华科2021博士入学英语试题-及参考答案

华科2021博士入学英语试题_及参考答案华科2021博士入学英语试题及参考答案□Passage1Recentyearshavebroughtminority-ownedbusinessesintheUnitedStatesunprecedentedopportunities-aswellasnewandsignificantrisks.CivilrightsactivistshavelongarguedthatoneoftheprincipalreasonswhyBlacks,Hispanics,andotherminoritygroupshavedifficultyestablishingthemselvesinbusinessisthattheylackaccesstothesizableordersandsubcontractsthataregeneratedbylargecompanies.NowCongress,inapparentagreement,hasrequiredbylawthatbusinessesawardedfederalcontractsofmorethan$500,000dotheirbesttofindminoritysubcontractorsandrecordtheireffortstodosoonformsfiledwiththegovernment.Indeed,somefederalandlocalagencieshavegonesofarastosetspecificpercentagegoalsforapportioningpartsofpublicworkscontractstominorityenterprises.Corporateresponseappearstohavebeensubstantial.Accordingtofigurescollectedin1977,thetotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesrosefrom$77millionin1972to$1.1billionin1977.Theprojectedtotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesfortheearly1980'sisestimatedtobeover53billionperyearwithnoletupanticipatedinthenextdecade.Promisingasitisforminoritybusinesses,thisincreasedpatronageposesdangersforthem,too.First,minorityfirmsriskexpandingtoofastandoverextendingthemselvesfinancially,sincemostaresmallconcernsand,unlikelargebusinesses,theyoftenneedtomakesubstantialinvestmentsinnewplants,staff,equipment,andthelikeinordertoperformworksubcontractedtothem.If,thereafter,theirsubcontractsareforsomereasonreduced,suchfirmscanfacepotentiallycripplingfixedexpenses.Theworldofcorporatepurchasingcanbefrustratingforsmallentrepreneurswhogetrequestsforelaborateformalestimatesandbids.Bothconsumevaluabletimeandresources,andasmallcompany'seffortsmustsoonresultinorders,orboththemoraleandthefinancialhealthofthebusinesswillsuffer.AsecondriskisthatWhite-ownedcompaniesmayseektocashinontheincreasingapportionmentsthroughformationofjointventureswithminority-ownedconcerns.Ofcourse,inmanyinstancestherearelegitimatereasonsforjointventures;clearly,Whiteandminorityenterprisescanteamuptoacquirebusinessthatneithercouldacquirealone.ButcivilrightsgroupsandminoritybusinessownershavecomplainedtoCongressaboutminoritiesbeingsetupas“fronts(aperson,group,orthingusedtomasktheidentityortruecharacteroractivityoftheactualcontrollingagent)”withWhitebacking,ratherthanbeingacceptedasfullpartnersinlegitimatejointventures.Third,aminorityenterprisethatsecuresthebusinessofonelargecorporatecustomeroftenrunsthedangerofbecoming-andremaining-dependent.Eveninthebestofcircumstances,fiercecompetitionfromlarger,moreestablishedcompaniesmakesitdifficultforsmallconcernstobroadentheircustomerbases:whensuchfirmshavenearlyguaranteedordersfromasinglecorporatebenefactor,theymaytrulyhavetostruggleagainstcomplacencyarisingfromtheircurrentsuccess.□1□.Theprimarypurposeofthetextistopresentacommonplaceideaanditsinaccuracies.describeasituationanditspotentialdrawbacks.[C]proposeatemporarysolutiontoaproblem.[D]analyzeafrequentsourceofdisagreement..Thetextsuggeststhatthefailureofalargebusinesstohaveitsbidsforsubcontractsresultquicklyinordersmightcausesitto[A]experiencefrustrationbutnotseriousfinancialharm.[B]facepotentiallycripplingfixedexpenses.[C]havetorecorditseffortsonformsfiledwiththegovernment.[D]increaseitsspendingwithminoritysubcontractors..Theauthorwouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutcorporateresponsetoworkingwithminoritysubcontractors?Annoyedbytheproliferationof“front”organizations,corporationsarelikelytoreducetheireffortstoworkwithminority-ownedsubcontractorsinthenearfuture.Althoughcorporationsshowedconsiderableinterestinworkingwithminoritybusinessesinthe1970’s,theiraversiontogovernmentpaperworkmadethemreluctanttopursuemanygovernmentcontracts.Thesignificantresponseofcorporationsinthe1970’sislikelytobesustainedandconceivablybeincreasedthroughoutthe1980’s.Althoughcorporationsareeagertocooperatewithminority-ownedbusinesses,ashortageofcapitalinthe1970’smadesubstantialresponseimpossibleAccordingtothetext,civilrightsactivistsmaintainthatonedisadvantageunderwhichminority-ownedbusinesseshavetraditionallyhadtolaboristhattheyhavebeenespeciallyvulnerabletogovernmentmismanagementoftheeconomy.[B]beendeniedbankloansatratescomparabletothoseaffordedlargercompetitors.nothadsufficientopportunitytosecurebusinesscreatedbylargecorporations.notbeenabletoadvertiseinthosemediathatreachlargenumbersofpotentialcustomers.Theauthorimpliesthataminority-ownedconcernthatdoesthegreaterpartofitsbusinesswithonelargecorporatecustomershould[A]avoidcompetitionwithlarger,moreestablishedconcernsbynotexpanding.【B】concentratingonsecuringevenmorebusinessfromthatcorporation.[C]useitsinfluencewiththecorporationtopromotesubcontractingwithotherminorityconcerns.[D]trytoexpanditscustomerbasestoavoidbecomingdependentonthe2□corporation.Passage2Yearsofresearchhadeducatedmeabouthowsugar,fat,andsaltchangethebrain.Iunderstoodsomeoftheparallelsbetweenhyperpalatablefoodsanddrugsofabuse,andaboutthelinksamongsensorystimulation,cues,andmemory.I'dmetenoughpeoplelikeClaudiaandMariatounderstandhoweventhethoughtoffoodcouldcausethemtolosecontrol.ButIwasn'tfullypreparedforthediscoveriesImadeaboutirresistibilityandwhoosh,theMonsterThickburgerandBaked!CheetosFlamin'Hot,aboutindulgenceandpurplecows.Withoutnecessarilyunderstandingtheunderlyingscience,thefoodindustryhasdiscoveredwhatsells.IwassittingatChili'sGrill&BarinChicago'sO'HareAirportwaitingforalate-nightflight.Atanearbytableacoupleintheirearlyfortieswasdeepintoameal.Thewomanwasoverweight,withabout180poundsonherfive-foot-four-inchframe.TheSouthwesternEggrollsshehadorderedwerelistedasastartercourse,buttheenormousplatterinfrontofherhadbeenheapedwithfood.Thedishwasdescribedonthemenuas\chicken,blackbeans,corn,jalape?oJackcheese,redpeppers,andspinachwrappedinsideacrispyflourtortilla,\anditwasservedwithacreamyavocado-ranchdippingsauce.Despiteitsname,thedishlookedmorelikeaburritothananeggroll,anonly-inAmericafusionapproach.Iwatchedasthewomanattackedherfoodwithvigorandspeed.Sheheldtheeggrollinonehand,dunkeditintothesauce,andbroughtittohermouthwhileusingtheforkinherotherhandtoscoopupmoresauce.Occasionallyshereachedoverandspearedsomeofhercompanion'sfrenchfries.Thewomanatesteadily,workingherwayaroundtheplatewithscantpauseforconversationorrest.Whenshefinallypaused,onlyalittlelettucewasleft.Hadsheknownsomeonewaswatchingher,I'msureshewouldhaveeatendifferently.Hadshebeenaskedtodescribewhatshehadjusteaten,sheprobablywouldhavesubstantiallyunderestimatedherconsumption.Andshewouldprobablyhavebeensurprisedtolearnwhattheingredientsinhermealreallywere.Thewomanmighthavebeeninterestedinhowmyindustrysource,whohadcalledsugar,fat,andsaltthethreepointsofthecompass,describedherentree.Deep-fryingthetortilladrivesdownitswatercontentfrom40percenttoabout5percentandreplacestherestwithfat.\issupposedtolook,whichiscrispyandbrownontheoutside.\Thefoodconsultantreadthroughotheringredientsonthelabel,keepinguparunningcommentaryashedid.\.Peoplelikesmokyflavor―it'sthecavemaninthem.\\eatingsomethinghealthy.\\offthechart.\□3□Thehotpeppers,hesaid,\Hebelievedthechickenhadbeenchoppedandformedmuchlikeameatloaf,withbindersadded,whichmakesthosecalorieseasytoswallow.Ingredientsthatholdmoisture,includingautolyzedyeastextract,sodiumphosphate,andsoyproteinconcentrate,furthersoftenthefood.Inoticedthatsaltappearedeighttimesonthelabelandthatsweetenersweretherefivetimes,intheformofcorn-syrupsolids,molasses,honey,brownsugar,andsugar.\\yes.Allofthishasbeenprocessedsuchthatyoucanwolfitdownfast...choppedupandmadeultrapalatableVeryappealinglooking,veryhighpleasureinthefood,veryhighcaloricdensity.Rulesoutallthatstuffyouhavetochew.\Byeliminatingtheneedtochew,modernfoodprocessingtechniquesallowustoeatfaster.\it,\mouth.Itcanbeinferredfromtheauthor'sdescriptionofthewomaneatinginparagraphfourthat(A)ThewomanpreferstoeatatChili'svs.otherrestaurants.(B)Thewomantrulyenjoysthefoodsthatshechoosestoeat.(C)Thewoman'sefficiencyatcleaningherplateaddstoherdiningexperience.(D)Theauthorisdisgustedbythewoman'sconsumption.(E)Theauthorbelievesthewomanshouldtakeacourseinhealthyeating.2.Accordingtothepassage,themainreasonpeopleovereatisbecausesaltandsweeteners,likecorn-syrupsolidsandbrownsugar,areaddedtothefood.becausewedon'thavetochewourfoodverymuch(C)becausepeoplelikesmokyflavorbecausesugar,fatandsaltchangethebrainbecauseweareusedtoeatingquicklyinthismodernsociety3.Thefollowingareallingredientsintheeggrolls,EXCEPT(A)salt(B)binders(C)honey(D)spinach(E)darkmeatchickenWhichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribesthemainideaofthepassage?Ifyoueattoomuchfoodtooquickly,you'llgainweightandbecomeunhealthy.Becauserefinedfoodisirresistibleandeasytoeat,itmaskshowunhealthyitis,leavingpeopleunawareofthepoorfoodchoicesthey'remaking.Chili'sisoneoftherestaurantsintheU.S.servingunhealthyfoodtoconsumerstoday.(D)FoodconsultantsandauthorsaremakingAmericansawareoftheirunhealthyeatinghabits,thus,creatinghealthiergenerationsforyearstocome.Refinedfoods,withsalt,sugar,andfathiddeninside,arelessnutritiousandmoredamagingthanwholefoods.Inthefirstsentenceofparagraphfour,theword\(A)pleasure(B)flamboyance(C)lethargy(D)energy(E)craftiness4Passage3Noverysatisfactoryaccountofthemechanismthatcausedtheformationoftheoceanbasinshasyetbeengiven.Thetraditionalviewsupposesthattheuppermantleoftheearthbehavesasaliquidwhenitissubjectedtosmallforcesforlongperiodsandthatdifferencesintemperatureunderoceansandcontinentsaresufficienttoproduceconvectioninthemantleoftheearthwithrisingconvectioncurrentsunderthemid-oceanridgesandsinkingcurrentsunderthecontinent.Theoretically，thisconvectionwouldcarrythecontinentalplatesalongasthoughtheywereona(conveyerbelt)andwouldprovidetheforcesneededtoproducethesplitthatoccursalongtheridge.Thisviewmaybecorrect：ithastheadvantagethatthecurrentsaredrivenbytemperaturedifferencesthatthemselvesdependonthepositionofthecontinents.Ontheotherhand，thetheoryisimplausiblebecauseconvectiondoesnotnormallyoccuralonglines，anditcertainlydoesnotoccurlonglinesbrokenbyfrequentoffsetsorchangesindirection，astheridgeis.Ithastheadvantagethatthecurrentsaredrivenbytemperaturedifferencesthatthemselvesdependonthepositionofthecontinents.Suchabackoupling，inwhichthepositionofthemovingplatehasanimpactontheforcesthatmoveit，couldproducecomplicatedandvaryingmotionsAlsoitisdifficulttoseehowthetheoryappliestotheplatebetweentheMid-AtlanticRidgeandtheridgeintheIndianOcean.Thisplateisgrowingonbothsides，andsincethereisnointermediatetrench，thetworidgesmustbemovingapart.Itwouldbeoddiftherisingconvectionc