专题14 2021年高考英语阅读理解说明文专练-航空航天

专题142021年高考英语阅读理解说明文专练-航空航天Passage1说明文|月球缩小Manyofusthink,wrongly,thatthemoondoesn'tchange.Forexample,theTangDynastypoetZhangRuoxuoncewrotethat“Generationshavecomeandpassedaway;Fromyeartoyearthemoonstookalike,oldandnew.”However,anewstudypublishedinthejournalNatureGeoscienceshowsthatthemoonisinfactslowlyshrinkingovertime.Forthestudy,agroupofUSscientistsexaminedandanalyzedthousandsofphotographstakenbytheNASAorbiterLunarReconnaissanceOrbiterCamera（月球勘测轨道飞行器照相机）.Theyfoundthattherewerelotsoffaults（断层）onthesurfaceofthemoon.Thesefaultswereformedbyrecentmovementonthemoon.AccordingtoNASA,themoonismadeupofpiecesofrockswithahotcore（核）.Themooncontinuedtoexpandasitwasborn.Butinthisprocess,itreleasedenergyandcooleddown.Thenitbegantoshrink,inawaycomparabletotheshrinkingofagrapeintoaraisin（葡萄干）.Overthepastseveralhundredmillionyears,ithasbecome46meters“skinnier”.Butduetoitshardandrockycrust（外壳）.themoon'ssurfacecontinuestopushup,“SomeofthesequakescanbefairlystrongaroundfiveontheRichterscale（里氏震级）,”saidThomasWatters,aseniorscientistattheSmithsonian'sNationalAirandSpaceMuseumintheUS.Butdoesthatmeanthemoonisadangerousplacethathumanshouldn'ttrytoexploreandliveoninthefuture?Maybenot,reportedtheTelegraph,“Thisisn'tanythingtoworryabout.Themoonmaybeshrinking,butnotbymuch.It'snotgoinganywhere,”Watterscomfortedus.Thenewdiscoveryprovesthattheideathatthemoonisadead,boringplaceiswrong.“Wehavebeentothemoonandwe'vedonesomegreatscience,butthereisstillalotwedon'tknow.Themoonisshrinking—wedidn'treallyrealizethatuntilrecently.It'samuchmoreactiveandinterestingplacethanwethoughtandweshouldexplorethat,”NASAscientistNathanWilliamssaid.Whichpointofviewaboutthemoonmaythewriteragreeto?Itstaysthesameasbefore.B.Itisbecominglightlysmellers.C.Itisgettingolderandolder.D.Ithaspassedaway.Whatcanwelearnaboutthemoonfromthethirdparagraph?Ithasbecome46metersfatterduetoexpanding.Ithaschangedfromagrapeintoaraisininrecentyears.

ItquakesevenatsevenontheRichterscale.Ithasahotcoreandreleasesenergyduringexpanding.Whothinksthatweneedn'tworryaboutthemoon?A.ZhangRuoxu.ThomasWatters.A.ZhangRuoxu.D.Thejournalist.NathanWilliams.D.Thejournalist.15.WhatdoesNathanWilliamsthinkofthemoon?Itisadeadandboringplace.Ithaslotsoffaultsonthesurface.Itisadeadandboringplace.Ithaslotsoffaultsonthesurface.Itisvaluabletodomorescience.D.Itisn'taplacewherewecanlive.Itisvaluabletodomorescience.D.Itisn'taplacewherewecanlive.【答案】12.B13.D14.B15.C【分析】这是一篇说明文。发表在《自然地球科学》杂志上的一项新研究表明，月球实际上正随着时间慢慢缩小。而国家航空航天博物馆的资深科学家和美国宇航局科学家认为我们并不用担心月球的缩小问题。细节理解题。根据第二段第一句However,anewstudypublishedinthejournalNatureGeoscienceshowsthatthemoonisinfactslowlyshrinkingovertime.（然而，发表在《自然地球科学》（NatureGeoscience）杂志上的一项新研究表明，月球实际上正随着时间慢慢缩小。）可知月球正在变得越来越小。故选B。细节理解题。根据第三段AccordingtoNASA,themoonismadeupofpiecesofrockswithahotcore.Themooncontinuedtoexpandasitwasborn.Butinthisprocess,itreleasedenergyandcooleddown.（根据美国宇航局的说法，月球是由具有热内核的岩石碎片组成的。月球在诞生时继续膨胀。但在这个过程中，它释放能量并冷却下来。）可知月球有一个热的核心，在膨胀的过程中释放能量。故选Do细节理解题。根据倒数第二段最后一句'Thisisn'tanythingtoworryabout.Themoonmaybeshrinking,butnotbymuch.It'snotgoinganywhere,"Watterscomfortedus.（"这没什么好担心的。月球可能正在缩小，但幅度不大。它哪儿也去不了，”Watters安慰我们。）可知ThomasWatters认为我们不必担心月球。故选B。推理判断题。根据最后一段"Wehavebeentothemoonandwe'vedonesomegreatscience,butthereisstillalotwedon'tknow.Themoonisshrinking—wedidn'treallyrealizethatuntilrecently.It'samuchmoreactiveandinterestingplacethanwethoughtandweshouldexplorethat,”NASAscientistNathanWilliamssaid.（“我们去过月球，也做了一些伟大的科学研究，但仍然有很多我们不知道的。月球正在缩小——直到最近我们才真正意识到这一点。这是一个比我们想象中更加活跃和有趣的地方，我们应该去探索。美国宇航局科学家NathanWilliams说。）可知NathanWilliams认为去月球做更多的科学研究是有价值的。故选C。Passage3Passage3说明文|幽默对宇航员的重要作用Passage2Passage2说明文|美国航天局的新的旅游计划NASA's（美国宇航局的）newlyannouncedspacetourismprogramispossiblythebiggestmistakeintheagency'shistory.Beginningasearlyas2020,NASAwilloffervisitstotheInternationalSpaceStationfor$35,000pernight,notincludingtransportation,toprettymuchanyonewhocanpassaphysical.Thereasonthisisamistake,andabigone,isthatNASAhasworkedforgenerationstocreateanimageofastronautsasextraordinarilyskilled,highlytrained,courageousheroes.Forexample,NASAinvitesgradeschoolstoparticipateincreatingexperimentsthatarecarriedonthespacestation.Theastronautstalktokidsfromspace,sendingamessagethatifyoustudy,workhardandlearnmathandscience,youmayreachtheseheights,too.Accordingtoonereport,LasVegas-basedBigelowAerospaceismakingplanstohaulfourtouristsatatimetothespacestationonSpaceXrockets.U.S.taxpayersforkedoverahundredbilliondollarstobuildtheInternationalSpaceStation.Itwouldbenicetotrytopreservetheimageofitasaninspirationalachievement,insteadofturningitintoaflyingHowardJohnson's.NASA'spressreleaseaboutthespacetourismprogramtriestocastitasapartnershipwiththeprivatesectorto“provideexpandedopportunities”atthespacestationto“manufacture,marketandpromotecommercialproductsandservices.”Butitalsostatesthatonegoalis“quantifyingNASA'slong-termdemandforactivitiesinlow-Earthorbit.”ThespacestationhasbeencostingU.S.taxpayersbetween$1.5billionand$3billioneachyear.Ifit'sperceivedasaprivateDisneylandforthetoptaxbracket,publicsupportfortheentirespaceprogramcouldbeatrisk.Butworse,wewillhavedegradedwhatonceinspiredus.Sometimesanationneedsstarsinitseyes.21.WhatisNASA'sspacetourismprogram?Toinvitestudentstoattendtheirexperiments.Tosendvisitorstothespacestation.Torunarestaurantinthespacestation.TobuildaDisneylandinthespacestation.Whydoesthewriterviewthespacetourismprogramasabigmistake?Itmayinfluencethescienceexperimentnegatively.Itwillcostpeoplealotofmoney.Itistoodangerousforvisitors.ItmaydestroytheimageofastronautsWhatdoestheunderlinedword“stars”referto?Planets.B.Satellites.C.Wealthytourists.D.Astronauts【答案】21.B22.D23.D【解析】这是一篇说明文。这篇文章提到了美国航天局的新的旅游计划，最早在2020年，只要支付足够的钱以及健康状况允许，普通人将可以登上国际空间站。作者认为这是一个极大的错误。因为在美国，宇航员是一种英雄的形象，是青少年努力学习的榜样。此举将大大削弱宇航员的形象。21.细节理解题。由文章第二段的内容Beginningasearlyas2020,NASAwilloffervisitstotheInternationalSpaceStationfor$35,000pernight,notincludingtransportation,toprettymuchanyonewhocanpassaphysical.（早在2020年，NASA提出，对于健康情况允许的几乎任何人，只要支付35000美金，不包含交通费，就可以在国际空间站过一晚。可知，NASA的太空旅游项目是将游客送上空间站。故选Bo22•细节理解题。由第三段首句（太空旅游项目是一个很大的错误的原因是NASA通过几代人的努力将宇航员的形象塑造为非常熟练的、训练有素的并且勇敢的英雄。以及第四段最后一句（继续将宇航员的形象保持为鼓舞人心的成就是比较好的）可知，这个计划最大的错误就是破坏了宇航员的形象。故选Do23.词义猜测题。由文章第四段最后一句（继续将宇航员的形象保持为鼓舞人心的成就是比较好的）可知，宇航员在人们心中一直是值得尊敬和学习的。所以划线单词所在句子意思为一个民族需要这样的值得学习的人，也就是指需要这样享有盛誉的宇航员。A.Planets星球；B.Satellites人造卫星；C.Wealthytourists富有的旅客；D.Astronauts宇航员。故选D。NASAhasanewjoblisting,andit'snojoke.TheUSspaceagencyislookingfora"joker"tojointheirplannedmissiontoMars.AmissiontoMarsisnolaughingmatter.Onaverage,es(225millionkilometers)awayfromEarth.Atriptherewouldtakearoundeightmonthsinasmallspacecraft.AndMarshasacommunicationsdelayof20minutes.Thismeansthatastronautswillhavetowait20minutesforareply,whenanemergencyhappens."Whenyou'relivingwithothersinaconfinedspaceforalongperiodoftime,suchasonamissiontoMars,problemsarelikelytooccur,"JeffreyJohnson,ascientistattheUniversityofFlorida,toldTheGuardian.ThisisprobablywhyNASAwantsanastronautwithasenseofhumor."Theseare.peoplethathavetheabilitytopulleveryonetogether,"Johnsonsaid.Instressfulsituations,perhapshumorisawaytoknowwearen'talone.Bylaughingtogether,weshareourstress.Thenwecanfocusonourjobsinsteadofjustworrying.Thereareotherexamplesofteam"clowns".OneexampleisthejourneytotheSouthPoleledbyNorwegianexplorerRoaldAmundsen.Itwasadifficultjourney.fullofdanger.AdolfLindstrom,acookatAmundsen'steam,wasa"clown".Hemadepeoplelaughthroughthewholejourney.AmundsenlaterwrotethatLindstromwasthemostvaluablememberoftheteam.Butifyou'rehopingthatyourfavoriteTVcomedianwillflytoMars,thatprobablywon'thappen."Beingfunnywon'tbeenoughtolandsomebodythejob,"Johnsonsaid."Theyalsoneedtobeanexcellentengineer."Besides,theymustbeintopphysicalcondition.WhatisNASA'snewjoblisting?Afunnyengineer.B.Atalentedclown.C.Agoodcook.D.Apopularcomedian.Whatdoes“aconfinedspace”inParagrap？h3refertoafullspaceB.anemptyspaceC.anopenspaceD.asmallspace.Howdoestheauthorthinkhumorcanhelpastronauts？Itcanstopthemfromfeelingbored.Itcanpromoteteamworkonamission.Itcanmakethemfeellesshomesick.Itcanhelpthemknowthemselvesbetter.What'stheauthor'spurposeofgivingtheexampleofthecook？Totellusthatwhatexplorerseatontheirjourneyisveryimportant.Toprovethatanamateurcanplayamoreimportantrolethanaprofessional.Tomakethepointthathumorouspeoplecancheerpeopleupindifficultsituations.TorevealthatamissiontoMarsismoredifficultthanajourneytotheSouthPole.【答案】8.A9.D10.B11.C【解析】本文是一篇说明文，由美国宇航局寻找一位幽默的工程师来和宇航员一起执行航天任务介绍了幽默对宇航员的重要作用。细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“"Beingfunnywon'tbeenoughtolandsomebodythejob,"Johnsonsaid."Theyalsoneedtobeanexcellentengineer."'可知，美国宇航局的新工作是幽默的工程师，故A项正确。词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“suchasonamissiontoMars,”可知，与在地球上生活的宽广空间不同，在火星任务中，你需要和其他人一起在狭小的航天器内生活很长一段时间，由此可知画线词词义为“狭小的空间、有限的空间”，故D项正确。推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Theseare.peoplethathavetheabilitytopulleveryonetogether,'可知，幽默的人有能力把每个人都团结在一起，也就是说幽默能够促进宇航员在任务中的团队合作，故B项正确。推理判断题。根据第五段中的“Instressfulsituations,perhapshumorisawaytoknowwearen'talone.Bylaughingtogether,weshareourstress.”可知，在压力大的情况下，幽默是一种减压的方式，第六段第一句话又说有很多团队小丑的例子，紧接着举厨师的例子就是为了证明这一点，即：幽默的人能使人在困难的情况下振作起来，故C项正确。Passage4Passage4说明文|卫星首次收集太空垃圾AnexperimentalcleanupdevicecalledRemoveDEBRIShassuccessfullycastanetaroundadummy（仿真的）satellite,imitatingatechniquethatcouldonedaycollectspacebornegarbage.Thetest,whichwascarriedoutthisweek,iswidelybelievedtobethefirstsuccessfuldemonstrationofspacecleanuptechnology,expertstoldCNN.Anditsymbolizesanearlysteptowardsolvingwhathasalreadybeenacriticalissue:junkinspace.Millionsofpiecesofjunkareturningaroundinorbittheresultof50yearsofspacetravelandfewregulationstokeepspaceclean.Atorbitalspeeds,evenasmallbitofpaintcrashingwithasatellitecancausecriticaldamage.Variouscompanieshaveplanstosendthousandsofnewsatellitesintolow-Earthorbit,alreadythemostcrowdedarea.TheRemoveDEBRISexperimentisrunbyacompanyandresearchersledbytheU.K.'sSurreySpaceCenterandincludesAirbus,Airbus-ownedSurreySatelliteTechnologyLtd.andFrance'sArianeGroup.GuglielmoAglietti,thedirectorofSurreySpaceCenter,saidthatanoperationalversionoftheRemoveDEBRlStechnologywouldcastanetthatremainsfastenedtothemainsatellitesothedebriscanbedraggedoutoforbit.Itcouldtargetlargepiecesofjunk,includingdeadsatellitesupto10meterslong.TheRemoveDEBRISsatellitewillconductafewmoreexperimentsinthecomingmonths,includingtestingnavigationfeaturesthatcouldhelpguidethesatellitetoaspecificpieceofdebris.JonathanMcDowell,anastrophysicistattheHarvard-SmithsonianCenterforAstrophysics,saidthesuccessofthisweek'sexperimentwasexciting,buthecautionedagainst“over-publicizing”it.Therearestillenormousbarrierstoclearbeforeoperationalcleanuptasksareunderway,hesaid,andthemostdiscouragingisfiguringouthowtofundsuchprojects.Aglietti,theSurreyprofessorwhohelpedleadtheRemoveDEBRISproject,said“Thechallengewilllieinpersuadingtherelevantauthoritiestosponsorthesetasks."AgliettisaidhehopesRemoveDEBRISwillconductafewcleanuptasksperyear,targetingthelargestpiecesofjunkinthemostcrowdedorbits.WhatistheuseoftheRemoveDEBRISsatellite?Demonstratingspacetechnology.Imitatingadevelopingtechnique.Collectingwastesexistinginspace.Symbolizinggreatprogressinspace.HowdoestheRemoveDEBRlSsatellitework?A.Bythrowinganettotakethejunkfromorbit.Byfasteningittothemainsatellitetightly.Bydraggingsatellitesupto10meterslong.Bytargetinglargepiecesofjunkcarefully.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“sponsor”inthelastparagraphprobablymean?A.Accomplish.B.Support.C.Oppose.D.Provide.What'sthebesttitleforthetext?A.TheRemoveDEBRISProjectIsPerfectHowRemoveDEBRISIsInventedintheLabWhytheRemoveDEBRISSatelliteIsInventedD.SatelliteCollectsSpaceJunkfortheFirstTime【答案】4.C5.A6.B7.D【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述的是“卫星首次收集太空垃圾。”一种名为“清除碎片”的实验清理设备成功地在一颗虚拟卫星周围撒网，模仿一种有朝一日可能收集太空垃圾的技术。细节理解题。根据第一段中imitatingatechniquethatcouldonedaycollectspacebornegarbage.'模仿一种有一天可以收集太空垃圾的技术。”可知，theRemoveDEBRIS卫星的用途是收集太空中存在的废物。故选C。推理判断题。根据第六段中saidthatanoperationalversionoftheRemoveDEBRlStechnologywouldcastanetthatremainsfastenedtothemainsatellitesothedebriscanbedraggedoutoforbit.Itcouldtargetlargepiecesofjunk,includingdeadsatellitesupto10meterslong.“该公司表示，一种操作性版本的RemoveDEBRIS技术将会在主卫星上撒网，这样碎片就可以被拖出轨道。它可以瞄准大块的垃圾，包括长达10米的报废卫星。”可知，RemoveDEBRlS卫星是通过撒网把垃圾带离轨道。故选A。词义猜测题。根据最后一段中AgliettisaidhehopesRemoveDEBRISwillconductafewcleanuptasksperyear,targetingthelargestpiecesofjunkinthemostcrowdedorbits.“Aglietti说，他希望清理碎片的工作每年能进行几次，目标是最拥挤轨道上最大的垃圾碎片。”由此推知，“挑战在于说服有关当局赞助这些任务。”可知，划线词的意思是“支持”。故选B。主旨大意题。根据第二段中Thetest,whichwascarriedoutthisweek,iswidelybelievedtobethefirstsuccessfuldemonstrationofspacecleanuptechnology,expertstoldCNN.Anditsymbolizesanearlysteptowardsolvingwhathasalreadybeenacriticalissue:junkinspace."专家告诉CNN,本周进行的这次测试被广泛认为是太空清洁技术的首次成功演示。它象征着解决太空垃圾这一关键问题的第一步。”可知，本文主题是“卫星首次收集太空垃圾”。故选D。Passage5说明文I中国在新发射的航天器中进行了首次太空3D打印实Today,Chinahasconducteditsfirst3Dprintingexperimentinspaceinanewlylaunchedspacecraft,whichwasputintolow-EarthorbitbyChina'sLongMarch5Bheavyliftcarrierrocket.VideobroadcastonCCTVshowedthattheprinterhasprintedaflatsectionofahoneycomb-shaped（蜂巢状的）structureaswellasasymbolofChinaAerospaceScienceandTechnologyCorp,theparentcompanyoftheChinaAcademyofSpaceTechnology.Theexperimentwasdonebya3Dprinter,developedandbuiltbyitsBeijingSpacecraftsManufacturingFactoryinsidetheprototypeofChina'snew-generationmannedspacecraft.Theprinter,namedtheSpace-BasedCompositeMaterial3DprintingSystem,usescarbonfiber-reinforcedmaterialstoautonomouslyprintobjects.Itisinstalledinthereentrymoduleoftheexperimentalspaceship,andwillbebroughtbacktoEarthoncethemodulereturns.Theprinterfeaturesadvancedtechnologiesinmaterialmodeling,precisioncontrolandautomation.Oncethespace-based3Dprintingtechnologybecomesoperationallyready,itcanextensivelybenefitspaceprogramsasastronautscanuseittomanufacturealotofthingstheycurrentlyneedtoobtainfromresupplyflightsbycargospacecraft.WangYanan,editor-in-chiefoftheAerospaceKnowledgmeagazine,saidthe3Dprinterwillbeveryusefulinextendedspacemissions,suchasthoseinaspacestation,becauseitwillallowastronautstomakecomponentsquicklyandconvenientlyinspace.Thetechnologywillsavefuturespacejourneysconsiderableresourcesandcosts.Infact,thedeviceisnottheonlyrepresentativeof3Dprintingonboardtheprototype.ACubeSatdeployer,designedandmadethrough3DprintingbyCoSatsSpaceTechnology,isalsocarriedbythespacecrafttochecktheadaptabilityof3D-printedequipmentinspace.CoSatsChiefOperatingOfficerBaiRuixuesaidthe3D-printeddeployerismuchlighterandstrongerthanitscounterpartsanditwillhavehugepotentialinthespaceindustry.8．WhatdidthevideobroadcastonCCTVshowtotheaudience?A．Theprocessandtheproductsofthe3Dprinting.B．Thenameandtheshapeofthe3Dprinting.C．Thesignificanceofthe3Dprintingtechnology.D．Therelationshipbetweenthetwocompanies.9．Whatifacomponentisbrokeninthespacestationinthefuture?A．ItwillbesentbyspaceshipbacktoEarthforrepair.B．Theastronautscanfixitconvenientlybyhandonthespot.C．Theastronautscanmakeoneusing3Dprintingandreplaceit.D．Itwillbeunloadedandabandonedinspace.10．Whyisthelastparagraphmentioned?A．TointroducetheCubeSatdeployerproducedinspace.B．Toexplaintheadvantagesofthe3Dprintinginspace.C．Toshowtheadaptabilityof3Dprintinginspace.D．Toindicateabrightfutureof3Dprintinginspace.11．Whatcanbethemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A．3DPrintingExperimentConductedinSpaceB.3DPrintingSettoHelpEaseSpaceTripsC．3DPrintingLaunchedbyLongMarch5BD．3DPrinting—aNewWaytoExploreSpace【答案】8.A9.CIO.D11.B【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国在新发射的航天器中进行了首次太空3D打印实验。一旦基于太空的3D打印技术可以投入使用，将为未来的太空旅行节约大量的资源和成本。太空船还搭载了由CoSats航天技术公司通过3D打印设计制造的CubeSat部署器，3D打印部署器比同类产品更轻、更坚固，在航天领域将有巨大潜力。8.细节理解题。由第二段中的“VideobroadcastonCCTVshowedthattheprinterhasprintedaflatsectionofahoneycomb-shaped（蜂巢状的）structureaswellasasymbolofChinaAerospaceScienceandTechnologyCorp,theparentcompanyoftheChinaAcademyofSpaceTechnology.Theexperimentwasdonebya3Dprinter,developedandbuiltbyitsBeijingSpacecraftsManufacturingFactoryinsidetheprototypeofChina'snew-generationmannedspacecraft.”（中央电视台播放的视频显示，这台打印机打印了一个蜂窝状结构的扁平部分，以及中国空间技术研究院的母公司中国航天科技集团公司的标志。这项实验是由北京宇宙飞船制造厂在中国新一代载人飞船原型内开发和建造的3D打印机完成的。）可知视频上显示的是3D打印的工艺以及产品。故选A项。9.细节理解题。由第四段中的'Oncethespace-based3Dprintingtechnologybecomesoperationallyready,itcanextensivelybenefitspaceprogramsasastronautscanuseittomanufacturealotofthingstheycurrentlyneedtoobtainfromresupplyflightsbycargospacecraft.”（一旦基于太空的3D打印技术准备就绪，它可以广泛地为太空计划带来好处，因为宇航员可以利用它制造许多他们目前需要从货运飞船补给飞行中获得的东西。）和倒数第三段中"WangYanan,editor-in-chiefoftheAerospaceKnowledgemagazine,saidthe3Dprinterwillbeveryusefulinextendedspacemissions,suchasthoseinaspacestation,becauseitwillallowastronautstomakecomponentsquicklyandconvenientlyinspace.Thetechnologywillsavefuturespacejourneysconsiderableresourcesandcosts.”（《航空航天知识》杂志主编王亚楠说，这种3D打印机在空间站等扩展太空任务中非常有用，因为它可以让宇航员在太空中快速、方便地制作组件。这项技术将为未来的太空旅行节省大量的资源和成本。）可知一旦空间站有组件坏掉了，可以用3D打印机打印出来并替换上。故选C项。10.推理判断题。由最后一段中的"CoSatsChiefOperatingOfficerBaiRuixuesaidthe3D-printeddeployerismuchlighterandstrongerthanitscounterpartsanditwillhavehugepotentialinthespaceindustry.”CoSats首席运营官白瑞雪表示，这种3D打印的部署器比同类产品更轻、更强，在航天领域将具有巨大的潜力。）可判断出最后一段的目的是讲述3D打印技术有巨大的潜力，有光明前景。故选D项。11.主旨大意题。由第四段中的"Oncethespace-based3Dprintingtechnologybecomesoperationallyready,itcanextensivelybenefitspaceprogramsasastronautscanuseittomanufacturealotofthingstheycurrentlyneedtoobtainfromresupplyflightsbycargospacecraft.”（一旦基于太空的3D打印技术准备就绪，它可以广泛地为太空计划带来好处，因为宇航员可以利用它制造许多他们目前需要从货运飞船补给飞行中获得的东西。）倒数第三段中"WangYanan,editor-in-chiefoftheAerospaceKnowledgemagazine,saidthe3Dprinterwillbeveryusefulinextendedspacemissions,suchasthoseinaspacestation,becauseitwillallowastronautstomakecomponentsquicklyandconvenientlyinspace.Thetechnologywillsavefuturespacejourneysconsiderableresourcesandcosts.”（《航空航天知识》杂志主编王亚楠说，这种3D打印机在空间站等扩展太空任务中非常有用，因为它可以让宇航员在太空中快速、方便地制作组件。这项技术将为未来的太空旅行节省大量的资源和成本。）和最后一段中的"CoSatsChiefOperatingOfficerBaiRuixuesaidthe3D-printeddeployerismuchlighterandstrongerthanitscounterpartsanditwillhavehugepotentialinthespaceindustry.”CoSats首席运营官白瑞雪表示，这种3D打印的部署器比同类产品更轻、更强，在航天领域将具有巨大的潜力。）可知，文章主要介绍了中国在新发射的航天器中进行了首次太空3D打印实验，一旦基于太空的3D打印技术可以投入供用，将为未来的太空旅行节约大量的资源和成本。所以这篇文章最好的题目是"3D打印设备，使太空旅行更容易”故选B项。

Passage6说明文|人工照明可能对依靠月球和恒星寻找食物的物种有重大影响Theartificiallightingwhichlinestheworld'scoastlinescouldbehavingasignificantimpactonspeciesthatrelyonthemoonandstarstofindfood,newresearchsuggests.Creaturessuchasthesandhopper（沙蚤）orientate（确定方位）theirnightlymigrationsbasedonthemoon'spositionandbrightnessofthenaturalnightsky.However,astudybyBangorUniversityandtheUniversityofPlymouthshowsthepresenceofartificiallightoriginatingfromcitiesseveralkilometresaway（alsoknownasartificialskyglow）disruptsthelunarcompasstheyusewhencoveringlongdistances.Insomecases,thiscanleadtoanimalstravellingtowardstheseaandawayfromfood,whileinothersitreducesthechanceofthemventuringoutforfoodatall.WritinginCurrentBiology,researcherssaythiscouldposeadistinctthreatnotjusttothehealthofsandhopperpopulationsbutalsothewiderecosystem,sincetheyplayanimportantroleinbreakingdownandrecyclingalgaewasheduponcoastlines.Dr.ThomasDavies,LecturerinMarineConservationattheUniversityofPlymouth（UK）,said,“Artificialskyglowisthemostgeographicallywidespreadformoflightpollution.Surveyshaveshownitcancurrentlybedetectedabove23%oftheworld'scoastsnightly,andwithcoastalhumanpopulationssettoatleastdoubleby2060,itseffectsareonlygoingtoincrease.Ourresultsshowitisalreadyhavingobviousimpactsonbiologicalprocessesthatareguidedbycelestial（天上的）lightsignals."Throughthestudy,researchersfindincreasingevidencethatlightpollutionfromcoastalcitiescaninfluencemarinespeciesinhabitingnearbybeaches,rockyshoresandeventheseafloor.Theseresultshighlighthowpervasive（遍布的）citylightingcouldbeinshapingtheecologyofcoastlineskilometresdistantfromtheirnearesturbancentres.Theyalsohighlightthepotentialforartificialskyglowtoimpactotherspeciesthatundergomigrationsusingthemoonasacompass.“Whileourunderstandingoftheimpactsofstreetlightsonnaturehasimproveddramatically,artificialskyglowhasbeenlargelyoverlooked.Moreworkisurgentlyneededtofullyunderstandtheextenttowhichitisshapingthenaturalenvironment.”Dr.ThomasDaviesadded.32．Whichofthefollowingcouldbestreplace“disrupts”inparagraph2?A．disturbsBA．disturbsB．makesC．unitesD．replaces33．Whatisparagraph3mainlyabout?A．Thewaysofcreatureshuntingfood.B．Thecausesofanimalsmigratingatnight.C．Theresultsofecosystemsbeingdestroyed.D．Theinfluenceofartificiallightoncreatures.34．Whathaveresearchersfoundaboutlightpollution?A．Itisthemainpollutionincities.B．Itshapestheecologyoftheocean.C．Ithasagreatinfluenceonsurroundings.D．Itaffectsthemigrationsofseacreatures.35．WhatdoesDr.ThomasDaviesthinkofthestudyofartificialskyglow?A．Itisuseless.B．Itisessential.C．Itisdoubtful.D．Itischallenging.【答案】32.A33.D34.C35.B【解析】本文是说明文。文章主要阐述新的研究表明，世界海岸线上的人工照明可能对依靠月球和恒星寻找食物的物种有重大影响。词句猜测题。However表示转折关系，上文Creaturessuchasthesandhopper（沙蚤）orientate（确定方位）theirnightlymigrationsbasedonthemoon'spositionandbrightnessofthenaturalnightsky.说明像沙蚤这样的生物根据月亮的位置和自然夜晚的亮度来确定它们的夜间迁徙的方向，因此推断下文划线句句意：班戈大学和普利茅斯大学的一项研究表明，来自几公里外城市的人工光（也称为人工天空辉光）的存在扰乱了它们长距离迁徙时使用的月球罗盘。可推断划线词与A项“扰乱”意思相近。故选A。主旨大意题。根据第三段的内容可知，在某些情况下，这可能导致动物走向大海和远离食物，而在另一些情况下，它减少了它们冒险出去觅食的机会。这可能不仅对沙蚤种群的健康构成威胁，而且对更广泛的生态系统构成明显的威胁，因此推断本段主要讲述人工光对生物的影响。故选D。细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的Throughthestudy,researchersfindincreasingevidencethatlightpollutionfromcoastalcitiescaninfluencemarinespeciesinhabitingnearbybeaches,rockyshoresandeventheseafloor.（通过这项研究，研究人员发现越来越多的证据表明，沿海城市的光污染会影响居住在附近海滩、岩石海岸甚至海底的海洋物种。）可知，光污染对周围环境有很大影响。故选C。推理判断题。根据最后一段的Whileourunderstandingoftheimpactsofstreetlightsonnaturehasimproveddramatically,artificialskyglowhasbeenlargelyoverlooked.Moreworkisurgentlyneededtofullyunderstandtheextenttowhichitisshapingthenaturalenvironment.（虽然我们对路灯对自然的影响的理解有了很大的提高，但人造天空辉光在很大程度上被忽视了。迫切需要开展更多的工作，以充分了解它在多大程度上塑造了自然环境。）可推断，ThomasDavies博士认为我们对人造天空辉光的研究是基本的，需要开展更多的工作。故选B。AA.10litresB.38litresAA.10litresB.38litresPassage7说明文|人类现有的技术在火星巨大的冰层上钻冰取水IfhumanseversettleonMars,theywillneedwater.Thereisjustoneproblem---thereseemstobeonlyhugesheetsofice.Luckily,weknowhowtodrill（钻孑L）iceforwater.SuchmethodsarealreadyusedinAntarctica,andresearchersnowthinktheycouldgetthemtoworkontheRedPlanet,too.TheatmosphereofMarsistoodrytomakeextractingwatervapourfromitpossible.Soiceseemsthebestbet.Buttheobviousicesheetsareintheunlivablepolaricecapsandwouldbedifficulttoreachfordrilling.However,in2018,attheedgeofthecliffs,NASA'sMarsReconnaissanceOrbiterspottedrelativelyaccessiblewatericethatisprobablyatleast130metresthickandcoveredinjustafewmetresofrockanddust.Thesemaybethebestplacetogetthewaterneededforfutureexplorationoftheplanet.ThedrillingtechniquesneededhavealreadybeendevelopedforcoldareasonEarthwhereweneedtomeltburiediceforwater.Intheearly1960stheUSArmyusedatypeofsubsurfacereservoir（水库）calledRodWell,inarmycampsinGreenland.Themethodworksbydrillingthroughthegroundintotheice,meltingtheicetocreateapool,andthenpumpingwaterup.Bysupplyingheatcontinuously,theycreateareservoirandasteadywatersupply.IthasbeenusedinremoteareassuchastheAmundsen-ScottSouthPoleStationStephenHoffmanattheAerospaceCorporationinTexasandhiscolleaguessimulated（模拟）howaRodWellwoulddoonMars.Theyfoundthatwiththepowerof9kilowatts（千瓦）tomeltice,itcouldintheoryproduceabout380litresofwatereachdayandmaintainareservoirofconstantsizeatthebottomofaborehole（钻孑L）.ThatisclosetotheaveragedailywateruseeachpersonintheUS,butabout10timeswhateachastronautontheInternationalSpaceStationusesdaily.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword"extracting"inthefirstparagraph?A．obtainingB．protectingC.PreventingD.choosingWhydoestheauthormentiontheRodWellinParagraph3?ToexplainhowwatericeisdrilledonMars.Totellaboutthehistoryofwatericedrillingtechniques.ToprovetheimportanceofwatericedrillingtechniquesToshowtechniquesfordrillingwaterwellsinMartianiceexist.Onaverage,howmuchwaterdoesanastronautontheInternationalSpaceStationusedaily?CC．160litresD．380litresCC．160litresD．380litres15．Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A．PreparingtosettleontheRedPlanetoneday.B．FindingwaterontheRedPlanetforsurvival.C．UsingsomewaystocreatealivableenvironmentonMars.D．DrillingwaterwellsinMartianicetosurviveonMars.【答案】12.A13.D14.B15.D【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章告诉我们如果人类要在火星上生存可以通过人类现有的技术在火星巨大的冰层上钻冰取水。词义猜测题。根据第一段TheatmosphereofMarsistoodrytomakeextractingwatervapourfromitpossible（火星的大气层太干燥，无法从其中水蒸气）可知，依据划线前提到了火星的大气层太干燥可推出从大气层“获取”水蒸气是不可能的。A.obtaining获取；B.protecting保护；C.preventing阻止；D.choosing选择。故选A项。推理判断题。根据第三段ThedrillingtechniquesneededhavealreadybeendevelopedforcoldareasonEarthwhereweneedtomeltburiediceforwater.Intheearly1960stheUSArmyusedatypeofsubsurfacereservoircalledRodWell,inarmycampsinGreenland（在地球上寒冷的地区，我们需要融化地下的冰以获得水，而所需的钻探技术已经开发出来。在20世纪60年代早期，美国军队在格陵兰的军营中使用了一种叫做RodWell的地下水库）可知融化地下冰已获得水的技术已经开发出来了。文章第一段中提及人类是无法从火星的大气层中获得水的，只能从巨大的冰层中钻冰取水。第三段告知我们钻冰取水的技术已经有了，将来可用于火星开发中。故选D项。细节理解题。根据文章最后一段Theyfoundthatwiththepowerof9kilowatts（千瓦）tomeltice,itcouldintheoryproduceabout380litersofwatereachdayandmaintainareservoirofconstantsizeatthebottomofaborehole（钻孑L）.ThatisclosetotheaveragedailywateruseeachpersonintheUS,butabout10timeswhateachastronautontheInternationalSpaceStationusesdaily他们发现，用9千瓦的能量融化冰，理论上每天可以产生380升的水，并在一个钻孑底部维持一个恒定大小的蓄水池。这接近于美国人均日用水量，但大约是国际空间站每位宇航员日用水量的10倍）可知，美国人均日用水量是380升的水，这个用水量是每位宇航员日用水量的10倍。因此可以算出宇航员日用水量38升左右。故选B项。主旨大意题。根据文章第一段IfhumanseversettleonMars,theywillneedwater.Thereisjustoneproblem---thereseemstobeonlyhugesheetsofice.Luckily,weknowhowtodrilliceforwater.SuchmethodsarealreadyusedinAntarctica,andresearchersnowthinktheycouldgetthemtoworkontheRedPlanet,too.（如果人类在火星定居，他们将需要水。只有一个问题——这里似乎只有巨大的冰层。幸运的是，我们知道如何钻冰取水。这种方法已经在南极洲使用，研究人员现在认为他们也可以在这颗红色星球上使用）可知，如果人类要在火星上生存可以通过人类现有的技术在火星巨大的冰层上钻冰取水。在文章第二段提到，在火星上找到了可被人类利用的冰。文章第三段提到了现有的“钻冰取水”的技术。综合分析，故选D项。Passage8说明文IHUNCH项目杀死空间站的细菌Bacteriaareanannoyingproblemforastronauts.Themicroorganisms（微生物）fromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.HowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?It'sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids.Butnotjustanykids.ItdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclass,liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordonandDonnaHimmelbergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport,NewYork.HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears,Gordon'sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,andtheythinkthey'reclosetoasolution（解决方案）.“Wedon'tgivethestudentsanybreaks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers,"saysFlorenceGold,aprojectmanager.“Therearenotests,”Gordonsays.“Thereisnogradedhomework.Therealmostarenogrades,otherthan‘Areyouworkingtowardsyourgoal?'Basically,it's‘I'vegottoproducethisproductandthen,attheendofyear,presentittoNASA.'Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview,and...it'snotaverynicethingattime.It'sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.”GordonsaystheHUNCHprogramhasanimpact（影响）oncollegeadmissionsandpracticallifeskills.“ThesekidsaresoabsorbedintheirstudiesthatIjustsitback.Idon'tteach.”Andthatannoyingbacteria?GordonsayshisstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersabouttheproblem,readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace.WhatdoweknowaboutthebacteriaintheInternationalSpaceStation?Theyarehardtogetridof.Theyleadtoairpollution.Theyarehardtogetridof.Theyleadtoairpollution.Theyappeardifferentforms.Theydamagetheinstruments.Theyappeardifferentforms.Theydamagetheinstruments.WhatisthepurposeoftheHUNCHprogram?Tostrengthenteacher-studentrelationships.B.Tostrengthenteacher-studentrelationships.B.Tosharpenstudents'communicationskills.C.Toallowstudentstoexperiencezerogravity.Tolinkspacetechnologywithschool