语言学复习题及答案

I.Choosethebestanswer.LanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumanA.contactB.communicationC.relationD.communityStudythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?一Aniceday,isn'tit?一Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.A.EmotiveB.PhaticC.PerformativeD.Interpersonalreferstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.A.PerformanceB.CompetenceC.LangueD.Paroledealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.A.LinguistictheoryB.PracticallinguisticsC.AppliedlinguisticsD.Comparativelinguisticsanswerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.A.PsycholinguisticsB.AnthropologicallinguisticsC.SociolinguisticsD.AppliedlinguisticsPitchvariationisknownaswhenitspatternsareimposedonsentences._A.intonationB.toneC.pronunciationD.voiceConventionallyaisputinslashes(//).A.allophoneB.phoneC.phonemeD.morphemeAnaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpareofthepphoneme.A.analoguesB.tagmemesC.morphemes_D.allophonesTheopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas_A.glottisB.vocalcavityC.pharynxD.uvulaThediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownasdiphthongs.A.wideB.closingC.narrowD.centering

11.Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled11.A.minimalpairsB.allomorphsC.phonesallophonesWhichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds?A.AcousticphoneticsB.ArticulatoryphoneticsC.AuditoryphoneticsD.NoneoftheaboveWhichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?A.[n]B.[m]C.[b]D.[p]Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?A.[i:]B.[u]C.[e]D.[i]D.A.VoicelessB.VoicedC.GlottalstopD.D.A.VoicelessB.VoicedC.GlottalstopD.asA.lexicalwordsB.grammaticalwordsC.functionwordsD.formwordsasA.lexicalwordsB.grammaticalwordsC.functionwordsD.formwordsConsonantNouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassified

17.Morphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderand17.A.inflectionalB.freeC.boundD.casearecalledmorpheme.A.inflectionalB.freeC.boundD.derivationalTherearemorphemesintheworddenationalization.A.threeB.fourC.fiveD.six19.InEnglish-iseand书onarecalled19.D.A.prefixesB.suffixesC.infixesstemsD.Thethreesubtypesofaffixesare:prefix,suffixandA.derivationalaffixB.inflectionalaffixC.infixD.back-formationisawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword.A.affixationB.back-formationC.insertionD.additionThewordTBisformedinthewayof.A.acronymyB.clipping_C.initialismD.blending

23.Thewordslikecomsatandsitcomareformedby23.A.blendingB.clippingC.back-formationD.acronymy24.Thestemofdisagreementsis.A.agreementB.agreeC.disagreeD.disagreement25.Allofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor.A.lexemeB.phonemeC.morphemeD.allomorph26.Thesentencestructureis.A.onlylinearB.onlyhierarchicalC.complexD.bothlinearandhierarchical27.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageareinnumber.A.largeB.smallC.finiteD.infinite28.Therulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.A.lexicalB.morphologicalC.linguisticD.combinational_29.Asentenceisconsideredwhenitdoesnotconformtothegrammaticalknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.A.rightB.wrongC.grammaticalD.

ungrammatical30.Aintheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.A.coordinatorB.particleC.prepositionD.subordinator31.Phrasestructureruleshaveproperties.A.recursive_B.grammaticalC.socialD.functionalPhrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstandhowwordsandphrasesformsentences.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwordshowpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesalloftheabove.33.TheheadofthephrasethecityRomeA■_isA.thecityB.RomeC.city33.TheheadofthephrasethecityRomeA■_isA.thecityB.RomeC.cityD.thecityRome34.Thephraseontheshelf”belongsto34.Thephraseontheshelf”belongstoconstruction.A.endocentricB.exocentricC.subordinateD.A.endocentricB.exocentricC.subordinateD.coordinate35.ThesentenceTheywerewantedtoremainquietandnotto35.ThesentenceTheywerewantedtoremainquietandnottoexposethemselves."isasentence.A.simpleB.coordinateC.compoundDcomplex36.Thenamingtheoryisadvancedby.A.Plato_B.BloomfieldFirthA.Plato_B.BloomfieldFirthCanIborrowyourbike?issynonymouswithC.GeoffreyLeechD.Youhaveabike.”isinconsistentwithC.entailsD.presupposesC.entailsisawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.PredicationanalysisComponentialanalysisPredicationanalysisComponentialanalysisC.PhonemicanalysisD.GrammaticalanalysisC.PhonemicanalysisD.GrammaticalanalysisAlive“anddead”areA.gradableantonymsB.relationalantonymsC.complementaryantonymsD.Noneoftheabovedealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.A.ReferenceB.ConceptC.SemanticsD.Sense41.referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.A.PolysemyB.SynonymyC.HomonymyD.Hyponymy42.WordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledA.homonymsB.polysemiesC.hyponymsD.synonyms43.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningisconsidered.A.referenceB.speechactC.practicalusageD.context44.Asentenceisaconcept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedinisolation.A.pragmaticB.grammaticalC.mentalD.conceptual45.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesa(n).A.constativeB.directiveC.utteranceD.expressive46.SpeechacttheorydidnotcomeintobeinguntilA.inthelate50'softhe20thecentury_B.intheearly1950'sC.inthelate1960'sD.intheearly21stcenturyistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.A.AlocutionaryactB.An川ocutionaryactC.AperlocutionaryactD.Aperformativeactisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.A.SyntaxB.GrammarC.MorphologyD.Morphemeareoftenthoughttobethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguagebythelinguists.A.WordsB.MorphemesC.PhonemesD.Sentences-s“inthewordbooks"is.A.aderivativeaffixB.astemC.aninflectionalaffixD.arootBoundmorphemesareclassifiedintotwotypes:affixand__boundroot.Thetheoryofconditionexplainsthefactthatnounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.A.PolysemyB.SynonymyC.HomonymyD.Hyponymy56.Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedby.A.grammaticalrulesB.selectionalrestrictionsC.semanticrulesD.semanticfeaturesWhatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningisconsidered.referenceB.speechactC.practicalusageD.context58.Asentenceisaconcept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedinisolation.A.pragmaticB.grammaticalC.mentalD.conceptual59.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesa(n).A.constativeB.directiveC.utteranceD.expressive60.Whichofthefollowingistrue?A.Utterancesusuallydonottaketheformofsentences.Someutterancescannotberestoredtocompletesentences.Noutterancescantaketheformofsentences.Allutterancescanberestoredtocompletesentences.SpeechacttheorydidnotcomeintobeinguntilA.inthelate50'softhe20thecenturyB.intheearly1950'sC.inthelate1960'sD.intheearly21stcenturyistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.A.AlocutionaryactB.AnillocutionaryactC.AperlocutionaryactD.AperformativeactAccordingtoSearle,theillocutionarypointoftherepresentativeis.togetthehearertodosomethingtocommitthespeakertosomething’sbeingthecasetocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofactiontoexpressthefeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstateofaffairsAlltheactsthatbelongtothesamecategorysharethesamepurpose,buttheydiffer.A.intheirillocutionaryactsB.intheirintentionsexpressedC.intheirstrengthorforceD.intheireffectbroughtaboutisadvancedbyPaulGriceA.CooperativePrincipleB.PolitenessPrincipleC.TheGeneralPrincipleofUniversalGrammarD.AdjacencyPrincipleWhenanyofthemaximsunderthecooperativeprincipleisflouted,mightarise.A.impolitenessB.contradictionsC.mutualunderstandingD.conversationalimplicatures71.Thepersonwhoisoftendescribedasfatherofmodernlinguistics"is..A.FirthB.SaussureC.HallidayD.Chomsky72.ThemostimportantcontributionofthePragueSchooltolinguisticsisthatitseeslanguageintermsof.

A.functionB.meaningC.signsD.A.functionB.meaningC.signsD.systemTheprincipalrepresentativeofAmericandescriptivelinguisticsis.A.BoasB.SapirC.BloomfieldD.HarrisGenerallyspeaking,thespecifieswhetheracertaintagmemeisinthepositionoftheNucleusoroftheMargininthestructure.A.SlotB.ClassC.RoleD.CohesionGrammaristhemostwidespreadandthebestunderstoodmethodofdiscussingIndo-Europeanlanguages.A.TraditionalB.StructuralC.FunctionalD.GenerativeGrammarstartedfromtheAmericanlinguistSydneyM.Lambinthelate1950sandtheearly1960s.A.StratificationalB.CaseC.RelationalD.MontagueInHalliday'sview,thefunctionisthefunctionthatthechildusestoknowabouthissurroundings.A.personalB.heuristicC.imaginativeD.informativeTherhemeinthesentenceOnitstoodJane"is.

A.OnitB.stoodC.OnitstoodD.JaneA.OnitB.stoodC.OnitstoodD.JaneChomskyfollowsinphilosophyandmentalisminpsychology.A.empiricismB.behaviorismC.relationalismD.mentalism80.TGgrammarhasseenstagesofdevelopment.A.threeB.fourC.fiveD.sixII.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.linguisticscompetenceCompetence:Itisanessentialpartofperformance.Itisthespeaker'sknowledgeofhisorherlanguage;thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswords,anditsgrammaticalrules.Competenceis,inaway,anencyclopediaoflanguage.Moreover,theknowledgeinvolvedincompetenceisgenerallyunconscious.Atransformational-generativegrammarisamodelofcompetence.SynchroniclinguisticsSynchroniclinguistics:Itreferstothestudyofalanguageatagivenpointintime.Thetimestudiedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadlanguages,suchasLatin.Synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofalanguageoveraperiodoftime.SoundassimilationSoundassimilation:Speechsoundsseldomoccurinisolation.Inconnectedspeech,undertheinfluenceoftheirneighbors,arereplacedbyothersounds.Sometimestwoneighboringsoundsinfluenceeachotherandarereplacedbyathirdsoundwhichisdifferentfrombothoriginalsounds.Thisprocessiscalledsoundassimilation.AllomorphAllomorph:Itisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.phonologySyntaxSyntax:Syntaxreferstotherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.referentialtheoryPerformativePerformative:Inspeechacttheoryanutterancewhichperformsanact,suchasWatchout(=awarning).LocutionaryactLocutionaryact:Alocutionaryactisthesayingofsomethingwhichismeaningfulandcanbeunderstood.phoneticsComplementarydistributionComplementarydistribution:Thedifferentallophonesofthesamephonemeneveroccurinthesamephoneticcontext.Whentwoormoreallophonesofonephonemeneveroccurinthesamelinguisticenvironmenttheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.displacementsociolinguisticssociolinguistics:Definedinitsbroadestway,sociolinguistics,asubdisciplineoflinguistics,isthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.Itisconcernedwithlanguagevariation,languageuse,theimpactofextra-linguisticfactorsonlanguageuse,etc.Phonemeassimilationsynonymy22semanticsIII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.TTwosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.T[p]isavoicedbilabialstop.FInmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumberofmorphemes.FBack-formationisaproductivewayofword-formations.FInflectionisaparticularwayofword-formations.FInEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.FInEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.TWhatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.FAnounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.TThemeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.FMostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality.TItishot."isano-placepredicationbecauseitcontainsnoargument.TIngrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,butinsemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitispredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.TPragmaticstreatsthemeaningoflanguageassomethingintrinsicandinherent.FThemeaningofasentenceisabstract,butcontext-dependent.FUtterancesalwaystaketheformofcompletesentencesFSpeechacttheorywasoriginatedwiththeBritishphilosopherJohnSearle.FAustinmadethedistinctionbetweenaconstativeandaperformative.TLanguageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.FSpeechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.FAllthelanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.FOnlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate.FF.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.FIV.Fillintheblanks.Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansof__verbal_communication.Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconcepts.referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.Thisfunctionismetalingualfunction.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa_diachroniclinguistic__..study.Consonantsoundscanbeeither_voiced.or__voiceless,whileallvowelsoundsarevoiced.Consonantsoundscanalsobemadewhentwoorgansofspeechinthemoutharebroughtclosetogethersothattheairispushedoutbetweenthem,causing__friction.Thequalitiesofvowelsdependuponthepositionofthe__tongueandthelips.nEnglishthereareanumberofdiphthongs.,whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.Phonemesisthesmallestlinguisticunit.Speechtakesplacewhentheorgansofspeechmovetoproducepatternsofsound.Thesemovementshaveaneffectontheairstreamcomingfromthelungs.Lexicon,inmostcases,issynonymouswith_vocabulary^Allwordsmaybesaidtocontainarootmorpheme.Wordsaredividedintosimple,compoundandderivedwordsonthe_morphemelevel.Awordformedbyderivationiscalleda__derivative__,andawordformedbycompoundingiscalledacompoundAsimplesentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.Asubjectmaybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate.A__complexsentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledan_embeddedclause.Majorlexicalcategoriesare__open.categoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded.ThetheoryofCaseconditionexplainsthefactthatnounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.__Semanticscanbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisno__directlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled__synonyms.Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning,theyarecalledhomophonesThePragueSchoolpracticedaspecialstyleof__synchronicLinguistics.ThePragueSchoolisbestknownandrememberedforitscontributiontophonologyandthedistinctionbetween__phoneticsandphonology.ThemanwhoturnedlinguisticsproperintoarecognizeddistinctacademicsubjectinBritainwasJ.R.FirthHalliday'sSystemicGrammarcontainsafunctionalcomponent,andthetheorybehindhisFunctionalGrammaris__systemic.Systemic-FunctionalGrammarisa(n)__sociologicallyorientedfunctionallinguisticapproach.Structuralismisbasedontheassumptionthatgrammaticalcategoriesshouldbedefinednotintermsofmeaningbutintermsofdistribution.InthehistoryofAmericanlinguistics,theperiodbetween1933and1950isalsoknownas__BloomfieldianAge.DescriptivisminlanguagetheoriesischaracteristicofAmerica.ThestartingpointofChomsky'sTGgrammarishisinnatenesshypothesis.ChomskyarguesthatLADprobablyconsistsofthreeelements,thatisahypothesis-maker,linguisticuniversal,andanevaluationprocedure.GivethedescriptionofthefollowingconsonantsandvowelsinEnglish[p][b][s][z][d][k][l][t][m][h][g][j][u:][e][?:][i:][?:][?][?:][d]Drawatreediagramofthefollowingsentences.Theboyatetheapple.Mothergaveadolltomysister.MothergavemysisteradollIreadainterestingbook.VII.Answerthefollowingquestions.Thefollowingconversationalfragmentsistosomedegreeodd.TowhatextentcantheoddnessbeexplainedbyreferencetoGrice'sCPandwhatextentcantheoddnessbeexplainedbyreferencetoGrice’sCPandmaxims?A:Whenisthebuscoming?B:Therehasbeenanaccidentfurtheruptheroad.Yes,Biscooperative.Onthefaceofit,B'sstatem