2018届高考英语核心突破22阅读理解-科普知识

2018考前90天突破一一高考核心考点第二十二讲阅读理解一一科普知识【考点定位】 考纲解读和近几年考点分布高考对说明文的考查多为科普说明文，它是阅读理解重要内容，也是高考考查难点。科普类“阅读理解”题愈来愈受到命题者的青睐。而科普类文章往往具有跨学科、行文逻辑性强等特点，要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以及重要细节上全面把握。【试题特点】①注重学科渗透，行文逻辑性强，内容抽象。②贴近学生的学习、生活实际，有利于激发学生的思维,对选拔优秀考生有一定的作用。③能全面地考查学生的综合阅读能力和运用所学知识去分析、解决实际问题的能力。科普类文章往往具有跨学科、行文逻辑性强等特点:要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以及重要细节上全面把握。科普说明文常设置下列题型：口什加题判断题科普说明文多出现标题判断题，考查考生对全文的理解，它常以TVhatwould民配besttideforthispas叫空。为设问方式，解题时应特别注意因科普说明文常介^动植物是如何保护自身的，因此多以Howddd口/…ck良ndthem死1丫明〔止死1£）为标题◎◎性词词义判断题科普说明文往往揭示自然奥秘、动植物生存特点及产品工艺原理，易出现一些学术性较强的生词,因此常出现生词词义判断题,这种试题常以Whatdoestheunderlinedwordmean。或Whatisdiemeaningoftheunderlinedurd。为设问方式考查对生词词义的判断。解题时一定要认真阅读原文，分析原文对自然奥秘、动植物生存特点、产品工艺原理是如何解释、如何定义的，在此基础上抽象概括出生词词义。⑶代词指代判断题科技说明文在对自然奥秘、动植物生存特点及产品工艺原理进行解释时，易出现动作变换多、人称转变频的现象，因此常出现代词指代判断题，这些试题常以在they一曲eni等表物的代词为命题题点，要求考生木艮据上下文语境逻辑推断其才副弋对象。解题时应认真分析动作转换背景，区分动作不同执行者，从而彳隹确判断代词的正确指代。（4）科学方法图示判断题科普说明文常出现科学方法图示判断题，这种试题或以生物依赖关系为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生物依赖关系；或以工艺流程为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的流程顺序，或以生产方法为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生产方法；或以机械配制为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的机械配制。解题时一定要认真阅读分析原文对生物依赖关系、发明创造诞生过程和工艺流程过程的介绍，并且边读边画简易草图，以提高理解准确率。分析备选项时应对照原文介绍情况，找出各图不同之处，以便最终做出正确判断。【考点pk】 名师考点透析考点一、细节事实理解。一篇文章必然是由许多具体的细节、具体的内容构成的，所有这些信息以某种顺序（时间、空间、情感变化等）排列起来，来进一步解释或阐释主题，体现文章的主旨大意。本卷第1页（共72页）细节理解题目主要考查学生对文章具体事实和细节的理解能力，属于表层理解题范畴，难度较小，但在整个阅读理解题中所占比例最大，细节理解题多从文章的某个具体事实或细节出发来设计题目。此类题通常根据文章具体内容来设问，也常使用下列方式来提问.Whichofthefollowingstatementsis(not)true/correct?.Whichofthefollowingisnotmentioned?I.According^o'曜斗黑品当跳舒翩3fe/why/how/how/what/which,etc…？.直接事实题在解答这类问题时要求学生抓住题干文字信息，采用针对性方法进行阅读，因为这类题的答案在文章中可以直接找到。如：AgiantdamwasbuiltmanyyearsagotocontroltheColoradoRiverintheU.S.Thisdamwasbuilttoprotectthelandandhousesaroundtheriver.ThishugedamisintheBlackCanyon.Itispossibletodriveacarfromonesideoftherivertotheotheronaroad，whichisonthetopofthedam.Thisdamissobigthatthereisanelevatorinside.Theelevatorgoesdownforty-fourstoriesfromtheroadtothebottom.ThereisenoughconcreteinthisdamtobuildahighwayfromNewYorktoSanFrancisco.Thousandsofpeopleworkedonthisdamforfiveyears.ThishugedamwascalledBoulderDamwhenitwasfinishedin1936.LateritwasrenamedHooverDaminhonorofapresidentoftheUnitedStates.HooverDam，oneofthehighestdamsintheworld，issituatedbetweenthestatesofArizonaandNevada.Q：HooverDamlies.A.betweenArizonaandNevadaB.intheBlackCanyonC.betweenNewYorkandSanFranciscoD.bothAandB【解析】由第二段的第一句话和最后一段的最后一句话可得出正确答案是D项。.间接事实题解答此类题，需要结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断或者要进行简单的计算。InvitedbyMr.YeHuixian,hostofthewell-receivedTVprogramme“StarsTonight”，MissLuoLin，MissAsiaof1991，appearedastheguesthostessontheShanghaiTVscreenlastSunday.BorninShanghaiandtakentoHongkongwhenshewasonlysixyearsold，LuoLinhasneverdreamedofbeingMissAsia.Herchildhooddreamwastobeanairhostess.Beforeshetookpartinthecompetition，shehadbeenanairhostessinCathayAirlineforsevenyears.However，itstilltookherthreemonthstolearntheartofwalkingonthestage，dancing,singing,making-upandotherpropermanners，designedbytheAsiaTVStation.“It,sreallyahardjobforme.Iwon,tenterforsuchcompetitionanymore.Anyhow，Iamquitelucky.IamalsogladtohavehadmorechancetoworkforthesocialwelfaresinceIwonthetitle.Thistime，inShanghai，I,dlovetomakeadeepimpressiononmyTVaudience，”saidLuoLinwithasweetsmile.Q：WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?本卷第2页(共72页)A.LuoLinisanativeofShanghai.B.LuoLinmovedtoHongkongwithherparents.C.LuoLinwonthetitleofMissAsiain1991.D.AsiaTVStationhelpedLuoLintobecomeMissAsia.【解析】A、C和D项都可在原文找到答案，而B项原文所给的是:takentoHongkong可判断不是movedtoHongkongwithherparents,因此选B。3、数据推算。IfyouregisterboththeVIEWqualificationcourseandtheForumatthesametime,youwillsave.A.$100 B.$300 C.$350 D.$400这类题目要求学生就文章提供的数据，以及数据与文中其他信息的关系做简单计算和推断。在做此类题时：.要抓住并正确理解与数据有关的信息含义。.弄清众多信息中那些属于有用信息，那些属于干扰信息。.不要孤立看待数字信息，而要抓住一些关键用语的意义。考点二、主题理解或写作意图推断。一、主旨阅读理解题考查的内容.短文的标题（title,headline）；.短文或段落的主题（subject）；.中心思想（mainidea）；.作者的写作目的力口^^匕）。二、此类题的设问方式.Whatwouldbethebesttitlefbrthetext?.处hatdoesthesecondparagraphmainlydiscuss?.Whatisthepassagemainlya^4」考点三、推理推断。阳皿日照theaboveeventsis .推理题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。这类题旨在考查学生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，属于深层理解题。此类题的设问常常包括infer,imply,suggest,conclude等词，这类题的设问方式主要有：.WecaninferfromthePassagethat..WhatcanbeinferredfromthePassage?.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthePassage?.1tcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that..辗就。,suggestsinthisparagraphthat •erimpliesthat.7.Itcanbeinferredthat.8.ItcanbeconcludedfromthePassagethat.9.Onthewhole,wecanconcludethat.IQ.Fromthetextwecanconcludethat ..AfterreadingthePassagewemayconcludethat.WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthePassage?本卷第3页（共72页）.Theauthorisinclinedtothinkthat..Whenthewritertalksabout,whathereallymeansisthat..What'sthewriter'sattitude/feelingtowards...?16近年来，高考加大甲对学生判断推理能力的考查。判断推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。做题时要注意题干的语言形，如Accordingtothepassage...,Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat...；Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat...等，虽然从表面上看是问有关全文的题，但实际上不用看全篇，仍然只需要根据选项中的线索找到原文中与之相关的一句话或几句话，然后得出答案。针对推理题的不同形，可以采取以下做法：1.假如题干中有具体线索，根据具体线索找到原文相关句（一句或几句话），然后做出推理；2.假如题干中无线索，如Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat...；Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat…等，先浏览一下4个选项，排除不太可能的选项，然后根据最可能的选项中的关键词找到原文相关句，作出推理；3.如果一篇文章中其他题都未涉及文章主旨，那么推理题，如infer,conclude题型，可能与文章主旨有关，考生应该定位到文章主题所在位置（如主题句出现处）；假如其他题已经涉及文章主旨，那么要求推断出来的内容可能与段落主题有关，如果如此，应该找段落主题所在处；如果不与段落主题有关，有时与全文或段落的重要结论有关，这时可以寻找与这些结论相关的原文叙述。考点四、词义、句义猜测。词义猜测阅读理解题考查对文中关键词语的理解。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据语境来判断。此类题的设问方式主要有l.Theword"…"inLine...means/canbereplacedby...From^hepassOge,wecan^nferthat，theW0r3/phfase“Theword”…"isclosestinmeaningto...猜词是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、上下文等线索确定词义。.定义法。如：Annealingisawayofmakingmetalsofterbyheatingitandthenlettingitcoolveryslowly.句子给予annealing以明确的定义，即“退火”。Itwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittle-thatis,itwillbreakeasily.从后面的解释中我们可以了解到brittle是“脆”的意思。Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep，earnsabout650yuanayear.定语从句中100ksaftersheep就表明了herdsman的词义为“牧人”。.同位法。如：Theytraveledalongwayandatlastgottoacastle,alargebuildinginoldtimes.同位语部分alargebuildinginoldtimes给出了castle的确切词义，即“城堡"。Weareonthenightshift-frommidnightto8a.m.一thisweek.两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明nightshift是“夜班”的意思。本卷第4页（共72页）.对比法。如：Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.but一词表转折，因此but前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是“她今天第一节上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。.构词法（前缀、后缀、复合、派生等）。如：Perhaps,wecanseesomepossibilitiesfornextfiftyyears.Butthenexthundred?possibility是possible的同根名词，据此可以判断定possibility意思是“可能性”。.因果法。如:Thelackofmovementcausedthemusclestoweaken.Sometimestheweaknesswaspermanent.Sotheplayercouldneverplaythesportagain.从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”中，可以推测permanent的意思为“永远的，永久”。【三年高考】 09、10、11高考试题及其解析2011高考英语试题（2011•湖南卷）CArecentstudyofancientandmodernelephanthascomeupwiththeunexpectedconclusionthattheAfricanelephantisdividedintotwodistinct不同的）speciesThediscoverywasmadebyresearchersatYorkandHarvardUniversitywhentheywereexamingthegeneticrelationshipbetweentheancientwoollymammothandmastodonmodernelephants-theAsianelepphant,Africanforestelephant,andAfricansavannaelephant.OncetheyobastainDNAsequences（序列）fromtwofossils（化石），mammothsandmastodons,theteamcompartedthemwithDNAfrommodernelephants.TheyfoundtheiramazementthatmordernforestandsavannaelephantsareasdistinctfromeachotherasAsianelephantsandmammoths.ThescientistsuseddetailedgeneticanalysistoprovethattheAfricansavannaelephantandtheAfricanforestelephanthavebeendistinctspeciesforseveralmillionyears.ThedivergenceofthetwospeciestookplacearoundthetimeofthedivergenceofAsianelephantsandwoollymammoths.Thisresultamazedallthescientists.Therehaslongbeendebateinthescientificcommunitythatthetwomightbeseparatespecies,butthisisthemostconvincingscientificevidencesofarthattheyareindeeddifferentspecies.Previously,manynaturalistsbelievedthatAfricansavannaelephantsandAfricanforestelephantsweretwopopulationgsofthesamespecies,despitetheelephants,significantsizedifferences.Thesavannaelephanthasanaverageshoulderheightof3.5metreswhiletheforestelephanthasanaverateshoulderdoubletheweightoftheforestelephant.Butthefactthattheylooksodifferrentdoesnotneccssarilymeantheyaredifferentspecies.HowevertheprooflayintheanalysisioftheDNA.AlfriedRoca,assitantprofessorintheDepartmentofAnimalSciencesattheUniversityofIllinois,said,“Wenowhavetotreattheforestandsavannaelephantsastwodifficultunitsforconservationpurpose.Since1950,allAficanelephantshavebeenconservedasonespecies.Nowthatweknowtheforestandsavannaelephantshavebeendistinctanimals,theforestelephantshouldbecomeabiggerpriority（优先）forconservationpurposes.”本卷第5页（共72页）66.Oneofthefossilesstudiedbytheresearchersisthatof.theAsianelephanttheforestelephantthesavannaelephantthemaslodonelephantTheunderlinedword“divergence”inParagraph4means“:'evolutionexhibitionseparationexaminationTheresearchers,conclusionwasbasedonastudyoftheAfricanelephant,s .DNAheightweightpopulationWhatareAlfredRoca,swordsmainlyabout?TheconservationofAficanelephantThepurposeofstudyingAficanelephantThewaytodivideAficanelephantsintotwounitsTherensonforthedistinctionofAfricanelephantsWhichofthefollowingcanbethebesttilleforthepassage?Naturalist,BeliefsaboutElephantsAmazingExperimentsaboutElephantsAnUnexpectedFindingahoutElephantsALongScientififDebateaboutElephants【文章大意】本文为说明文。最近的一项研究表明非洲大象被分为两种截然不同的物种。66.D细节理解题。根据第三段的第一句OncetheyobtainedDNAsequences（序列）fromtwofossils（化石），mammothsandmastodons可知答案为D。.C词义猜测题。前面一句讲到了这两种大象分离成不同的物种已有数百万年了，由此可判断divergence在此是“分离”之意。.A细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的最后一句可知研究人员的结论是在检测非洲大象DNA的基础上得出来的。.A推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容可知AlfredRoca的话主要讲的是对不同的非洲大象要分别采取不同的保护措施。.C主旨大意题。根据本文的主题句（第一段）可知选C。（2011•江西卷）DWhyshouldmankindexplorespace?Whyshouldmoney,timeandeffortbespentexploringandresearchingsomethingwithsofewapparentbenefits?WhyshouldresourcesbespentonspaceratherthanonconditionsandpeopleonEarth?Thesearequestionsthat,understandably,areveryoftenasked.Perhapsthebestanswerliesinourgeneticmakeup（基因构成）ashumanbeings.Whatdroveourancestorstomovefromthetreesintotheplains,andonintoallpossibleareasandenvironments?Thewiderthespreadofaspecies,thebetteritschanceofsurvival.Perhapsthebestreasonforexploringspaceisthisgenetictendencytoexpandwhereverpossible.本卷第6页（共72页）Nearlyeverysuccessfulcivilizationhasexplored,becausebydoingso,anydangersinsurroundingareascanbeidentifiedandpreparedfor.Withoutknowledge,wemaybecompletelydestroyedbythedanger.Withknowledge,wecanlessenitseffects.Explorationalsoallowsmineralsandotherpotential（潜在的）resourcestobefound.Evenifwehavenoimmediateneedofthem,theywillperhapsbeusefullater.Resourcesmaybemorethanphysicalpossessions.Knowledgeortechniqueshavebeenacquiredthroughexploration.Thetechniquesmayhavemedicalapplicationswhichcanimprovethelengthorqualityofourlives.Wehavealreadybenefitedfromotherspin-offsincludingimprovementsinearthquakeprediction,insatellitesforweatherforecastingandincommunicationssystems.Evennon-stickpansandmirroredsunglassesareby-products（副产品）oftechnologicaldevelopmentsinthespace,thechancetosaveourselvesmightnotexist.Whilemanyresourcesarespentonwhatseemsasmallreturn,theexplorationofspaceallowscreative,braveandintelligentmembersofourspeciestofocusonwhatmayservetosaveus.Whilespacemayholdmanywondersandexplanationsofhowtheuniversewasformedorhowitworks,italsoholdsdangers.Thedangerexists,butknowledgecanhelphumanbeingtosurvive.Withouttheabilitytoreachoutacrossspace,thechancetosaveourselvesmightnotexist.WhileEarthistheonlyplanetknowntosupportlife,surelytheadaptiveabilityofhumanswouldallowustoliveonotherplanets.Itistruethatthelifestylewouldbedifferent,buthumanlifeandcultureshaveadaptedinthepastandsurelycouldinthefuture..WhydoestheauthormentionthequestionsinParagraph!?Toexpresshisdoubts.Tocomparedifferentideas.Tointroducepointsfordiscussion.TodescribetheconditionsonEarth..WhatisthereasonforexploringspacebasedonParagraph2?Humansarenature-borntodoso.Humanshavethetendencytofight.Humansmayfindnewsourcesoffood.Humansdon,tliketostayinthesameplace..Theunderlinedword“spin-offs”inParagraph4probablyrefersto.A.survivalchances B.potentialresourcesC.unexpectedbenefits D.physicalpossessions.Whatmakesitpossibleforhumanstoliveonotherplanets?Ourgeneticmakeup. B.Resourcesontheearth..C.Theadaptiveabilityofhumans.D.By-productsinspaceexploration.75.Whichofthestatementscanbestsumunthepassage?A.Spaceexplorationhascreatedmanywonders.Spaceexplorationprovidedthebestvalueformoney.SpaceexplorationmayhelpusavoidpotentialproblemsonEarth.D.SpaceexploratinomayhelpusavoidpotentialproblemonEarth.【文章大意】人类为什么要探寻太空的奥妙？为什么在探索之路上花去如此多的时间、金钱和精力？本文作者将为你解答。.C推理判断题。通读全文可知，第一段提出问题，而下文正是对第一段问题的解释，本卷第7页（共72页）

故作者提出这几个问题是想引出本文话题。.A细节理解题。由第二段最后一句可知，人类天生如此。第二段是典型的总分总结构，主旨句在段首段尾。Perhapsthebestanswerliesinourgeneticmakeupashumanbeings.主要原因在于人类基因。Perhapsthebestreasonforexploringspaceisthisgenetictendencytoexpandwhereverpossible.而B选项错在fight这个词。CD没提及。.C词义猜测题。第四段前几句提到了探索太空会有意外收获，而该句的already也暗示including后列举的是一些意外的收获，故spin-offs指的是unexpectedbenefits0.C细节理解题。由最后一段第一句可知，人类可能在其他星球上生存是因为人类的适应能力强。故选Co.D主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了太空探索对人类的益处，它能帮人类预见和避免潜在的问题和危险。故D项正确。（2011•江苏卷）CAccordingtotheUSgovernment,windfarmsoffthePacificcoastcouldproduce900gigwattsofelectricityeveryyear.Unfortunately,thewaterthereisfartoodeepforeventhetallestwindmills（seepicture）totouchbottom.AnexperimentunderwayoffthecoastofNorway,however,couldhelpputthemanywhere.Theproject,calledHywind,istheworld,sfirstlarge-scaledeepwaterwindturbine（涡轮发电机）.Althoughitusesafairlystandard152-ton,2.3-megawattturbine,Hywindrepresentstotallynewtechnology.Theturbinewillbefixed213feetabovethewateronafloatingspar（seepicture）,atechnologyHywind,screator,theNorwegiancompanyStatoilHydro,hasdevelopedrecently.Thesteelspar,whichisfilledwithstonesandgoes328feetbelowtheseasurface,willbetiedtotheoceanfloorbythreecable（缆索）；thesewillkeepthesparstableandpreventtheturbinefrommovingupanddowninthewaves.Hywind'sstability（稳定性）inthecoldandroughseawouldprovethateventhedeepestcornersoftheoceanaresuitableforwindpower.Ifallgoesaccordingtoplan,theturbinewillstartproducingelectricitysixmilesoffthecoastofsouthwesternNorwayasearlyasSeptember.Toproduceelectricityonalargescale,acommercialwindfarmwillhavetousebiggerturbinesthanHywinddoes,butit,sdifficultenoughtobalancesuchalargeturbinesohighonafloatingsparinthemiddleoftheocean.Tomakethatturbineheavier,thewholespar,stodesignanewkindofwindturbine,onewhosegearbox（变速箱）sitsatsealevelratherthanbehindtheblades（seepictu,eHywindisatestrun,butthebenefitsforperfectingfloatingwind-farmtechnologycouldbeextremelylarge.Outatsea,thewindisoftenstrongerandsteadierthanclosetoshore,whereallexistingoffshorewindmillsareplanted.Deep-seafarmsareinvisiblefromland,whichhelpsovercomethewindmill-as-eyesoreobjection.Ifthetechnologycatcheson,itwillopenupvastareasoftheplanet,ssurfacetooneofthebestlow-carbonpowersourcesavailable.TheHywindprojectusestotallynewtechnologytoensurethestabilityofthecableswhichtiethespartotheoceanfloorthesparwhichisfloatingindeep-seawaterthebladesdrivenbystrongandsteadyseawindthestonesfilledinthesparbelowtheseasurfaceTobalanceabiggerturbinehighonaflattingspar,anewtypeofturbineistobedesignedwithitsgearboxsitting.A.ontheseafloorB.onthespartopC.atsealevel D.behindthebladesWideapplicationsofdeepwaterwindpowertechnologycan本卷第8页（共72页）solvethetechnicalproblemsofdeepwaterwindmillsmakefinancialprofitsbyproducingmoreturbinessettletheargumentsaboutenvironmentalproblemsexplorelow-carbonpowerresourcesavailableatsea【语篇解读】本篇为科普类文章。介绍了涡轮发电机的构造及工作原理。.答案B【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段第三句话"...afloatingspar,atechnolgoyHywind'screator"，其中atechnologyHywind,screator是spar的同位语，因此B正确。64答案C【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句话“…，onewhosegearboxsitsatsealevelratherthanbehindtheblades”可知C正确。.答案D【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句话“Ifthetechnologycatcheson,itwillopenupvastareasoftheplanet,ssurfacetooneofthebestlow-carbonpowersourcesavailable.”可知D正确。（2011•湖北卷）BHowlingisabehaviorcommonlyobservedamongawolfpark.Ananimals,wolvesworktogethertohuntandrelyonhowlingwasanimportantmeansofcommunicationeachother.Therearedifferentexplantsofawolf’showlanditappearsthattheremaybemoretodiscover.Onetheoryisthatwolveshowltobendbettertogether.It,salmostasifhowlingtogetherhelpsthepackstaytogether.Perhapssomethingsimilartopeoplefeelingasenseofinvolvementwitheachotherwhensingingasongtogether.Butthistheorymaybewrong,explainsFredH.Harington,aprofessorwhostudieswolfbehavior.Indeed,therehavebeentineswhenwolveshavebeenseenonemomenthowlinginaexhorts,andthenext,quarrelinganionseachother.Itappearsthatusuallythelowest-tankingmenthesofthepackmayactuallybe“punished”forJoininginthechursattimes.Soishowlingawaytostrcagthenasocialboadorjustawaytoreconfirmstatusamongitsmembers? Whydowelveshowlforsure?Whatiscleat,however,isthathowlingisoftenusedamongpackmatestolocateeachother.Huntinggroundsaredistantandithappensthatwolovesmayseparatefromoneanotherattimes.Whenthishappens,howlingappcarstobeanercellentmeansofgathering.Howling,interestingly,isacontagiousbehaviour.Whenonewolfstartstohowl,verylikelyotherswillfollow.Thisisoftenseentooccatinthemorning,asifwolvesweredoingsomesotrof“rollrall”wherewolvesallhowltogetertohowl,verylikelyotherswillfollow.Thisisoftenseentooccarinthemorning,asifwolvesweredoingwsomesotrof“rollcall”wherewolvesallhowltogethertorepotrtheirpteence..Whatthepossiblesimilaritybetweenwolves,howlingtogetherandhumansinginchorus?A.Theactofcallingeachother.B.thesenseofaccomplishment.C.Theactofhuntingforsomething.D.Thesenseofbelongingtoagroup..WhydoesHarringtonthinkthe“secialboad”theorymaybewrong?A.Wolvesseparatefromeachotherafterhowling.本卷第9页（共72页）B.Wolvestendtoprotecttheirhuntinggrounds.C.Wolvessometimeshavequarrelsafterhowlingtogether.D.Wolvesoflowrankareencouragedtojoininthechorus.57.Reseatchersaresurethatwolvesoftenhowlto.A.showtheirranksB.findtheircompanionC.reportthemissingonesD.expresstheirlonelingess58.“Howling…isacontagiousbehaviour”（inthelastparagraph）means.A.howlingisasignalforhuntingB.howlingisawayofcommunicationC.howlingaftenoccursinthemorningD.howlingspreadsfromonetoanother【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍人们对狼嚎的原因的认识和研究成果。.D推理判断题。依据第二段第三句话可知，狼群嚎叫和人们合唱可能存在的相似之处是带来归属感。.C细节理解题。第二段最后一句说，Harrington认为这个理论（狼嚎是为了联系感情）是错误的，紧接着第三段第一句话说明了他的依据，实际情况是有时狼嚎之后往往是争吵。.B细节理解题。依据第四段内容可知，很确定的一点是，很多情况下狼嚎是为了寻找伙伴，以聚集在一起。58.D句意理解题。依据最后一段内容尤其是第二句可知，狼嚎具有传染性，一头狼吼叫之后其他狼跟着效仿，于是出现群嚎现象。（2011•湖北卷）EWhichareyoumorelikelytohavewathyouatsnygivenmement—yourcellphoneoryourwallet?Soonyoumaybeabletothrowyourwalletawayandpayforthingswithaquickwaveofyoursmartphoneoveranelectrouescannet.InJanuary,Starbucksannouncedthatcustomerscouldstartusingtheirphonestobuycoffeein6,800ofitsstates.Thisisthefirstpay-by-phonepracticeintheU.S.,butwe,relikelytoseemorewitelesspaymentalternativesassomethingcalleducarfieldcommuncation（NFC）GETSINTOAmerica,sconsumetelectanies.LastDeccmbetsomenewsmartphaneswhichcantainanNFCchipwereintroducedtothepublic.AlreadyinuseinpartofAsiaandEurope,NFCallowsshopperstowavetheiephonesafewinchsaboveapaymentterminal-acontact-freesystembuildforspeedandconvenience.planafewinceesliveapaymenttetminalaoneafewptahtneedtobeworkedout,likewhowillgettocollecttheprofitabletrunsacian（交易）fees.AlthoughsomecreditcardprovidershavebeenexperimentingwithwaveandpaysystemsthatuseNFCenabledcreditcards,cellphoneserviceproviderstruaytrytomusedtheirwayintothepointofsale（POS）market.Threebigcellphoneserviceprovidershaveformedajoinftenture（合资企业）thatwillgointoopentionoverthenext15months.Itsgoalis“toleadtheU.S.paymentsindustryfromcardstomobilephone.”TheotherbigNFCsue,apartfromhowpaymeatswillbeprocessed,issecurity,Forinstance,what,stostopathieffromdigitallypickpocketingyou?“We'restillnotatthepointwhereanattackercanjustbrushagainstyeeinacrowdandstealallthemoneyoutofyour本卷第10页（共72页）phone,”saysJimmyShah.Amobilesecurityresearcher,Useramayalsobeabletosettransactiontimeits,requiringapasswordtobeentecedforlargerputchases.Bussiness?Keepinmundyoulostyoursmartphone,itcanbelocatedonalocatedonamapandremotelydisabled.Plus,yourphonecanbepasswordprotected,Yourwalletisiit.67.WhatispredictedtohappenintheU.S.?A.Theexpansionofcellphonecompanices.Theboomofpay-by-phonebusiness.Thedissppearanceofcreditcards.TheincreaseofStarbuckssales.s68.TheNFCtechnologycanbeusedto.ensurethesafetyofshopperscollecttransactionfeeseasilymakepurchasefasterandsimplerimprovethequalityofcellphones.Threecellphoneserviceprovidersformajointventureto.A.strengthentheirrelationshipB.getashareinthepaymentsindustryC.sellmorecellphonesD.testtheNFCteehnoingy.Accordingtothewhatcanusersdoiftheylosetheirsmartphones?A.Stopthefunctionoftheirphones.B.Stopapasswant.C.Catallthemoneyoutoftheirphones.D.Canlargepurchases.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍美国最新推出的一项基于手机的新技术，它使得通过手机直接划拔费用成为可能，使得消费更加快捷、便利。67.B推理判断题。从第二段第一、二两句尤其是第二句中的“we,relikelytoseemorewirelesspaymentalternatives”可推知，随着NFC技术运用于电子产品，手机付费消费会越来越多地出现。68.C细节理解题。依据第三段的第一句可知NFC技术使得消费更加快捷、便利。68.C细节理解题。根据文章第三段AlreadyinuseinpartofAsiaandEurope,NFCallowsshopperstowavetheiephonesafewinchsaboveapaymentterminal-acontact-freesystembuildforspeedandconvenience.可知答案。69.B细节理解题。根据文章第三段的Threebigcellphoneserviceprovidershaveformedajoinftenture（合资企业）thatwillgointoopentionoverthenext15months.Itsgoalis“toleadtheU.S.paymentsindustryfromcardstomobilephone.”可知答案。70.A推理题。根据文章最后一句Keepinmundyoulostyoursmartphone,itcanbelocatedonalocatedonamapandremotelydisabled.Plus,yourphonecanbepasswordprotected,Yourwalletisn't。locatedonamapandremotelydisabled.中romore相当于stop。可知当自己的手机丢失了，可以远程锁定智能手机。（2011•全国2卷）BForthosewhostudythedevelopmentofintelligence（智力）intheanimalworld,self-awarenessisanimportantmeasurement.Ananimalthatisaware（意识）ofitselfhasahighlevelofintelligence.本卷第11页（共72页）Awarenesscanbetestedbystudyingwhethertheanimalrecognizesitselfinthemirror,thatis,itsownreflectedimage(反射出的影像).Manyanimalsfailthisexercisebitterly,payingevrylittleattentiontothereflectedimage.Onlyhumans,andsomeintelligentanimalslikeapesanddolphins,haveshowntorecognizethattheimageinthemirrorisofthemselves.Nowanotheranimalhasjoinedtheclub.IntheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,researchersreportthatanAsianelephanthaspassedthemirrorself-reflectiontest.“Wethoughtthatelephantswerethenextimportantanimal,”saidDinanaReissoftheWildlifeConservationSociety,anauthorofthestudywithJoshuaM.PlotnikandFansB.M.deWaalofEmoryUniversity.Withtheirlargebrains,Reisssaid,elephants“seemedlikecousinstoapesanddolphins.”TheresearcherstestedHappy,MaxineandPatty,threeelephantsattheBronxZoo.Theyputan8-foot-squaremirroronawalloftheanimals,playarea(outofthesightofzoovisitors)andrecordedwhathappenedwithcameras,includingonebuiltinthemirror.Theelephantsusedtheirlongnosestofindwhatwasbehindit,andtoexaminepartsoftheirbodies.Ofthethree,Happythenpassedthetest,inwhichaclearmarkwaspaintedononesideofherface.Shecouldtellthemarkwastherebylookinginthemirror,andsheusedthemirrortotouchthemarkwithherlongnose.DianaReisssaid,"Weknewelephantswereintelligent,butnowwecantalkabouttheirintelligenceinabetterway."Whatcanmirrorteststellusaboutanimals?Whethertheyhavelargebrains.Whethertheyhaveself-awareness.Whethertheyenjoyoutdoorexercises.Whethertheyenjoyplayingwithmirrors.Whydoestheauthormentionapesanddolphinsinthetext?Theyaremostfamiliartoreaders.Theyarebigfavoriteswithzoovisitors.TheyareincludedinthestudybyReiss.Theyarealreadyknowntobeintelligent.WhatmadeHappydifferentfromMaxineandPatty?Sheusedhernosetosearchbehindthemirror.Sherecognizedherownimageinthemirror.Shepaintedamarkonherownface.Shefoundthehiddencamera.【文章大意】自我意识是衡量动物智力水平的重要标志。一头亚洲象通过了测试，加入了高智商动物的行列。45.B细节理解题。根据第二段的第一句Awarenesscanbetestedbystudyingwhethertheanimalrecognizesitselfinthemirror,thatis,itsownreflectedimage可知，通过研究动物是否能在镜中识别自己可以测试它们是否有自我意识。46.D推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句Onlyhumans,andsomeintelligentanimalslikeapesanddolphins,haveshowntorecognizethattheimageinthemirrorisofthemselves.可知，作者提到猿和海豚是因为它们和人一样可以识别镜中自己的影像，是人们已知的高智商的动物。本卷第12页（共72页）47.B细节理解题。根据倒数第二段，