillprovidetranslatorswiththeoreticalguidanceintheirtranslationpracticeandwillcontributetotheprosperityoftranslationstudies.Thisthesisisorganizedasfollows:ChapterOneintroducestheCultureTurninthestudyoftranslation,summarizespresentstudiesofdomesticationandforeignization,andpointsoutthepurposeandsignificanceofthethesis.ChapterTwoprovidesabriefdiscussionoftherelationshipamonglanguage,cultureandtranslation.ChapterThreeprobesintothetwotranslationstrategies:domesticationandforeignization,includingtheirdefinitions,historicaldebatesathomeandabroad,andtheauthor’sownideasofthetwotranslationstrategies.ChapterFourinvestigatesvariousfactorsaffectingdomesticationandforeignization,suchastypesoftext,socialandculturalbackground,targetreaders,purposeandattitudeoftranslators.ChapterFivediscussestheeffectivenessandfeasibilityofthesetwotranslationstrategiesbymakingacomparativestudyofthetwoEnglishversionsofHongLouMengbyDavidHawkesandYangXianyirespectivelyfromthelinguisticandculturalangles.Sufficientexamplesareemployedtorevealtheeffectivenessofdomesticationandforeignizationindifferentsituations.ChapterSixsumsupthemainideasofthethesis,presentstheauthor’sconclusionandmentionsthesignificanceandvalueoftheresearch.Chapter2Language,CultureandTranslationSincetranslationisaprocessdealingwithlanguageandculture,weshouldstudytherelationshipamongthem.2.1TheRelationshipBetweenLanguageandCultureCultureisthemediumevolvedbyhumanstosurvive.Nothinginourlivesisfreefromculturalinfluences.Itisthekeystoneincivilization’sarchandisthemediumthroughwhichalllife’seventsmustflow(Samovar&Porter,2000:22).Cultureisreallyanextremelywideandcomplexconcept.TheModerntechnicaldefinitionofculture,associallypatternedhumanthoughtandbehavior,wasoriginallyproposedbythenineteenth-centuryBritishanthropologist,EdwardTylorinhisPrimitiveCulture(2005):“Culture…isthatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,beliefs,arts,moral,law,customsandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”AccordingtothestatisticsoftheEnglishEncyclopedia,therearemorethan160formalpublishesabouttheexplanationofcultureintheworld.Butuptonow,anagreementhassofarnotbeenreached.Thereisnostandarddefinitionofculture.InCiHai(《辞海》),thedefinitionof“culture”is,“inabroadsense,thesumtotalityofmaterialandspiritualwealthcreatedbyhumanbeingsintheprocessofsocialdevelopment;Narrowlyspeaking,itreferstosocialideologyandtheinstitutionandorganizationstructurecorrespondingtoit.”(“……从广义来说，指人类社会历史实践中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。从狭义来说，指社会的意识形态，以及与之相应的制度和组织结构。”)Culture,inmyopinion,isaphenomenonofhistoryandeachsocietyhasitsownculture.Infact,culture,asasortofpracticingandspiritualpatternadoptedbymaninhandlingtherelationbetweenmenandtheworld,andthat,inwhichthespiritualandmaterialsums,isthedialecticalunityaboutthepatternandcontent.Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculturehasbeenstudiedbymanyscholarswidely.Language,accordingtothenewEncyclopediaBritannia,isasystem,conventionalspokenorwrittensymbolsbymeansofwhichhumanbeings,asmembersofasocialgroupandparticipantsinitsculture,whichisdefinitelyonepartofcultureandplaysaveryimportantroleinit.“Languageistheprincipalmeanswherebyweconductoursociallives.Whenitisusedincontextsofcommunication,itisboundupwithcultureinmultipleandcomplexways”(Kramsch,2000:3).Atfirst,languageexpressesculturalreality.Thewordspeopleutternotonlyrefertocommonexperienceandtheknowledgeabouttheworldthatpeopleshare,butalsoreflecttheirauthor’sattitudesandbeliefs,theirpointofview,whicharethoseofothersaswell.Secondly,languageembodiesculturalrealitythroughverbalornon-verbalaspects.Membersofasocialgroupdonotonlyexpressexperience;theyalsocreateexperiencethroughlanguage.Theygivemeaningtoitthroughthemediumtheychoosetocommunicatewithoneanother.Thewayinwhichpeopleusethespoken,written,orvisualmediumitselfcreatesmeaningsthatareunderstandabletothegrouptheybelongto.Finally,languagesymbolizesculturalreality.Languageisasystemofsignsthatisseenashavingitselfaculturalvalue.Speakersidentifythemselvesandothersthroughtheiruseoflanguage;theyviewtheirlanguageasasymboloftheirsocialidentity.Theprohibitionofitsuseisoftenperceivedbyitsspeakersasarejectionoftheirsocialgroupandtheirculture.“Althoughalanguagemayberegardedasarelativelysmallpartofaculture,itisalsoindispensabletoboththefunctioningandperpetuationofculture.”“Languageandculturearetwointerdependentsymbolicsystems”(Nida,2001:139).Humanculturewithoutlanguageisunthinkable.Withoutlanguage,thereisnoculture.Languageisthekeystoneofculture.Withoutculture,languagewillloseallitsmeaningsandvanishintheend.“Alanguageisapartofacultureandacultureisapartoflanguage,thetwoareintricatelyinterwovensothatonecannotseparatethetwowithoutlosingthesignificanceofeitherlanguageorculture”(Douglas,1980:16).2.2TheRelationshipBetweenCultureandTranslationTranslationisinitsessenceakindofinterculturalcommunicationandiscloselyrelatedtoculture.Translationandcultureshareaninterdependentrelationship.First,translationdefinitelyinvolvesculture.Inappliedlinguisticsandanthropology,cultureiscloselylinkedwithacertainlanguageandmakesthislanguageculturally-loadedinamannerdifferentfromotherlanguages.Theintimaterelationbetweenlanguageandculturedeterminesthatintheprocessoftranslation,cultureisanimportantelementneededtobedealtwith,andmoreattentionshouldbelaiduponculturalelements.Second,translationisameansoftransmittingcultureseversincecountriesandlanguageshavebeenincontactwitheachother.Translationservesasabridgebetweendifferentcultures.Forinstance,manyEnglishexpressionshavefoundtheirwaysintotheChineselanguage,whiletheChinesepeoplefeelnoforeignnessatall,fortheyhavebeenassimilatedintotheChineselanguage,suchas“Ivorytower”(象牙塔),“atrumpcard”(王牌),“honeymoon”(蜜月),“blueprint”(蓝图),“TheOpen-doorPolicy”(门户开放政策),etc.Third,translationpromotesculturaldevelopmentbyimportingforeignculturalnourishmentsandtransplantingtheoutsideculturesintoitsownculturalenvironments.Thusenhancingtheimprovementoftheworldculturesonthewholeandleadingtothebetteringoftheworldcivilization.WetakeChinaasanexample,inSuiandTangDynasty,alargenumberofworksofSutraweretranslatedintoChinese,whichisagreatimpetustothedevelopmentofBuddhisminChinesereligion.Thelastbutnotleast,cultureexertsagreatinfluenceontranslation.Forexample,thetranslator’saesthetichabitsandoptionswillbeaffectedbythecultureinwhichhefindshimself.2.3Translatabilityand“Untranslatability”ofCultureTranslatabilityand“untranslatebility”seemalwaysoppositetoeachother;however,itisamatterofdegree,sincetherearesimilaritiesanddifferentiationsbetweenculturesatthesametime.“Untranslatebility”indicatesthelimitationoftranslation,whichisrelativeratherthanabsolute.Thatiswhyquotationmarksareusedinthisthesis.Tosomeextent,thedegreeoftranslatabilitydependsontherelationshipbetweentheculturesinvolved.Theclosertherelationship,thehigherthedegree.Humanbeingsliveonthesameglobeandsharesomecommoncharacters.Becauseofthesimilarityofthelivingexperiences,theobservationtotheworld,culturesofvariouscountriesalsohavesomethingsimilaroreventhesame.Andallthesesimilaritiesandgeneralitiesareembodiedintheirlanguages.Forinstance,BothEnglishandGermanbelongtoIndia-Europeanlanguagefamily,andthetwocultureshavemuchincommonbecauseofhistoricalandgeographicalreasons;soitisnotsurprisingtofindthereisahigherdegreeoftranslatabilitybetweenEnglishandGermancultures.Andweknowthatatleastninetypercentofthefundamentalstructuresofalllanguagesarequitesimilar,andlanguageuniversalsfaroutweighthedivergences.ThatiswhythoughChineseuseshieroglyphics,whichisamemberofSino-Tibetanfamily.Englishusealphabeticalletters,whichisamemberofIndia-Europeanlanguagefamily,westillcanfindsomeequivalentexpressionsandcloselyapproximateexpressionsbothatlinguisticlevelandculturallevel.Forexample:“burnone’sboat”(破釜沉舟),“aneyeforaneye,atoothforatooth”(以眼还眼，以牙还牙),“topouroilontheflame”(火上浇油),etc.However,thediversityofcultureisobvious.Becauseofdifferentgeographiclocations,conventions,religiousbeliefs,values,politicalsystemsandsoon,theculturaldifferencesaredisplayed,whicharecertainlyembodie