新编英美概况-许鲁之(第四版)Unit1-12课后习题选择填空

Chapter1GeographicalFeaturesandNaturalResources1.Inarea,theUnitedStatesisthe4thlargestcountryintheworld.2.TheMidwestintheUSreferstotheregionaroundtheGreatLakesandtheupperMississippiValley.3.TheBackboneofNorthAmericareferstotheRockyMountains4.DeathValleyisonthewesternedgeoftheGreatBasin.5.TheGreatPlainsmighthaveaduststorminsummer.6.ThewesternpartofWashingtonStatehasthehighestrainfallintheUS.7.TheUSprimarysuppliersofforeignoilarethefollowingcountriesexceptJapan8.TheUSlargestopen-pitcopper-miningcenterisinUtah.1.TheUnitedStatesisborderedonthenorthbyCanada,onthesouthbyMexicoandtheGuffofMexico,ontheeastbytheAtlanticOcean,andonthewestbythePacificOcean.2.ThelargeterritoryofthecontinentalUSisdividedintothreebasicareas:A.theAtlanticseacoastwesttotheAppalachiansB.theMississippiRiverBasinC.theRockieswesttothePacific2.“Theambitionforthevastlands”isnotcorrecttoexplainthereasonsforthesuddendaringexplorationoftheunknowninthemid-15thcentury.3.Onhisvoyageof1492,ColumbusexpectedtoreachIndia.4.VascodaGamadiscoveredtheroutetoIndia.5.JohnCabotwassentbytheEnglishKingtoexplorethenewwaytotheeast.6.NewYorkwasnotfoundedfirstbytheEnglish.7.ThebreadbasketcoloniesincludethefollowingonesexceptVirginia.(NewYork,Pennsylvania,Maryland)8.Thelastoneofthe13colonieswasGeorgia,whichwasestablishedin1733.1.In1488BartholomewDiaz,sailingunderthePortugueseflag,wenttotheCapeofGoodHopeatthesouthernAfrica.In1492ChristopherColumbus,financedbyrulersofSpainsailedwestacrosstheAtlanticOceananddiscoveredtheislandsoftheCaribbean.HewasconvincedthathehadfoundthecontinentofAsia.2.TheSouthAfricawasdiscoveredbyAmerigoVespucciwhoshowedthelandhearrivedinwasanewcontinent.BeforelongthelandwasnamedAmericaafterhisname.3.Jamestown,thefirstpermanentEnglishsettlement,wasfoundedin1607.In1620,Pilgrimsandothersarrivedin4.By1775,the13coloniesinNorthAmericacouldbeclassifiedasthefollowingthreekinds.Specifyhowthegovernorswerechosenineach.a.Royal:appointedbytheEnglishKingb.Proprietary:chosenbyproprietorsc.Self-governing:electedbyresidents5.BecausetheNewEnglandcoloniesweredifficultoffarming,theybecomeacenterforfishingandshipbuilding.Themiddlecolonieswereknownasthebreadbasket,whichproducedwheatandpotatoesasthemajorstaple.Thesoutherncoloniesdevelopedaplantationsystem.ThemaincropintheSouthwastobacco.Muchlater,cottonbecameimportantcrop.Chapter4AmericanRevolution1.Therewasagreatchangeinpolicytowardsthe13coloniesafter1763.2.TheStampActof1765firstsetalargescaleofoppositioninthecolonies.3.TheTeaActof1773waspassedbytheBritishParliamentinordertohelptheBritishEastIndiaCompany.4.ThefirstContinentalCongresswasheldinPhiladelphiainSep.1774.ThemajorityoftherepresentativesstillfavortotakepeacefulmeanstosettlethequarrelwiththeBritish.TheyagreedtorefusetobuyEnglishgoods,hopinginthiswaytoforcetheBritishgovernmenttogiveintotheirdemands.Thisunitedactioncouldbecalledboycott.5.TheDeclarationofIndependencewassignedonJuly4,1776.KarlMarxoncecalleditthefirstdeclaration“oftherightsoftheindividual”.6.TheAmericanWarofIndependencelasted7years.Thefightingwasactuallyendedin1781,butthefinaltreatybetweenBritainandtheUnitedStateswassignedinParisin1783.TheboundariesoftheUnitedStateswerefixedroughlyfromtheAtlanticOceantotheMississippiRiveronthewestandfromtheGreatLakesonthenorthtoSpanishFloridaonthesouth.ThedirectsocialchangebroughtaboutbytheAmericanRevolutionwastheemancipationofslaveswhofoughtagainsttheBritish.Chapter5theConfederationandtheConstitution1.Theconfederationcreatedin1781wasaverylooseunionofstates.2.JamesMadisonwascalledtheFatheroftheUSConstitution.3.TheConstitutionwasframesonthefollowingidealsexceptthatthenewgovernmentshouldimposeitsauthorityonthepeoplethroughstates.4.ThosewhosupportedtheConstitutionandpreferredastrongnationalgovernmentwerecalledFederalists.5.NineStateswereneededtoratifytheConstitution.1.TheessenceoftheMonroeDoctrinewas“AmericaforAmericans”whichlaterbecamethecornerstoneoftheUSforeignpolicy.2.TheUSexpansiontothewestmaybetreatedinthreestages;A.thesettlementoftheregionbetweenseaboardstatesandtheMississippiRiverB.thesettlementoftheLouisianaTerritoryc.theoccupationofthefarSouthwest.3.ThegreatmajorityofdwellersinLouisianaTerritorywerethedescendantsoftheFrenchpioneers.Theysettledmainlyintwocities:St.LouisandNewOrleans.4.OregonTerritorywassettledbetweenBritainandtheUnitedStatesin1846.Itsboundaryonthenorthwasfixedattheforty-ninthparallelofnorthlatitude.5.UnderMissouriCompromise,Missouriwasadmittedasaslavestate,butthebalanceofpoliticalpowermaintainedbyadmissionofMaineasafreestate.Inaddition,slaverywastobeprohibitedintherestofLouisianaTerritorynorthoftheline36°30parallel’.6.In1862,thefederalgovernmenttooktworevolutionarymeasures:(1)HomesteadActand(2)Emancipationproclamation.6.ThevalueofmanufacturedgoodsintheUSwasworthtwiceasthatofheragriculturalproductsby1900.7.Thefirstimperialistwar,theUS—SpanishWar,brokeoutin1898.8.AftertheUS—SpanishWar,theUSacquiredallthefollowingareasexceptCuba(PuertoRico,Guam,thePhilippines)1.TheReconstructionActsdividedalltheformerConfederatestates,exceptTennessee,intofivemilitarydistrictsandeachwasputunderthecontrolofaNorthernarmyofficer.Theofficerhadthepowertokeeporderandtoenforcemartiallawifnecessary.2.DuringtheReconstructionperiodmanyNorthernersmovedtothesouth.Whatevertheirmotives,theseNorthernerscametobecalledcarpetbaggersbecausetheyweresaidtohavebroughtalltheirbelongingstotheSouthinasmall,cheapsuitcasemadeoutofacarpetlikematerial.3.DuringtheReconstructiontheSouthernwhiteswhosupportedtheradicalreconstructionandjoinedtheRepublicanPartywerecalledscalawags.TheywereconsideredastraitorsbytheSouthernDemocrats.2.WhentheFirstWorldWarbegan,PresidentWilsonimmediatelycalledupontheAmericanpeopletoobservestrictneutrality.3.TheUSjoinedtheFirstWorldWarin1917.4.Wilson’sFourteenPointsdidnotincludethepointcreationofofaninternationalpeacekeepingforce.5.Only“therichcouldaffordnewconsumergoods”abouttheUSin1920sisnottrue.6.InrespondingtotheDepression,PresidentHooverthoughtthatthebasicroleoftheGovernmentwasto“create(1)TheFour-PowerTreaty,respectingthestatusquointhePacific.(2)TheFive-PowerTreaty,onnavalarmsapportionment.(3)TheNine-PowerTreaty,guaranteeingtheindependenceandintegrityofChinainappearance,butactuallyapublicinternationalaffirmationoftheOpenDoorpolicy.6.TheNineteenthAmendmenttotheUSConstitutionwasadoptedin1920,whichgrantedwomentherighttovote.7.TheGreatDepressionstartedwiththesuddencollapseoftheStockMarketinNewYorkinOctober,1929.ThiseconomicdistressextendedtoEurope,Asia,Africa,AustraliaandSouthAmerica.Chapter9AmericanDuringandAfterWorldWarII1.Between1935and1939,Americanforeignpolicyincludedallofthefollowingexceptactiveinterventiontopreventaggression.2.TheUSformallyenteredtheSecondWorldWarin1941.3.NormandyLandingtookplaceonJune6,1944.4.AtYaltaConference,inFeb.1945didRoosevelt,ChurchillandStalinagreetocallaconferenceofalltheUnitedNationsinSanFranciscoinApril1945.5.Thepost-WorldWarIIprogramofeconomicassistancetoWesternEuropewasknownasMarshallPlan.6.Dr.MartinLutherKing,Jr.,advocatedthephilosophyofnonviolence.7.ThousandsofAmericansoldiersweresenttoVietnamunderthePresidentLyndonB.Johnson.8.TheformaldiplomaticrelationattheambassadorialrankbetweenChinaandtheUSwasestablishedunderthePresidentCarter.1.Thecash-and-carrypolicyallowedUScitizenstosellcertainnoprohibitedgoodstobelligerentnationsaslongasthoseChapter10theFederalSystemandCongress1.ThepowerofthestateintheUSisactuallyfrombothBandC.(thestateconstitution,theUSConstitution)2.ThesupremelawoftheUnitedStatesincludesalltheabovethree.andchecksandbalancesthatensureeachofthethreebranchesasufficientroleintheactionsoftheothers.3.AccordingtotheConstitution,membersoftheHouseofRepresentativesmustbe25yearsoldandmusthavebeencitizensfor7years.Senatorsmustbeatleast30andmusthavebeencitizensfor9years.3.Thepresident’smajorappointmentsshouldbeapprovedthebySenate.4.It“requirestheapprovalofCongress”isnotcorrecttoexplaintheexecutiveagreement.5.ThePresident’svetocanbeoverriddenby-thirdtwovotesinbothhouses.6.Thefederalcourtsthatregularlyemploygrandandpetitjuriesarethedistrictcourts.thefederaldistrict7.ThehighestauthorityoftheSupremeCourtistointerprettheUSconstitution.Thecaseinvolvingcopyright,trademark,counterfeiting,andbankrobberyareusuallyfirsttriedin8.courts.1.Bylawanynatural-bornAmericancitizenofandover35yearsofageandofbeingaresidentwithintheUnitedStatesqualifiedpresident-electtakesofficeonthe2