上海中级口译真题

006年9月中级口译真题+参考答英语中级口译资格证书第一阶段考试SECTION1:LISTENINGTESTSpotDictationDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearapassageandreadthesamepassagewithblanksinit.Fillineachoftheblankswiththewordorwordsyouhaveheardonthetape.WriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.RememberyouwillhearthepassageONLYONCE.Britishpeoplearefarmoresophisticatedaboutbeveragesthantheywere50yearsago.WitnesstheStarbucksrevolutionan dyou'llknowwheregoes.However,spurredonbyrecentstudiessuggestingthatitcancuttheriskof(2)andretardtheagingprocess,teaisenjoyinga(3).Althoughteaisavailableinmoreplacesthanever,itremainstobeofatypicalBritishfamily.IfyouareinvitedtoanEnglishhome,(5)inthemorningyougetacupoftea.Itiseitherbroughtinbyaheartily(6)oranalmostmalevolentlysilentmaid.Whenyouare(7)inyoursweetestmorningsleepyoumustnotsay: 'Goaway,you(8).clocksmile: 'Tlning.'Ifclocksmile: 'Tlning.'Ifclockintheyouverymuch.I(9)acupoftea,especiallyinthemortheyleaveyoualonewiththeliquidyoumaypourit(10)!Thenyouhave(11);thenyouhaveteaat11omorning;(12);thenyouhaveteafortea;thenaftersupper;andagainatelevenoclock(13).andagainatelevenoclock(13).TOC\o"1-5"\h\zYoumustnotrefuseanyadditionalcupsofteaunderthe (14):ifitishot;ifitiscold;ifyouare (15);ifyouarenervous;ifyouarewatchingTV; (16);ifyouhavejustreturnedhome;ifyoufeellikeit;ifyoudonotfeellikeit;ifyouhavehadnotea (17);ifyouhavejusthadacup.Youdefinitelymustnot (18).Isleepatfiveo ’clockinthemorning;Ihavecoffeeforbreakfast;Idrinkinnumerable (19)duringtheday;Ihavethe (20)evenattea-time!ListeningComprehension1.StatementsDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearseveralshortstatements.ThesestatementswillbespokenONLYONCE,andyouwillnotfindthemwrittenonthepaper;soyoumustlistencarefully.Whenyouhearastatement,readtheanswerchoicesanddecidewhichoneisclosestinmeaningtothestatementyouhaveheard.ThenwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.(A)TheprogramonChannelEightremindsmeofTVcommercials.TheproductadvertisedintheTVcommercialcannothelpcuremyillness.Idon’twatchTVthatmuch,becauseoftheomnipresentadvertisem ents.Ihavetositonthesofa,becauseIamtoosicktostandinfrontofthetelevision.(A)Theplanearrivedat7:30.1Theplanearrivedat8:00.Theplanearrivedat9:00.Theplanearrivedat10:00.(A)I’llasksomeoneelsetoreadandcheckthisagreementforerrors.I’llthinkmoreabouttheagreementbeforemakingadecision.It ’sobviousthatI ’lldiscusstheagreementwithmyassistantfirst.It ’soutofquestionthatIshouldgetintoanyagreementwithyou.(A)Thebettermembersdecidedtocancelthemeeting.Lessthanhalfofthecommitteewasawayonbusinesstrips.It’dbebetterifnoonehadattendedthismorning ’scommitteemeeting..Themeetingwascancelledbecauseoflowattendance.(A)Supermarketsintheinnercityandthesuburbsareusuallyownedbythesamecompany.Productsingrocerystoresaremoreexpensivethanthoseinsupermarkets.Thereisapricedifferenceforthesameproducteveninshopsrunbythesamecompany.Peopleprefertoshopinsupermarkets,whicharemostlylocatedinthesuburbs,withfreeparkingspace.(A)ManyAmericanscannotaffordhighereducationbecauseofthesoaringcollegetuitionfeesandexpenses.SendingtheirchildrentocollegeisnolongerabiggerchallengeformillionsofAmericans.TheAmericangovernmenthassetthegoalthatitwilleventuallystopfundinghighereducationinstitutions.Nowadays,Americanparentshavetopaymoretosendtheirchildrentocollege.(A)Formanyuniversitygraduates,thejobstheytakewillnotberelatedtotheiracademicachievements.Becauseofeconomicrecession,thenumberofuniversitystudentsmajoringinliberalartsisdeclining.Universitystudentswhoareinterestedinliberalartswillhavemorejobopportunitiesupongraduation.Withhighunemploymentrate,manyuniversitystudentswillhavetooptfortransferringtoothermajors.(A)Goodbusinessnegotiatorswillneverrepeatwhatotherpeoplehavealreadyrestated.Restatingbygoodbusinessnegotiatorsisnotaneffectivewaytochecktheinformation.Goodbusinessnegotiatorsaresometimescuriousaboutotherpeople ’srestatements.Restatingwhatothershavesaidisagoodstrategyforconfirmingunderstanding.(A)Wecannotreachanagreement,letaloneaspokenpromise.We’dbetterdraftandthensignawrittenagreement.Wegenerallykeepourpromisesinbusinesstransactions.Wehopeyouunderstandwhyweareunabletokeepourpromises.(A)Idon’tthinkyouhavemoretosayonthattopic.Ithinkwe’dbettertalkaboutthatindetailsometimelater.Iamtrulyappreciativeifyoucanelaborateonthattopicafterlunch.Iambusyrightnow,sowemightaswelldiscussitoverlunchtoday.2.TalksandConversationsDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearseveralshorttalksandconversationsAftereachof2these,youwillhearafewquestions.ListencarefullybecauseyouwillhearthetalkorconversationandquestionsONLYONCE.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourchoicesandchoosethebestanswertothatquestion.ThenwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions11—14(A)Two(B)Three(C)Four(D)Five(A)Aprofit-makingprivateschool.Anon-profit-makingindependentschool.Astateschoolthatisfundedbynon-governmentalsources.AsecondaryschoolthatisopentothemajorityofBritishstudents.(A)Manychildrenarenolongerplacedinschoolsaccordingtotheiracademicabilities.Manychildrencanaffordtostudyinprivateschools,astheybecomepartofthestatesystem.Childrenfromwealthyfamiliesnolongerchoosetogoandstudyinpublicschools.Clevererchildrenwillbesenttothebestprivateschoolsinthecountryforabetterdevelopment.(A)Cleverandlessbrightchildrenwillmixwellwitheachother.Schoolauthoritieswillreceivemorefundsfromthegovernment.Moststudentswilldowellintheirentranceexaminationforthehighereducation.Everychildwillhaveanequalopportunitytogoontohighereducation.Questions15—18(A)Onethatisunabridgedwithdetaileddefinitions.Onethatcontainsfewerwordsandemphasizesonspecialwords.Onethatcontainsabroadrangeofwordsincommonusage.Onethatspansseveralvolumesandhasextensivewordhistories(A)TheNewOxfordPictureDictionaryTheAmericanHeritageDictionaryTheDictionaryofLegalTermsTheDrinkingWaterDictionary(A)Itlistsabbreviations,propernouns,andtablesofmeasures.Itisanunabridgededitionprovidingasmanyas500,000entries.Itwasrandomlycompiledandcontainsasmanyforeignwordsaspossible.Itprovidesdetailedinformationoffamouspeopleandplaces.(A)Aschooldictionary.(B)Acollegedictionary.(C)Ageneraldictionary.(D)Aspecializeddictionary.Questions19—22(A)He’sboughthiswifeapresent.(B)He ’smissedanimportantphonecall.(C)He’sdismissedhisnewsecretary.(D)He ’spoppedoutshopping.(A)Talkingaboutthelatestfashion.Offeringspecialreductions.Givingbiggerdiscountstofemalecustomers.Pressingonthecustomertomakeadecision.(A)Upsidedownandinsideout.(B)Insideoutandbacktofront.(C)Withitssleevesastrouserlegs.(D)Withitspatternupsidedown.(A)AV-neckedpulloverwithshortsleeves.3Ahigh-neckedpulloverwithlongsleeves.Awhitepulloverwithapattern.Abluepulloverwithahighneck.Questions23—26(A)Thatofacreator.(B)Thatofare-creator.(C)Thatofareceiver.(D)Thatofaperformer.(A)Becauseweneedtoconcentrateforourquietthought.Becausewewanttogivefullattentiontothedriving.Becausewetrytoavoidbeingcaughtbythepatrollingpolice.Becauseweintendtobeascasualaspossibleinthedriving.(A)Intheelevator.(B)Inthecar.(C)Inthebathroom.(D)Inthechurch.(A)Byperceptiveandanalyticallistening.Bytakingasonicbath.Byattendingclassicalconcerts.Bylisteningtoanemotionalpieceofmusic.Questions27—30(A)Hisgrandfather ’shouse.(B)Hisparents ’remarks.(C)Amagazine.(D)Acoursebook.(A)Enjoyingvisitingzoos.(B)Drivingacar.(C)Makingmoney.(D)Takingkidstoamuseum.44(A)Itdiedafewyearsago.(B)Itkilledseveraltourists.(C)Itisonlyalegend.(D)Itisalivingdinosaur.(A)Noonehasprovidedanaccuratedescriptionoftheanimal.Nodeadbodiesoftheanimalhaveeverbeenfound.Thereareonly500specieslivinginLochNess.Thelakeisnotdeepenoughforsuchahugeanimal.PartC:ListeningandTranslationSentenceTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhear5sentencesinEnglish.YouwillhearthesentencesONLYONCE.Afteryouhaveheardeachsentence,translateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)PassageTranslationDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhear2passagesinEnglish.YouwillhearthepassagesONLYONCE.Afteryouhaveheardeachpassage,translateitintoChineseandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Youmaytakenoteswhileyouarelistening.(1)(2)SECTION2:STUDYSKILLS(45minutes)Directions:Inthissection,youwillreadseveralpassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsbasedonitscontent.YouaretochooseONEbestanswer,(A),(B),(C)or(D),toeachquestion.AnswerallthequestionsfollowingeachpassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimpliedinthatpassageandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions1—5ThepurposeoftheAmericancourtsystemistoprotecttherightsofthepeople.AccordingtoAmericanlaw,ifsomeoneisaccusedofacrime,heorsheisconsideredinnocentuntilthecourtprovesthatthepersonisguilty.Inotherwords,itistheresponsibilityofthecourttoprovethatapersonisguilty.Itisnottheresponsibilityofthepersontoprovethatheorsheisinnocent.Inordertoarrestaperson,thepolicehavetobereasonablysurethatacrimehasbeencommitted.Thepolicemustgivethesuspectthereasonswhytheyarearrestinghimandtellhimhisrightsunderthelaw.Thenthepolicetakethesuspecttothepolicestationto “book”him.“Bookingmeansthatthenameofthepersonandthechargesagainsthimareformallylistedatthepolicestation.Thenextstepisforthesuspecttogobeforeajudge.Thejudgedecideswhetherthesuspectshouldbekeptinjailorreleased.Ifthesuspecthasnopreviouscriminalrecordandthejudgefeelsthathewillreturntocourtratherthanrunaway—forexample,becauseheownsahouseandhasafamily —hecangofree.Otherwise,thesuspectmustputupbail.Atthistime,too,thejudgewillappointacourtlayertodefendthesuspectifhecan ’taffordone.Thesuspectreturnstocourtaweekortwolater.Alawyerfromthedistrictattorney’sofficepresentsacaseagainstthesuspect.Thisiscalledahearing.Theattorneymaypresentevidenceaswellaswitnesses.Thejudgeatthehearingthendecideswhetherthereisenoughreasontoholdatrial.Ifthejudgedecidesthatthereissufficientevidencetocallforatrial,heorshesetsadateforthesuspecttoappearincourttoformallypleadguiltyornotguilty.Atthetrial,ajuryof12peoplelistenstotheevidencefrombothattorneysandhearsthetestimonyofthewitnesses.Thenthejurygoesintoaprivateroomtoconsidertheevidenceanddecidewhetherthedefendantisguiltyofthecrime.Ifthejurydecidesthatthedefendantisinnocent,hegoesfree.However,ifheisconvicted,thejudgesetsadateforthedefendanttoappearincourtagainforsentencing.Atthistime,thejudgetellstheconvictedpersonwhathispunishmentwillbe.Thejudgemaysentencehimtoprison,orderhimtopayafine,orplacehimonprobation.TheAmericanjusticesystemisverycomplexandsometimesoperatesslowly.However,everystepisdesignedtoprotecttherightsofthepeople.Theseindividualrightsarethebasis,orfoundation,oftheAmericangovernment.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?TheAmericancourtsystemrequiresthatasuspectprovethatheorsheisinnocent.TheUScourtsystemisdesignedtoprotecttherightsofthepeople.UndertheAmericancourtsystem,judgedecidesifasuspectisinnocentorguilty.TheUScourtsystemisdesignedtohelpthepolicepresentacaseagainstthesuspect.Whatfollows‘inotherwords’(para.1)?Anexampleoftheprevioussentence.Anewideaaboutthecourtsystem.Anitemofevidencetocallforatrial.5Arestatementoftheprevioussentence.Accordingtothepassage, ‘hecangofree’(para.3)means thesuspectisfreetochoosealawyertodefendhimthesuspectdoesnothavetogototrialbecausethejudgehasdecidedheisinnocentthesuspectwillbeinformedbymailwhetherheisinnocentornotthesuspectdoesnothavetowaitinjailorpaymoneyuntilhegoestotrialWhatisthepurposeofhavingthesuspectpaybail?Topayforthejudgeandthetrial.Topayforacourtlawyertodefendthesuspect.Toensurethatthesuspectwillreturntocourt.Toensurethatthesuspectwillappearinprison.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?TheAmericanjusticesystemsometimesoperatesslowly.Thepolicecanarrestasuspectwithoutgivinganyreasons.Itistheresponsibilityofthesuspecttoproveheisinnocent.Thejuryconsiderstheevidenceinthecourtroom.Questions6—10Soyou’vegotaninvention you—andaround39,000otherseachyear,accordingto2002statistics!The64,000-dollarquestion,ifyouhavecomeupwithadevicewhichyoubelievetobetheanswertotheenergycrisisoryou ’veinventedalawnmowerwhichcutsgrasswithajetofwater(notsodaft,someonehasinventedone),ishowtoensureyou’retheonetoreaptherewardsofyouringenuity.Howwillallyougardenshedboffinsouttherekeepothersfromcapitalizingonyourideasandliningtheirpocketsatyourexpense?Oneofthefirststepstoprotectyourinterestistopatentyourinvention.Thatcankeepitoutofthegraspofthepiratesforatleastthenext20years.Andforthisreasoninventorsintheirdrovesbeataconstanttrailfromalloverthecountrytothedoorsofananonymousgrey-frontedbuildingjustbehindLondon’sHolborntotryandpatenttheirdevices.ThebuildinghousesthePatentOffice.It sanant’heapofcorridors,officesandfilingrooms—asortinghouseandstoragedepotforoneoftheworld ’sbiggestandmostvariedcollectionsoftechnicaldata.Sometenmillionpatents —Englishandforeign—arelistedthere.Fileafterfile,catalogueaftercataloguedetailthebrain-childrenofinventorsdownthecenturies,froma1600 ’smachinegundesignedtofiresquarebulletsatinfidelsandroundonesatChristians,topresent-daylaser,nuclearandcomputertechnology.Thefirst‘letterspatentweregr’antedaslongagoas1449toaFlemishcraftsmanbythenameofJohnUtynam.Theletters,writteninLatin,arestillonfileattheoffice.TheyweregrantedbyKingHenryVIandentitledUtynamto‘importintothiscountry ’hisknowledgeofmakisntgainedglasswindowsinordertoinstallsuchwindowsatEtonCollege.Present-daypatentsprocedureisamoresophisticatedaffairthangettingago-aheadnotefromthemonarch.Thesedaysthestrictproceduresgoverningwhetheryougetapatentforyourrevolutionarymouse-traporsolar-poweredback-scratcherhavebeenreducedtoaprettyexactscience.Fromstarttofinishitwilltakearoundtwoandahalfyearsandcost £165fortheinventortogainpatentprotectionforhisbrainchild.That slucky’.BsyifhenomeansallwhoapplytothePatentOffice,whichisabranchoftheDepartmentofTrade,getapatent.6AkeymanatthePatentOfficeisBernardPartridge,PrincipalExaminer(Administration),whoboilsdowntoonewordthevitalingredientanyinventorneedsbeforehecanhopetoovercomethemanyhurdlesinthecomplexprocedureofobtainingapatent—‘ingenuity’.Peopletakeoutapatentbecausetheywantto .keeptheirideasfrombeingstolenreaptherewardsofsomebodyelse’singenuityvisitthepatentofficebuildingcomeupwithmorenewdevicesThephrase‘thebra-inchildrenofinventors ’(para.5)means .thechildrenwithhighintelligencetheinventionsthatpeoplecomeupwithadevicethatachildbelievestobetheanswertotheenergycrisisalawnmowerthatanindividualhasinventedtocutgrassWhathavethe1600 ’smachinegunandthepresent-daylaserincommon?Bothwereapprovedbythemonarch.BothweregrantedbyKingHenryVI.BothwererejectedbytheDepartmentofTrade.Bothwerepatented.WhyisJohnUtynamstillremembered?Heisthefirstpersontogetapatentforhisrevolutionarymouse-trap.Heisthefirstpersontobegrantedanofficialpatent.HeisthefirstpersontobeanofficerinthePatentOffice.Heisthefirstpersontohaveinventedalawnmower.Accordingtothepassage,howwouldyoudescribethecomplexprocedureofobtainingapatentforaninvention?Itisratherexpensive.Itisanimpossibletask.Itisextremelydifficult.Itisverytricky.Questions11—15Alllivingcellsonearthrequiremoisturefortheirmetabolism.Cerealgrainswhenbroughtinfromthefield,althoughtheymayappeartobedry,maycontain20percentofmoistureormore.Iftheyarestoredinabinthus,thereissufficientmoistureinthemtosupportseveralvarietiesofinsects.Theseinsectswill,therefore,liveandbreedand,astheygrowandeatthegrain,itprovidesthemwithbiologicalenergyfortheirlifeprocesses.Thisenergywill,justasinman,becomemanifestasheat.Sincethebulkofthegrainactsasaninsulator,thetemperaturesurroundingthecolonyofinsectswillrisesothat,notonlyispartofthegrainspoiledbythedirectattackoftheinsectsbutmoremaybedamagedbytheheat.Sometimes,thetemperaturemayevenrisetothepointwherethestoredgraincatchesfire.Forsafestorage,grainmustbedrieduntilitsmoisturecontentis13percentorless.Traditionalartsoffoodpreservationtookadvantageofthisprincipleinanumberofways.Theplantseeds,wheat,rye,rice,barleymillet,maize,arethemselvesstructuresevolvedbynaturetoprovidestoredfood.Thestarchoftheirendospermisusedforthenourishmentoftheembryoduringthetimeitover-winters(ifitisaplantoftheTemperateZone)anduntilitsnewleaveshave7grownandtheirchlorophyllcantrapenergyfromthesunlighttonourishthenew-grownplant.Theseparationbythreshingandwinnowingis,therefore,tosomedegreepartofatechniqueoffoodpreservation.Thedirectdryingofotherfoodshasalsobeenused.FishhasbeendriedinmanypartsoftheworldbesidesAfrica.Slicesofdriedmeatarepreparedbynumerousraces.Biltong,aformofdriedmeat,wasacustomaryfoodfortravelers.Thedryingofmeatorfish,eitherinthesunoroverafire,quiteapartfromthedegreetowhichitexposesthefoodtoinfectionbybacteriaandinfestationbyinsects,tendsalsotoharmitsquality.Proteinsarecomplexmolecularstructureswhicharereadilydisrupted.Thisisthereasonwhydriedmeatbecomestoughandcan,withsomescientificjustification,bylikenedtoleather.Thetechnicalprocessofdryingfoodsindirectlybypicklingtheminthestrongsaltsolutionscommonlycalled ‘brine’doeslessharmtotheproteinthanstraightforwarddrying,particularlyifthisiscarriedoutathightemperatures.Itisforthisreasonthatmanyofthetypicaldryingprocessesarenottakentocompletion.Thatistosay,theouterpartsmaybedriedleavingamoistinnersection.Underthesecircumstances,preservationisonlypartial.Thedriedfoodkeepslongerthanitwouldhaveundriedbutitcannotbekeptindefinitely.Forthisreason,traditionalprocessesaretobefoundinmanypartsoftheworldinwhichacombinationofpartialdryingandpicklinginbrineisused.Quiteoftenthedryinginvolvesexposuretosmoke.Foodstreatedinthiswayare,besidesfishofvarioussorts,bacon,hamsandnumeroustypesofsausages.Accordingtothepassage,insectsspoilstoredcerealsby .consumingallthegrainthemselvesgeneratingheatandraisingthesurroundingtemperatureincreasingthemoisturecontentinthegrainattackingeachotherformoregrainInspeakingofthetraditionalmethodsoffoodpreservation,thewriterexpressesdoubtsaboutdirectsmokingdescribessaltingandpicklingasineffectivecondemnsdirectdryingmentionsthreshingandwinnowingDirectdryingaffectsthequalityofmeatorfishbecause .itexposesthemtoinsectsitmakesthemharditdamagestheproteinitdevelopsbacteriaWecanlearnfromthepassagethatsaltingpreservesfoodby destroyingtheproteindrawingawaymoisturefromthefooddryingthefoodinthesundressingthefoodAccordingtothepassage,partialdryingisusefulbecause .itdamagestheproteinlessitcanbecombinedwithpicklingitleavestheinsidemoistitmakesthefoodsoft8Questions16—20Wearemovinginexorablyintotheageofautomation.Ouraimisnottodeviseamechanismwhichcanperformathousanddifferentactionsofanyindividualmanbut,onthecontrary,onewhichcouldbyasingleactionreplaceathousandmen.Theprincipalmeritofmoderncomputingmachinesistheachievementoftheirvastlygreaterspeedofoperationbycomparisonwithunaidedhumaneffort;ataskwhichotherwisemighttakeyears,ifattemptedatall,nowtakesdaysorhours.Oneofthemosturgentproblemsofindustrialsocietiesrapidlyintroducingautomationishowtofillthetimethatwillbemadefreebythemachineswhichwilltakeoverthetasksoftheworkers.Thequestionisnotsimplyoffillingemptytimebutalsoofutilizingthesurplushumanenergythatwillbereleased.Wearealreadyseeingstrawsinthewind:destructiveoutburstsonthepartofyouthwhoseworknolongerdemandsmuscularstrength.Whileautomationwillundoubtedlydoawaywithalargenumberoftediousjobs,arewesurethatitwillnotputotherswhichareequallytediousintheirplace?Foranenormousamountofsheermonitoringwillberequired.Amaninanautomatedplantmayhavetositforhoursonandwatchingdialsandtakingdecisiveactionwhensomesignalinformshimthatallisnotwell.Whatmeaningwillhisoccupationbearfortheworker?Howwillhedevotehisfreetimeafterafourorfivehourstintoflabour?Moreover,what,indeed,willbethesignificanceforhimofhisleisure?Ifindustryofthefuturecouldbepurgedofitsmonotonyandmeaninglessness,manwouldthenbebetterequippedtousehisleisuretimeconstructively.Themainpurposeofautomationis .todevisethemachinewhichcouldreplacethesemi-skilledtoprocessinformationasfastaspossibletodevelopanefficientlabor-savingmechanismtomakeanindividualmanperformmanydifferentactionsThechiefbenefitofcomputingmachinesis .theirgreaterspeedofoperationtheircontroloftheproductqualitytheirconveyorbeltsystemofcontinuousproduction9theirsupervisionofindustrialinstallationsOneoftheproblemsbroughtaboutbyautomationinindustrialsocietiesisplentyofinformationsurplushumanenergydestructiveoutburstslessleisuretimeWhichofthefollowingbestexplainst heuseof‘stint’(para.4)?(A)Effort.(B)Force.(C)Excess.(D)Period.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?Thereisnoautomationwithfeedbackcontrolofthequalityoftheproduct.(B)Computersarereliableinanysupervisionofindustrialinstallations.Theessentialfeaturesforbanksaretherecordingandsortingofinformation.Automationwillundoubtedlyeliminatenumeroustediousjobs.Questions21—25ThecitywaterpipesinRomewereusuallyofbakedclayorlead;copperwassometimesusedandalsohollowedstone.ForthelargesupplyconduitsleadingtothecitytheRomansusedcoveredchannelswithfreewatersurfaces,ratherthanpipes.Perhapsthischoicewasamatterofeconomics,forapparentlytheycouldmakeleadpipesupto15inchesindiameter.Whilepipescanfollowtheprofileofundulatingground,withthepressureincreasinginthelowerareas,channelscannot.Theymustslopecontinuouslydownwards,becausewaterinchannelsdoesnotnormallyflowuphill;andthegrademustbeflat,from1in60insmallchannelstoperhaps1in3,000inlargeones,tokeepthewaterspeeddowntoafewfeetpersecond.Thusthemainsupplychannelsoraqueductshadlonglengthsofflatgradeandwheretheycrosseddepressionsorvalleystheywerecarriedonelevatedstonebridgesintheformoftieredarches.AtthebeginningoftheChristianeratherewereover30milesoftheseraisedaqueductsinthe250milesofchannelsandtunnelsbringingwatertoRome.Thechannelswereupto6feetwideand5to8feethigh.Sometimeschannelswerelateraddedonthetopsofexistingones.TheremainsofsomeoftheseaqueductsstillgracetheskylineontheoutskirtsofRomeandelsewhereinEuropesimilarruinsarefound.BrickandstonedrainswereconstructedinvariouspartsofRome.TheoldestexistingoneistheCloacaMaximawhichfollowsthecourseofanoldstream.ItdatesbackatleasttothethirdcenturyB.C.Laterthedrainswereusedforsewage,flushedbywaterfromthepublicbathsandfountains,aswellasstreetstormrun-off.Thetrulysurprisingaspectoftheachievementsofalltheancienthydraulicartisansisthelackoftheoreticalknowledgebehindtheirdesigns.ApartfromthehydrostaticsofArchimedes,therewasnosoundunderstandingofthemostelementaryprinciplesoffluidbehaviour.SextusFrontinus,Rome ’swatercommissioneraroundA.D.100,didnotfullyrealizethatinordertocalculatethevolumerateofflowinachannelitisnecessarytoallowforthespeedoftheflowaswellastheareaofcross-section.TheRomans’flowstandardwastherateatwhichwaterwouldflowthroughabronzepiperoughly4/3inchindiameterand9incheslong.Whenthispipewasconnectedtothesideofawater-supplypipeorchannelasadeliveryoutlet,itwasassumedthattheoutflowwasat10thestandardrate.Infact,theamountofwaterdelivereddependednotonlyonthecross