会计系专业课-成本与管理managerial accounting

ReviewofCostandManagerialSeanLiu MANAGERIALACCOUNTINGANDCOST JOB-ORDER PROCESS COST-VOLUME-PROFIT VARIABLECOSTING&SEGMENTREPORTING:TOOLSFOR ACTIVITY-BASED PROFIT FLEXIBLEBUDGETSAND STANDARDCOSTSAND PERFORMANCEMEASUREMENTINDECENTRALIZED YSIS:THEKEYTODECISION 201532日星期ThreePillarsofManagerialEstablishgoalsandspecifyinghowtoachieveGatherfeedbackstoensuretheplanbeingproperlyexecutedormodifiedascircumstancesSelectacourseofactionfromcompetingManagementDecisionWhatshouldwebeWhoshouldwebeHowshouldweChangingGlobalGrowthoftheserviceAdvancementininformationInnovationDiversifiedTheroleofthemanagerialFacilitatethemanagementandWhoareourmostimportantDefiningthecustomers:Decisionsundersomecertaincircumstances,whichcannotbesolvedbymanagerialWhatsubstituteproductsexist?Whatisourcriticalresource?WillwehaveenoughresourcestosupportourUsersofAccountingFinancialaccounting:outsideManagerialaccounting:insideTheydifferinseveralaspectsincludingtheirtargetusers,relevantinformation,timelinessaswellasformatandprinciples.Fromcostaccountingtomanagerial1825-1925:BeginningofCost1925-1960s:Costdeterminationandfinancialcontrol(thescientificmanagementmethodofTaylor)1960s-mid1980s:provideinformationformanagementplanningandcontrolling—《管理控制系统》（将、管理、运营活动分开，并阐明其关系Mid1980s-mid1990s:thereductionofwasteinbusinessMid1990sbeyond:thecreationoffirmvaluethroughtheidentification,measurement,andmanagementofthedriversofcustomervalue,organizationalinnovationandshareholder.针对利益相关者的价值创造为观SkillsofmanagerialStrategymanagementEnterpriseriskmanagementProcessmanagementMeasurementLeadershipProfessionalManagerialAccountingandCost201532日星期 ysisofcostanditsrelateditemsisstronglyconnectedwiththepurposesandCost→Aconceptthatrelatedtoresource-allocationdecisions（资源分配过程中需要考虑Cost-benefitBehavioralandtechnicalDifferentcostsfordifferentpurposes(considerdifferentAresourcesacrificedforforgonetoachieveaspecificWhetherthesameobjectiveorYourownjudgment.CostCostObjective→AnythingforwhichthemeasurementofcostisDirectCostsandIndirectDirectcost——costCostthatcanbeeasilyandconvenientlytracedtoaunitofproductorothercostIndirectcost——costCostscannotbeeasilyandconvenientlytracedtoaunitofproductorothercostDifferentTypeofMerchandisingSelectgoodstofacilitatetheconvenienceofPresentthegoodstotheconsumersinaproper(Thistwofunctionsarethe"operatingactivities"ofmerchandisingManufactureChangerawmaterialsintoWhetherthecostisdirectlytiedtothecreationofvalue——whenweareconsidercostinfinancialreport.ProductPeriodCost:havelittleconnectionwithoperatingTypeofPrimeDirectThosematerialsthat eanintegralpartoftheproductandthatcanbeconvenientlytraceddirectlytoitDirectThoselaborcoststhatcanbeeasilytracedtoindividualunitsofManufacturingOverhead(IndirectManufacturingcoststhatcannotbetraceddirectlytospecificunitsIndirectIndirectTheusageofConversionDirectManufacturingNonmanufacturingMarketingandsellingAdministrativeFinancialManufacturingCost基于财务报告目的的成本考虑（历史信息的总结基于成本预测的成本分类（未来信息的预测VariableFixedAveragefixedcostdropswiththeincreaseofthenumberof对变动成本的管理：减小TVC对固定成本的管理：增大业务量，降 AFC（规模效应Theactivitybase（对activitybase的选取决定了VC和AmeasurementoftheincurrenceofaCostdriver（activitybase素ThreeGeneralCostManufacturingDirectApartoftherawmaterialsthat eanintegralpartofthefinishedproductsandwhosecostcanbeconvenientlytracedtotheunitoffinishedproductsRawMaterials:MaterialsusedinfinalIndirectMaterials:cannotbetracedtoanyDirectDirectlaborconsistsoflaborcoststhatcanbetracedeasilytoindividualunitsofproducts.(Touchlabor)IndirectlabordenotesthecostoflaborthatcannotbetracedtospecificunitorhardtoManufacturingIncludesallmanufacturingcostexceptdirectNonmanufacturingCostsSellingCostsincurredtosecurecustomerordersandgetthefinishedproducttotheAdministrativeCostsassociatedwiththegeneralmanagementofanorganizationratherthanwithmanufacturingorsellingProductCostsandPeriodFinancialStatementMatchingPrinciple:Costsarerecognizedasexpensesonthe estatementintheperiodthatbenefitsfromthecostThematchingprincipleisbasedontheaccrualbasisProductCost(InventoriableAllcostsinvolvedinacquiringormakingaTheycanbematchedtospecificunitofProductcostarenotnecessarilytreatedorrecognizedasexpensesintheperiodinwhichtheyareincurred,theyaretreatedasexpenseswhentheyaresold.PeriodTheperiodcostsarethecostthatarenotproductTheycanonlybematchedtotimeTheyarerecognizednotatthepointwhencashchangeshands,andtheyarerecognizedaccordingtotheirbenefitsintimespan.PrimeDirectMaterial+DirectConversionDirectLabor+ManufacturingCostClassificationforPredictingCostCostBehaviorreferstohowacostreactstochangesinthelevelofActivitybase:Ameasurementofwhatevercausestheincurrenceofavariablecost(Mostlydefinedasunitsofproducts)Variablecost:CostsvariesindirectproportiontochangesinthelevelofactivityFixedcost:RemainsconstantregardlessofthechangesinactivitybasesLinearAssumption:CostsarestrictlylineartoactivityRelevantRange:Therangeinwhichthelinearassumptionysis ysis——AccountClassificationyzetheaccounttodistinguishvariableandfixedcostandthenspecifytheirDiagnosingCostBehaviorwithaScatter-GraphDiagnosewhetherthereexistsanylinearrelationship,ordividetherangeintoseveralyzingHigh-LowMethod:Utilizethehighestandlowestpointinactivityleveltocomputetheslope.Least-SquareRegressionMethod:UseregressionmethodstosolvetheContribution eClearlydistinguishesbetweenfixedandvariablecostsandthereforeaidsplanning,controllinganddecisionmaking.ContributionMargin:theresidueafterthedeductionofvariablecostsfromrevenue,whichistocoverthefixedexpensesandgeneratethenetoperating CostClassificationforAssigningCoststoCostDirectCoststhatcanbeeasilyandconvenientlytracedtoaspecifiedcostIndirectCoststhatcannotbeeasilytracedtoaspecifiedcostCostClassificationforDecisionDifferentialAdifferenceincostsbetweenanytwoalternativesisknownasadifferentialcostSimilartomarginalcostineconomicsThepotentialbenefitthatisgivenupwhenonealternativeisselectedoverSunkThecoststhatcannotbeinfluencedbycurrentandfutureJob-Order201539日星期Financialreportsorientedcostingsystem:AbsorptionAllmanufacturingcost,bothfixedandvariableones,areassignedtounitsofproducts,theunitsofproductsfullyabsorbthemanufacturingcost.OverviewofJob-OrderManydifferentproductsorordersareproducedeachperiod(EmphasisontheProductsaremanufacturedtoCostsaretracedandallocatedtojobsandthenthecostsofthejobaredividedbythenumberofunitsinthejobtoarriveatanaveragecostperunitGeneralIdentifythejob(costIdentifythedirectcostsoftheSelectthecost-allocationbasestouseforallocationindirectConstructionofJob-OrderCostingDirectStoreroom→Materialsrequisitionform→DirectMaterialsinJobOrder(Onlydirectportionofthematerials)[Theindirectmaterialsgointomanufacturingoverheadaccount.]RelevantUnitNumberofDirectLaborofworkers→TimeTicket→DirectLaborinJobManufacturingCannotbeeasilyIndirectcoststhatcanbehardtoContainsmassesofAllocationA arkorbasethatdrivetheoverheadWecanchoosethecostdriverofoverheadasallocationDirectLaborasaAppropriateinThedirectlaborclaimsforavitalpartinproducingChanges:AnemphasisonotherThedirectlaborhaslostitsimportantpositionwithsophisticatedandautomatedequipmentreplacingthehumanforceIndirectcostsincreaseasthefocusingonmanagementandEstimatetheTotalManufacturingFixedyzethehistoricaldatatoVariableHistoricalEstimatedoutputs(DefineafunctionbetweenoutputsandmanufacturingEstimatetheTotalAllocationEstimatethroughthecombinationofhistoricalinformationaswellasfutureComputethePredeterminedOverheadPredeterminedOverheadRate=EstimatedTotalManufacturingOverheadCost/EstimatedTotalAmountoftheAllocationBaseWhyweneedapredeterminedForweneedtohavethecostofjoborderfinishedinthemidofayearcanbeApplyingtheManufacturingOverheadtoJobOverheadappliedtoJobOrder=PredeterminedOverheadRate*AmountoftheAllocationBaseIncurredintheJobUnitCostofAfterinvolvinginalltheinformationaboveinthejobordercostingsystem,wecancomputethetotalcostofajobandthencomputetheunitcostTheFlowofCostsinJob-OrderAccountsandjob-ordersshouldbetreated AccountsarethecollectionofakindoffinancialJob-ordersreflectsitscostandthecostinformationcomingfromtheAccountsinBalanceSheet e(AgeneralwaywithoutacostingRawPurchasingofDirectMaterialsintowork-in-process,andthejob-orderwillreflecttheinformationIndirectMaterialsintomanufacturingoverheadwithnochangeinjobRawDirectlaborwageswillflowintotheManufacturingoverheadwillbeappliedtotheaccountaccordingtothepredeterminedrateTofinishedgoodsFinishedGoods(CostofGoodsCostofGoodsJob-OrderCosting(ThefollowingtermsalldenotestothoseinajobDirectInflowbecauseofdirectmaterialsareintroducedintotheproducingTheamountisthesameasthatofrawmaterialstowork-in-DirectInflowbecauseofthelaborusedinmanufacturingTheamountisthewagesinthetimeticketthatcanbeeasilytracedtoManufacturingComputebythepredeterminedrateandactuallyincurredactivityTheactualmanufacturingoverheadareaccumulatedinaseparateaccountsintheprocessofmanufacturing,whichhasnoinfluencebeforetheendofaperiod.AdjusttheappliedUnderapplied:Actual>Overapplied:Actual<TheoverappliedandunderappliedoverheadwillaffecttheprecisionofCostofGoodsSoldinestatement(TheactualmanufacturingOHhasresidueintheendofaDr.CostofGoodsCr.Manufacturing(TheactualmanufacturingOHisinsufficientintheendofaDr.ManufacturingOverheadCr.CostofGoodsSoldProcess2015316日星期一Amethodusedtoprovidetheinformationinfinancialreports,i.e.acostingsystemtoreorganizethecostinformationforreportingpurpose.TheOverviewofProcessRangeofConvertrawmaterialswithlaborintohomogenousTheunitscannotbedividedbyoperatingprocess,andithasmanyAccumulatethecostbyThecommonsofJob-OrderandProcessThesameThesamemanufacturingThesamewaytotreattheManufacturingOverhead(AbsorptionCostFlowsinProcessProcessOrganizationalunitswhereworkisperformedonaproduct.(Theproductofthedepartmentcanbeafinishedgoodsorakindofmaterialfornextprocess)CostAccountsintoRawWageManufacturingTheamountsinthe accountsabovecangointodifferentdepartmentaccordingtotheconsumptionofeachdepartment.DepartmentsintoThefinalproductsofadepartmentcanproceedtothenextstepand ethematerialsofthenextdepartmentAccounts.(ThroughWork-in-ProcessaccountsofeachEquivalentUnitsofEquivalentUnits=NumberofPartiallyCompletedUnits*PercentageofCompletionAims:toderivethefinalWork-in-Processinfinancialstatement(Asawholeofseveralaccountsofdifferentdepartments)Weighted-AverageEquivalentUnitsofaDepartment=UnitsTransferredtoNextDepartment+EquivalentUnitsinEndingWork-in-ProcessUnitsTransferredtoNextUnitsTransferredtoNextDepartmentis100%completed.Andwesumthispartinthedepartmentthatproducesthem uniformlytoavoidrepeatcomputationofWork-in-Process.EquivalentUnitsinEndingWork-in-ProcessDivideintotwopartstodefinetheThecompletionpercentageofThecompletionpercentageofResults:Equivalentunitsofproduction(IntermsofMaterialsaswellasComputationandWedividetheEquivalentUnitsandtheircostintomaterialandconversion,whichwillbecomputedseparayandaddupafterwehavecomputethecostofeachpart.BeginningWork-in-xUnitsStartedintoProductioninCurrent+yUnitsCompletedinCurrent-zEndingWork-in-=UnitsTransferredtotheNextzzEndingWork-in-Materials:Units(x+y-*Conversion:Units(x+y-*EquivalentUnitsofComputeCostperEquivalentCostofBeginningWork-in-ProcessCostAddedintheTotalCostEquivalentUnitsofProductionCostperEquivalentUnit==AddApplyingEndingWork-in-UnitsCompletedandTransferredCostReconciliationCosttobeAccountedfor=CostAccountedCosttobeAccountedfor=CostofBeginningWork-in-ProcessInventory+CostAddedtoProductionduringthePeriodCostAccountedfor=CostofEndingWork-in-ProcessInventory+CostofUnitsTransferredOutCost-Volume-Profit2015330日星期一 ysisfocusonhowprofitsareaffectedbyfiveSellingSalesUnitVariableTotalFixedMixofProductsIt'savitaltoolforbusinessdecisions:whattoproduceandoffer,whatpricetocharge,whatmarketingstrategytouse,whatcoststructuretomaintain.Constructa EquationProfit=Sales-VariableExpenses-Fixed=ContributionMargin-Fixed=(Unitprice-VariableExpensesperunit)*Volume-Fixed=CMperUnit*Volume-FixedGraphicLinearFixedExpenses→VolumeTotalExpenses→AddaslopedefinedbyvariablecostperTotalRevenue:Volume,Price→Volume→ysisBasedonCMTheFunctionofContributionCoverthefixedGeneratenet CMratio=CM/SalesTarget ysis-DecidetheWithanon-zerotargetUnitsalestoattainthetargetprofit=(TargetProfit+FixedExpenses)/UnitBreak-EvenUnitsalestobreakeven=FixedExpenses/UnitTheMarginofMarginofSafetyistheexcessofbudgetedofactualsalesdollarsoverthebreak-evenpointofsalesdollars.MarginofSafetyinDollars=TotalBudgeted(orActual)Sales-Break-EvenSalesMarginofSafety%=MarginofSafetyinDollars/TotalBudgeted(orActual)SalesCoststructureandOperatingOperatingLeverageisameasureofhowsensitivenetoperating eistoagivenpercentagechangeindollars,whichcanalsomeasurethecoststructure.DegreeofOperatingLeverage=ContributionMargin/Net %ChangeinNetOperating e=DegreeofOperatingLeverage*%ChangeinHigherproportionoffixedcostsinitscoststructurewillhavehigheroperatingDegreeofoperatingleverageisnotaconstant,itdecreasesfrominfiniteatbreak-evenpointtogreatersales.Sales BasicAssumption:Thesalesmixdoesnotchange[Theproportionofeachproductsstaysconstant.]Assumptionof SellingPricesareconstant,nomatterhowmanyproductsareCostarelinearandwithinrelevantSalesmixisconstantinsales Thenumberofunitsproducedequalsthenumberofunitssold.[NoinventoryorConstantVariableCosting&SegmentReporting:Toolsfor2015413日星期一VariableUndervariablecosting,onlythosemanufacturingcoststhatvarywithoutputaretreatedasproductcosts.[FixedManufacturingOverheadisThoughtheSalesaswellascoststructurearethesame,thedifferencecanappearintheNet [Reason:UnderAbsorptionCosting,somefixedmanufacturingoverheadareincludedinInventoryinsteadof eStatement.Ifalltheproductsaresoldattheperioditisproduced,thevariablecostingandabsorptioncostingwillgeneratethesameanswer.] ysisoftheDifferenceIfproductsarenotsoldintheperiodwhenitisproduced,thefixedmanufacturingoverheadthatwentintotheInventoryaccountswillbedeferredtotheperioditwassoldratherthancurrentlyexpensedonthe estatement.AdvantageofVariableInternalreport eStatementsandtheContributionBasicTraceableFixedCost:Fixedcostthatisincurredbecauseoftheexistenceofthesegment,whichcanbespecificallytracedtoasegment.CommonFixedCost:Fixedcostthatsupportstheoperationsofmorethanonesegmentsbutcannotbetracedtoanyofthem.SegmentMargin:Thesegmentmarginisobtainedbydeductingthetraceablefixedcostsofasegmentfromthesegment'scontributionmargin.[ThebestgaugeoftheLRprofitabilityofasegment,becauseitincludesonlythosecoststhatarecausedbythesegment.]PracticalOmissionofUseabsorptioninformationtoprepareinternalreport→OmitsomeInappropriateMethodsforAssigningTraceableCostsamongFailuretotracecostsdirectly[Useallocationmethodsinthesituationwherecostscanbedirectlytraced,orevenregardthemascommoncosts]Inappropriateallocationbase[Whentracingthecosts,theallocationprocessisnotArbitrarilyDividingCommonCostsamongActivity-Based2015323日星期一Activity-Based-Costingisacostingmethodthatisdesignedtoprovidemanagerswithcostinformationforstrategicandotherdecisionsthatpotentiallyaffectcapacityandtherefore"fixed"aswellasvariablecosts.[Notabsorptioncosting]Supplementforusualcostingsystem(AbsorptioncostingCostsareassignedtoproductsbasedoncause-and-Overheadcostpoolsareused,withuniquemeasures,toallocatecoststocostCostVarietiesofproducts→OverheadsarenotstronglycorrelatedwithDLHorvolumeofproducts→Traditionalcostingsystem(Withonlyoneallocationbase)willdistortthecostinformation→wrongdecisionsActivity:AnyeventthatcausestheconsumptionofoverheadActivitycostpool:AplacetoaccumulateoverheadcostsrelatedtoasingleactivityActivitymeasure:Allocationbaseinanactivity-basedcostingsystem,alsoacostType:Transactiondrivers&DurationLevelsofUnit-Level:activitiesperformedeachtimeaunitisBatch-Level:activitiesperformedeachtimeabatchisproduced,regardlessofhowmanyunitsinitProduct-Level:activitiesrelatedtoaspecificproducts,regardlessofhowmanyunitsandbatchesareprocessedCustomer-Level:activitiesrelatedtoaspecificcustomerorgroupofOrganization-Sustaining:activitieswhichperformnocorrelationwiththeformerDesigningofDefineActivities,ActivityCostPoolsandActivityIdentifyGrouptheactivitiesattheappropriatelevel[HighlyFirst-StageOverheadcosts→CalculateActivityTotalCost/TotalActivity=ActivitySecond-StageOverheadcostsinthepools→Management[Donotincludeinthecostsconcerningcustomerrelationsorothercoststhathavelittlecorrelationwithproducts.]CustomerProfitabilityComparisonofTraditionalandABCProductThetotalwillnotbeinfluenced,costingsystemonlydodifferentinallocatingtheCauseoftheTheaccuracyoftheallocationofManufacturingAbsorptioncostingwillfullyabsorbthemanufacturingcostsnomatterhowtheyareProfit2015420日星期一TheBasicFrameworkofPlanningandControlAdvantageofMotivateThinkaboutandplanfortheLimitedresourcesavailable,soweneedtocarefullyplanfortheDefinegoalsandGoalschangewiththechangingUncoverpotentialbottlenecksMeansofallocatingresourcesBudgetingisatooltoeffectivelyallocatetheHowtocoordinatewiththepeopleinConveyyourideatoyouremployee,makethemunderstandtheplanoftheBudgetingOperatingbudget:one-yearperiodContinuous&ParticipativeBudgetAbudgetispreparedwiththefullcooperationandparticipationofmanagersatalllevels.Aparticipativebudgetisalsoknownasaself-imposedbudget.KnowmoreabouttheHigherThebudgetmaybeEverydepartmentonlyconsidersIncrementZeroBasedAzero-basedbudgetrequiresmanagerstojustifyallbudgetedexpenditures,notjustchangesinthebudgetfromthepreviousyear,Customer-oriented→BudgetingstartsfromsalesSalesJudgewhetherthecurrentproductivityisenoughorIfProduction DirectMaterial DirectLabor ManufacturingOH SG&ACORE:CashThemostimportantpartinIfCapitalOutsourcingAbandon→HungerTips:OperatingFinancialBudget:PresentascashbudgetintheMasterMasterbudgetconsistsofanumberofseparatebutinterdependentbudgetsthatformallylayoutthecompany'ssales,productionandfinancialgoals.SalesBudgetedunitsales*Selling较为可能的人群（从历史数据和历史经验看）随着定位的转变而转变，在定位的指导下使销售人员有方向有针对的开展新客户开拓的工作。考虑信用政策→CashCollectionBudget（从销售预算到财务预算SalesonBadFollowingbyScheduleofExpectedCashCollections[Computedbyallocatedtotalsalesthroughthecalculationofcollectedamount.][ShouldpayattentiontotheAccountsReceivableinthepreviousperiod.]ProductionNumberofunitsthatmustbeproducedtosatisfysalesneedsandtoprovideforthedesiredendinginventoryBudgetedSales+DesiredEndingInventoryofFinishedGoods=TotalTotalNeeds-BeginningInventoryofFinishedGoods=RequiredProduction/InventoryPurchasesOperating——instructtheproductionbyoperatingAndthen,accordingtotheproductionbudget,wecanmakethebudgetofmaterials,labor,manufacturingandsoon.DetailstherawmaterialsthatmustbepurchasedtofulfilltheproductionbudgetandtoprovideforadequateinventoriesRequiredProduction*RawMaterialsNeededperUnit+DesiredEndingRawMaterials=RawMaterialsNeedsRawMaterialsNeeds-BeginningRawMaterials=RawMaterialstobeRawMaterialstobePurchased*UnitCostofRawMaterials=CostofRawMaterialstobePurchasedDirectmaterialsmustbeadequatetomeetbudgetedproductionneedandprovideforsufficientendinginventoryDirectlyconnectedwithpurchasingItislinkedtocashbudgetthroughcashdisbursementscheduleformaterialpurchase.FollowingbyScheduleofExpectedCashDisbursementsforMaterials[Computedthepaymentamounteachmonth.][ShouldpayattentiontotheAccountsPayableinthepreviousperiod.]DirectLaborSatisfytheproductionRequiredProduction*DLHperUnit=TotalDLHTotalDLHNeeds*DLCostperHour=TotalDLMeettherequiredworkinghoursgivenbytheGuidelinesforHRManufacturingOverhead[Simpleactivitybaseisadoptedhere,butcomplicatedsituationalsoworksbycomputingdifferentactivitysepara BudgetedActivityAmount*ManufacturingOHRate=VariableManufacturingFixedManufacturingOH+VariableManufacturingOH=TotalManufacturingTotalManufacturingOH-Depreciation=CashDisbursementforManufacturingShowvariableMOHandfixedMOHseparay.Identifynon-cashMOHTheEndingFinishedGoodsInventoryThecostofunsoldunits→Budgeted eStatement+ValueofEndingInventoryProductCostperUnit[ComputedbyDM+DL+MOH,thecostinformationshouldbecoherentwiththepreviousbudgets]BudgetedExpensesfornon-manufacturingBudgetedsales*VariableSG&A+FixedSG&A=TotalBudgetedTotalBudgetedSG&A-Depreciation=CashDisbursementsforCashReceiptsCollectionsfromSales(or=TotalCashAvailableDisbursementsSectionLessDisbursements:Equipment=Excess(orDeficiency)ofCashAvailableoverDisbursements[ThefollowingCashExcessorDeficiencySectionFinancingSectionBorrowings-Repayments-Interest=TotalCashBalance,Ending=CashBalance,Beginning+Receipts-Disbursements+ eSalesCostofGoodsTheendingfinishedgoodsinventoryTheselling,generalandadministrativeexpensesInterestFinancingSectionincashBudgetedBalancedGiventheBalancedSheetinthepreviousperiod,thebudgetedonecanbeFlexibleBudgetsand 2015428日星期二PerformanceEvaluationOriented-DealwiththeVariancebetweenActualandOverviewofFlexibleBudgets[WithonlyonecostPlanningBudget:PreparedbeforetheperiodbeginsandisvalidforonlytheplannedlevelofactivityFlexibleBudget:Anestimateofwhatrevenuesandcostsshouldbe,giventheactuallevelofactivityFlexiblebudgetadjustthevariablepartsofbudgetaccordingtotherateinplannedbudgetorsomecertaineventsaswellastransactionstogaintheresultofwhatrevenuesandcostsshouldbeundernewcondition. e:Actual>Costs,Expenses:Actual< e:Actual<Costs,Expenses:Actual>MultipleCostDriverThebasicmethodologiesstaythesame,adjusttheplannedbudgetaccordingtotheactualcondition.StandardCostsand2015511日星期一Awaytomanagethecost.MatchingthestrategywiththecostSettinguptheStandardCostingBasicStandardsPrice:Thepricepaidforeachty:TheamountofinputinTheyareinthechargeofdifferentmanagersinacompany,dividingthestandardintotwopartshelpsthemanagerbetterevaluatetheperformance.StandardIdealStandards:StandardsthatcanbeobtainedunderthebestPracticalStandards:"TightbutSpecificCostDirectStandardPriceperStandardtyperDirectStandardRateperStandardHoursperVariableManufacturingStandardCostperStandard(xxactivity)perGeneralModelforStandardCost StandardtyAllowedforActualOutputTheamountofaninputthatshouldhavebeenusedtoproducetheactualoutput.[Adjustthroughtheflexiblebudget]StandardPriceThepresetpurchasingpriceorothertyMeasurestheefficiencyofusingthematerialsandMaterialstyLaborEfficiencyVariableOverheadEfficiencyPriceMeasuresthepricecontrolMaterialsPriceLaborRateVariableOverheadRateSpendingThetotalvarianceofinputFurtherDiscussioninMaterialSubtleAQinMaterialstyVariance:UsingtheactualtyusedinAQinMaterialsPriceVariance:UsingtheactualtyReasonsfortheDelayingofthecomputationofpricevariancemayleadtolesstimelyvarianceHelpstoreshapethestandardIFALLTHEPURCHASEDISUSED,THENTHEREWILLBENO 2015518日星期一DecentralizedDecision-MakingauthorityisspreadthroughouttheorganizationratherthanbeingconfinedtoafewtopexecutivesAlllargeorganizationsaredecentralizedtosomeSegment eSeeChapterResponsibilityCostControlthecostsUsuallytheinternalservicedepartmentsarecategorizedascostMinimizethecostwhilekeepthedemandofproductsandservicesProfitControloverboththecostsandEvaluatedbycomparingactualprofittotargetedorbudgetedInvestmentHascontrolovercost,revenueaswellasinvestmentsinoperatingEvaluatedbyROIor eInvestmentCenterPerformanceROI=Net e/AverageOperatingOperatingAssetsincludecash,accountsreceivable,inventory,PP&EandallotherassetsholdforoperatingpurposesRewritetheROI(DupontROI=Margin*Margin=Net Turnover=Sales/AverageOperatingROI=(Net e/Sales)*(Sales/AverageOperatingCriticismsofSimplyincreasingtheROImaybeinconsistentwiththecompany'sstrategy[MoralThemanagerwhotakesoverabusinesssegmenttypicallyinheritsmanycommittedcostsoverwhichthemanagerhasnocontrol.ManagersmayrejecttheinvestmentopportunitiesthatareprofitableforthewholecompanybutdragdowntheROIofthemanager'ssegment. e=NetOperating e-(AverageOperatingAssets*MinimumRequiredRateofReturn)EconomicValueAdded[Havesomedifference