材料研究方法-光学显微分析

光学显微分析技术的应用与发展光学显微分析技术的应用与发展光光学显微分析的发展（墨经）——和他的单式显微镜（约1680年列列复复式显微镜 1590年荷兰的詹森（HansandZachariasJanssen）发明17世纪中叶罗伯特.虎克（RHooke）1818、19世纪的显微镜技术光光学显微分析的发展ChristiaanErnst研究制造光学显微镜）2020世纪的显微镜技术现现代光学显微镜 偏光显微镜偏光显微镜应用开辟了广阔的前景。功能：形貌观察、反光镜、下偏光镜、机械筒长、盖玻璃厚度10×/160/物镜的分辨率物镜的分辨率10×/160/d0.61/d0.61/n单偏单偏光下的晶体光学性质UnpolarizedOnlythecomponentoflightvibratinginE-Wdirectioncanpassthroughlowerpolarizer–lightintensitydecreases单偏光镜组成（使用下偏光镜解解颜色和多色性多色性轮廓、贝克线、糙面、突起轮廓、贝克线、糙面、突起糙晶晶体的贝克线及其折射率估测Acicular针状Irregular无规则bladed叶片状Blocky块状Elongate长条状Fibrous纤维状Prismatic棱片状Rounded圆形Tabular片状Acicular针状Irregular无规则bladed叶片状Blocky块状Elongate长条状Fibrous纤维状Prismatic棱片状Tabular板状MosteasilyobservedinPPL(upperpolarizerout),butvisibleinXNaswellNocleavages:quartz石英olivine1good 2good ,2cleavagesat~90°2cleavagesatColorisColorisobservedonlyinplanepolarizedNotaninherentproperty-changeswithlightResultsfromselectiveabsorptionofcertainofPleochroismresultswhendifferentareabsorbeddifferentlybydifferentcrystallographicdirections-rotatestagetoobserve-Hornblende（角闪石）isBiotiteReliefisameasureoftherelativedifferenceinbetweenamineralgrainanditsReliefisusedtoestimateOlivinehashighPlag斜长石haslowolivine:n=1.64-1.88plag:n=1.53-1.57Epoxy树脂:n=1.54ReliefisameasureoftherelativedifferenceinbetweenamineralgrainanditsReliefisusedtoestimateGarnet石榴石hashighQuartzhaslowgarnet:n=1.72-1.89quartz:n=1.54-1.55epoxy:n=1.54正交偏光镜下晶体光学性质正交偏光镜下晶体光学性质（使用上、下偏光镜现光程差计算公式R=d(Ng-单色光的单色光的A2 2sin(R/222 白白光的R=d(Ng-色 R=d(Ng-正交正交偏光下的晶体光学性质westeastLightvibratingE-Lightvibratinginmanyplanesandwithmanyreacheye!Interferencecolorofthecrystalisdeterminedbyitsbirefringenceand补色法则和补色器补色法则和补色器两晶体切片时，若Ng1∥Ng2、Np1∥Np2，即两晶体切片的椭 正交偏光镜下晶体光学性质正交偏光镜下晶体光学性质 平行消 斜消 对称消正延性负延性色Observethinsectionandmineralsinplanelight(PP)(polarsuncrossed)Observeinterferencecolorofmineralsincross-polars(XP)Thebrightnessofinterferencecolorchangesfourtimeswhenrotatingthestage360degree!mayshowbothhighandlowrelief,transparentunderPPLwith2perfectcleavagesat120o.UnderXPLitshowspearly偏光偏光显微镜中的橄榄石lookslikeastained-glasswindow;brightinterferencecoloursandthickblackfractures斜长 ColoursclearunderPPLbutwithperfectcleavageandbrightPPL:lowerviewrotatedtoshow偏光显微镜中的黑云母pleochroicwithoneperfectcleavage;strongnaturalcolourmaskspolarisationcoloursmakinglookgreenishunderXPLPresenceandstyleoftwinningcanbe正交正交偏光下的双晶SimpletwinonPlagioclase PolysyntheticalbitetwinsonPericlinetwinonwithrepeated微斜微斜长石的格子双晶grainincentreshowingitsdistinctivecross-hatched正交正交偏光下的球晶利利用锥光镜确定晶体光率体的轴性和光性反光显微镜反光显微镜构反光反光显微镜中的水泥熟料荧光显微镜荧光显微镜高高温显微分析术和进行加热、冷却的装置。显微分析分辨率分辨率极限衍射光斑的分辨衍射光斑的分辨瑞利判提高分辨率的传统途径：明场照明术暗场照明术明明场照明术Vs暗场照Asshownabove,thebright-fieldmicroscopeshowsfarmoreopaqueandindistinguishableelementsthanthedark-field.Inaddition,specksofmaterialareshownonthedark-fieldimagethatarenotevenseeninthe相衬显微术相衬显微术显微术显微术——扫描近场光学显微镜（scanningnear-fieldoptical或near-fieldscanningoptical近近场光学基本概念物体结构与周围光场间关系 近场探测器光纤 镜近场近场光学显微镜近场光学显微镜近场光学显微镜新型近场光学显微镜分辨率：0.8nm高密度磁盘的磁道观察近近场光学显微镜下的量子点1100近近场光学显微镜下的细胞ImageofMalaria-InfectedBloodNear-FieldImageofSpermNSOMNSOMWepresenthigh-resolutionimageswithnear-fieldscanningopticalmicroscopytostudyphaseseparationinpolymerfi.Transmissionandtransmittedfluorescencenear-fieldscanningopticalmicroscopeimagesweretakenfordirectvisualizationoftheintermed