考研英语大纲附录3

附录3常用的前缀和后缀，部分国家（或地区）、语言、国民及国籍表，洲名及常见缩写词一、常用的前缀和后缀1、常用前缀aero-：concerningtheairofaircraftplane-aeroplane飞机space-aerospace航空空间anti-：against；oppositeofnuclear-antinuclear反对核武器的matter-antimatter反物质war-antiwar反战的auto-：oforbyoneselfbiography传记–autobiography自传criticism批评-autocriticism自我反省be-：totreatasthestatedthingfriend-befriend以朋友的方式对待；照顾little-belittle使显得微小，轻视、贬低bi-：two；twice；doublelingual-bilingual双语的；人cycle-bicyclebio-：concerninglivingthingschemistry-biochemistry生化sphere-biosphere生物圈by-，bye-：lessimportantproduce-by-produceway-byway偏僻小路；学科的次要领域，冷门centi-：hundredthpartgrade-centigradeˈ摄氏meter-centimeter厘米co-：together，withauthor-coauthor合著者，合著exist-coexist同时共存、和平共处col-：(usedbeforel)together，withlocation-collocation排列，配置，词的搭配com-：(usedbeforeb，m，p)together，withpassion-compassion怜悯、同情con-：together，withcentric-concentric同一中心的、同轴federation-confederation结盟同盟，联邦contra-：oppositediction-contradiction矛盾、否定反驳natural-contranatural违背自然的cor-：(usedbeforer)together，withrelate-correlate有相关性respond-correspond相符合相一致，相当类似通信counter-：oppositeact-counteract对抗、抵消attack-counterattack反攻、反击cross-：across；goingbetweenthestatedthingsandjoiningthemcountry-crosscountry越野的breed-crossbreed杂种，使杂交de-：showinganopposite；toremove；toreducecode-decode译码、解码、分析电子信号value-devalue贬值，贬低dis-：not；theoppositeofadvantage-disadvantage不利、劣势、短处agree-disagree不同意、不一致、不适合honest-dishonest不诚实、不老实em-：(usedbeforeb，m，p)tocausetobecomebody-embody表现、象征；包括、包含power-empower授权、准许en-：tocausetobecome；tomakedanger-endanger危及、使遭受危险large-enlarge扩大、扩充放大ex-：former(andstillliving)minister-ex-ministerv辅助;服侍,部长wife-ex-wife前妻extra-：outside；beyondcurricular-extracurricular学校课程以外的ordinary-extraordinary奇怪；特别；额外，临时fore-：inadvance，before；inoratthefrontarm-forearm前臂，预先武装warn-forewarn预先警告；事先告知il-：(usedbeforel)notlegal-illegal非法literate-illiterate目不识丁、文盲的im-：(usedbeforeb，m，p)notmoral-immoral不道德、邪恶；放荡的possible-impossible不可能、办不到的；很难接受in-：notdirect-indirect间接地，婉转的sensitive-insensitive感觉迟钝，不友好的；麻木infra-：belowinarange；beyondred-infrared红外线的structure—infrastructure基础设施，基础结构inter-：between；amongchange—interchange互换、互易；交替变换national—international国际的intra-：inside，within；intocity—intracity市内的department--intra-departmentir-：（usedbeforer）notregular—irregular不对称、不规则的；不定期的responsible—irresponsible不负责kilo-：thousandgram—kilogram千克meter--kilometermacro-：large，esp.concerningawholesystemratherthanparticularpartsofeconomics—macroeconomics宏观经济学structure—macrostructure宏观结构mal-：badorbadlyfunction—malfunction故障，障碍treat—maltreat虐待、滥用micro-：extremelysmallcomputer—microcomputer微机electronics—microelectronics微电子学mid-：middleday—midday中午night—midnight午夜mini-：small；shortbus—minibus小汽车skirt—miniskirt超短裙mis-：badorbadly；wrongorwronglyfortune—misfortune不幸，厄运；灾难、灾祸understand—misunderstand误会误解mono-：one；singleplane—monoplane单翼机tone—monotone单调的multi-：morethanone；manypurpose—multipurpose多种用途的，多目标national—multinational多国的，跨国公司non-：notresident--non(-)resident〉①不住在某地的②(指工作)不要求任职者住在工作地点的；不住在旅馆等中的sense—nonsense胡说，无聊的事物out-：outside；beyondlive--outlive比(某人)长寿;活到(某事)已被遗忘door—outdoor户外的露天over-：toomuch；above；additionalhead--overhead离地面的;头顶上的;上空的,架空的time--overtime超出的时间;额外的时间费poly-：manycentric—polycentric多中心的syllabic—polysyllabic多音节的post-：laterthan；aftergraduate—postgraduate研究生的，生war—postwar战后的pre-：before；inadvancepay—prepay预付war—prewar战前的，在战前pro-：infavorof，supportingAmerica--pro-Americaabortion--pro-abortion早产pseudo-：notreal；falsename—pseudonym假名，化名；笔名science—pseudoscience伪科学re-：again；backtotheformerstateunite—reunite重聚，再联合use—reuse再用self-：bymeansofoneselforitself；of，to，with，for，orinoneselforitselfemployed--self-employedtaught--self-taughtsemi-：half；partlycircle—semicircle半圆形final—semifinal半决赛step-：notbybirthbutthroughaparentwhohasremarriedmother—stepmother继母children—stepchildren养子sub-：under，below；lessimportant；partofthestatedbiggerwholedivide—subdivide再分，细分section--subsection分部,分段,小部分,小单位,细分super-：more，larger，greaterthanusualmarket—supermarket超市natural—supernatural超自然的，超自然的现象tele-：atoroveralongdistance；byorfortelevisioncommunication—telecommunication电信screen--telescreentherm(o)-：concerningheatchemistry--thermochemistrymeter—thermometer温度计trans-:across,onortotheothersideof;betweenAtlantic-transatlantic电视屏幕,荧光屏plant-transplant移植tri-:three;threetimesangular-triangular三角cycle-tricycle三轮车,机器三轮车ultra-:beyond;very,extremelymodern-ultramodern超现代化的sound-ultrasound超声，超声波un-:notcertain-uncertain不确定的fortunate-unfortunate不幸的，不幸的人under-:toolittle;belowdevelop-underdevelop(使)发展不完全,(使)显影不足sea-undersea海面下的uni-:one,singerform-uniform制服，相同的，清一色的directional-unidirectional单向的，单向性的vice-:nextintherank;belowchairman-vice-chairman副委员长president-vice-president副总统，副校长2.常用后缀（1）名词后缀-ability，-ibility能力able-abilityflexible-flexibility弹性,适应性,机动性,挠性-age时期post-postage邮费，邮资short-shortage不足-alarrive-arrival到达,抵达；物refuse-refusal拒绝-an，-ian，-arian员；人library-librarianmusic-musician-ance，-enceappear-appearancerefer-reference人-ancy，-encyemerge-emergency紧急情况expect-expectancy期望-ant，-ent人apply-applicant申请求职人correspond-correspondent通信员记者-cyaccurate-accuratcy精确的,准确private-praivit]privacyˈ隐居,独处私事,隐私-domking-kingdom国王，界，领域free-freedom自由，自主权-ee人employ-employee雇工interview-interviewee接受面谈者;被接见者-er，-or，-ar人paint-painterbeg-beggar乞丐-ery行为；身份、制度brave-braveryslave-slavery奴隶身份制度-ese人China-ChinaeseJapan-Japanese-ess人actor-actresswaiter-waitress-ful量hand-handful一把少数spoon-spoonful一匙的量-hoodchild-childhoodman-manhood成年,成年期;男子气概-ics 学科electron-electronicslinguist言学家-linguistics语言学-ion，-ition，-ation物collect-collectionobserve-observation-ism主义Marx-Marxismsocialist-socialism-ist人psychiatry-psychiatristviolin-violinist-ity，-tycruel-cruelty残忍,残酷pure-purity纯,纯洁,纯正,洁净-mentmove-movementretire--retirement增加;发展,扩大-nessdark--darknesshappy--happiness-ologyclimate—climatology气候学future—futurology未来学-ship关系friend—friendship友情、友谊scholar学者—scholarship学问学识，奖学金-sion，-ssion物decide--decisionexpand--expansion-thgrow--growth增加;发展,扩大wide--width宽度,阔度,广度-ure状态close—closure停业、关闭expose—exposure暴露曝光(2)动词前缀-endeep--deepen变深,加深fast--fasten系紧,拴牢-ifyclass--classify分类;归类simple—simplify简化-ize，-ise使…怎么样modern--modernize/modernizepopular--popularize/popularize(3)形容词后缀-able，-ible的suit--suitablequestion--questionable可疑的;有疑问的-alnature--naturalstructure--structural-an，-arian，-iansuburb--suburbanCanada—Canadian人的-ant，-ent的differ--differentplease--pleasant-ary，-ory的advise--advisorycustom--customary-ateconsider--consideratefortune--fortunate-en的gold--goldenwood--wooden-ese的，人China--ChineseJapan--Japanese-free无..的care--carefreeduty--duty-free-fulcare--carefulpain--painful-ic，-ical的atom—atomic原子的psychology—psychological心理学的-ish的girl--girlish女孩子(似)的,少女的child--childish孩子的,孩子气的,孩子所特有的-ivecreate--creative创造性的,有创造力的support--supportive支持的,拥护的;赞助的-less无…的hope--hopeless不抱希望的,绝望的pain--painless-likechild--childlike孩子似的,天真烂漫的lady--ladylike风度雍容如贵妇的,温雅的-ly的man—manly刚强的month—monthly一月的月刊-ous，-ious的danger--dangerouspoison--poisonous-sometire--tiresome令人生厌的trouble--troublesome引起麻烦的,令人讨厌的,令人烦恼的-ward向…的down--downward向下的,往下的up--upward-y的guilt-guilty内疚的；有罪的noise-noisy嘈杂的;喧闹的(4)副词后缀-lyeasy-easily容易地,不费力地heavy-heavily严重地;大量地-ward，-wardseast-eastward(s)向东north-northward(s)-wiseclock-clockwise顺时针方向的other-otherwise除此之外，否则二、部分国家（或地区）、语言、国名及国籍表国家（或地区） 语言 国民 国籍America American AmericanAustralia Australian AustralianBrazil巴西 Brazilian BrazilianBritiain英国人 English Briton BritishCanada Canadian CanadianChina Chinese Chinese ChineseEgypt 埃及Egyptian EgyptianEngland English Englishman EnglishFrance French Frenchman FrenchGermany German German GermanGreece Greek Greek GreekIndia Indian IndianIreland爱尔兰 Irish Irishman IrishIsrael 以色列 Israeli IsraeliItaly意大利 Italian Italian ItalianJapan Japanese Japanese JapaneseTheNetherlands荷兰 Dutch Dutchman DutchNewZealand 新西兰 NewZealander Portugal葡萄牙 Portuguese Portuguese PortugueseRussia 俄国Russian Russian RussianScotland苏格兰 Scots,Scottish Scotsman Scots,ScottishSpain 西班牙Spanish Spaniard SpanishSweden 瑞典Swedish Swedish SwedishSwitzerland 瑞士 Swiss SwissWales 威尔士Welsh Welshman Welsh三、洲名名词Africa非洲America美洲Antarctica南极洲Asia亚洲Australia澳洲Europe欧洲NorthAmerica北美洲Oceania大洋洲SouthAmerica南美洲四、常见缩写词形容词AfricanAmericanAsianAustralianEuropeanNorthAmericanOceanicSouthAmericanBC,B.C. beforeChrist 公元前BS，BSc BachelorofScience 理科学士C° Centigrade 摄氏度cc cubiccentimeter 立方厘米CD compactdisk 光盘，激光唱片cf. confer(=compare) 试比较；参看cm centimeter 厘米Co company 公司c/o careof 由…转交cp. compare 比较Dec. December 十二月dept.,Dept. department 部，司，局，系Dr,Dr. doctor 博士；医生e.g. exempligratia(=forexample) 例如esp. especially 尤其是etal. etalia(=andothers) 以及其他等等etc. etcetera(=andtherest) 等等F Fahrenheit 华氏的Feb. February 二月Fri. Friday 星期五ft Foot,feet 英尺g,gm,gm. gram 克GMT GreenwichMeanTime 格林威治时间hr,hr. hour 小时ID identificationcard 身份证i.e. idest(=thatis) 那就是，即in. inch 英寸Inc. incorporated 股份有限的Jan. January 一月Jr. junior 小(用于姓名后)Jul. July 七月Jun. June 六月kg,kg. kilogram 千克，公斤km,km. kilometer 千米，公里l,l. liter 升lb,lb. libra(=pound) 磅Ltd. limited 有限的,股份有限m,m. meter 米MA MasterofArts 文科硕士Mar. March 三月min. minute 分钟ml,ml. millimeter 毫升Mon. Monday 星期一Mr,Mr. Mister …先生Mrs,Mrs. Mistress …夫人，…太