优质文档国际贸易实务英文版第三版知识点及模拟题

畅想网络ln-icsgiriaL：&nKfekT白「k国际贸易实务(下划线为重点记忆和理解，无的为一般记忆和了解)Chapterone.国际贸易概念：Internationaltradeisalsoknownasworldtrade,foreigntrade,overseastrade.Itreferstotheprocessoffairanddeliberateexchangeofgoodsorservicesbetweentwoormorecountries,involvingtheuseoftwoormorecurrencies.Besides,internationaltradeconcernstradeoperationsofbothimportandexportandincludesthepurchaseandsaleofbothvisibleandinvisiblegoods..国际贸易产生的原因：(了解)Resourcereasons(naturalresource,humanresourceandtechnology)Economicreasons(economicbenefits,comparativeadvantageandeconomiesofscale)Otherreasons(politicalreasons,differencesintastes,preferencesandconsumptionpatterns).国际贸易与国内贸易的不同：Inparticular,internationaltradeismoresubjectto:LanguagehabitsandculturaldifferencesForeignlaws,customsandregulationsorinternationalrulesExchangeratefluctuationsandinterestrateHigherlevelofpolitical,financialandtransportationrisksMorecomplexbusinessproceduresthereforemanagersneedabroaderrangeofmanagementskills.国际贸易的分类：1)从货物流向(directionofcargoflow)分:exporttrade,importtradeandtransittrace(过境贸易)2)从参与的贸易方(thenumberofparticipants)分：directtrade,indirecttradeandentrepottrade(转口贸易)转口贸易:entrepottradereferstothetransactionwhichinvolvesimportinggoodsfromoverseasforfurtherprocessingorassemblingandthere-exportingthegoodsabroad.转口贸易又称中转贸易或再输出贸易，是指国际贸易中进出口货物的买卖，不是在生产国和消费国之间直接进行，而是通过第三国转手进行的贸易。对于第三国来说，就是转口贸易，与过境贸易的最大区别在于货物的所有权会发生转移，并且只涉及一个贸易方。国际上有很多中转地，如新加坡，香港，鹿特丹等3)从商品形式(formofgoods)分：有形贸易(visible/tangibegoodstrade)和无形贸易(invisible/intangiblegoodstrade)4)按结算方式(thesettlementinstrument)分：易货贸易(bartertrade)和自由结汇贸易(free-liquidationtrade).进出口贸易的程序：Exportandimportprocedures:Generalspeaking,fromthebeginningtotheendofatransaction,thewholeoperationundergoesfourstages:1)thepreparationofatransaction2)thenegotiationofthecontract3)theperformanceofthecontract畅想网络mcsginal:&riMy「k4)thesettlementofdisputes其中第二个环节：①Negotiationcanbeconductedintwoforms:Inwords(face-to-facenegotiationornegotiationthroughtelephone)Inwriting(businesscorrespondencewhichincludesletters,faxes,e-mails)②Fourmainsteps:询盘(enquiry),发盘(offer),还盘(counter-offer),接受(acceptance)Chaptertwo国际贸易术语.三种贸易术语的解释规则(threesetsofrules)1)1932年华沙牛津规则(Warsaw-OxfordRules1932)2)美国对外贸易修正案1941(RevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions1941)3)2000年国际贸易术语解释通则(InternationalRulesfortheInterpretationofTradeTerms2000).incoterms2000的具体内容(E、F、C、D组的划分，重点在F、C类(这个不知道怎么写，看书本P34-42).装运合同术语和到货合同术语区别Shipmentcontract:起运前交付(thedeliverywillhappenatthetimeorbeforethetimeofshipment)如：EFC类Arrivalcontract:到达目的地后交付(deliveratthetimeofarrival).象征性交接合实际交接Symbolicdelivery:买方并没有实质性的接受到货物，而是通过一系列运输单据证明其交接。(thebuyerdoesnotphysicallyreceivethegoods,thedeliveryisprovedbythesubmissionoftransportdocumentbythesellertothebuyer)只意味着买方同意了买方交货的事实，并不代表买方接受了该批货物就是与合同一致的货物。Actualdelivery:thebuyer(orhisagent)physicallyreceivesthegoodsuponthetimeofdeliveryChapterthree出口商品的价格.出口商品价格的表达(expressionofexportprice)Thestandardformatofapriceininternationaltradehasfourcomponents通常一个标准出口价格包括四个部分：货币(acodeofcurrency)金额(anumberindicatingtheprice)数量单位(aunitformeasuringquantity)贸易术语(acertaintradeterm)例如：USD22.5/PieceCIFNewYork这是一种出口价格的表现形式，在纽约市用CIF贸易术语进行交易，每件货为22.5美元.价格的计算FOB价格：以出口国货币计算FOB=totalcost+profit以外国货币计算FOB=(Totalcost+profit)/Exchangerate畅想网络mcsginaLid-riMy匕4匕「kCFR价格：CFR=FOB+OceanfreightCIF价格：CIF=FOB+Oceanfreight+InsurancePremiumInsurancepremium=CIF*(1+markup)*Premiumrate(R)CIF=CFR/11-markup*R)包含佣金(commission)的价格：Commission©=contractvalue*commissionratePriceincludingC=netprice/11 -Crates)Netprice=priceincludingC(1-Crates)PriceincludingC指的是FOB或FCA条件下的价格折扣价： Discount=contractprice*discountrateActualprice=contractprice-discount二contractprice*(1-discountrate).价格评估的两个指标：出口利润率(Exportprofitmargin):Exportprofitmargin=exportrevenue(FOB) -exportcost(FOB)Exportrevenue(FOB)公式中用的是FOB价格，即不包含运费保险费的价格，并且使用的是出口国货币。反映的是一单位的销售额能赚取多少的利润，越大越好出口换汇成本(ExportCostforForeignExchange):Exportcostforforeignexchange=exportcostinlocalcurrencyExportrevenueinforeigncurrency该指标反映的是要赚取一单位的外国货币需要花费的本国货币成本，越小越好.定价的四个步骤：(要求能够知道概念和判断)询盘：Apotentialclientasksforinformationfromthecounterparttohisintentioninbuyingorsellingofacertaincommodity.发盘：Asufficientlydefiniteproposaladdressedtooneormorespecificpersonsforconcludingacontract,necessarilyindicatingtheintentionoftheofferortobe boundincaseofacceptance.还盘：Areplytoanofferwhichcontainsadditions,limitationsofothermodifications.接受：Anunconditionalstatementmadeformallybyoranactionconductedbytheoffereeindicatingassenttoanofferorcounter-offer.参考书上67-72页的几个exampleChapterfour商品条款1,品质条款：注：CISG规定，如果一项商品交易既凭描述性买卖又凭样品实物买卖，那么卖方必须使交货的商品同时符合这两个条件1)商品质量用文字说明表示(salebydescription)凭规格买卖(salebyspecification):用商品质量的若干指标，如大小、容量、成分等凭等级买卖(salebygrade):如一级二级，大中小号等畅想网络rncsginaL:&riMy凭标准买卖(salebystandard):采用一些组织如ISO制定公布的标准。有两种主要的标准：良好平均品质F.AQ(多适用于农产品销售)和上好可销品质G.M.Q(多适用于木材，冷冻类产品)凭品牌和商标买卖(salebybrandnameortrademark)凭产地买卖(salebyorigin)凭说明书和图样买卖(salebydescriptionsorillustrations)2)商品质量用实物样品表示(salebysample)①凭卖方样品买卖(salebyseller‘ssample):卖方提供原样，买方选择，卖方需留样(duplicate)②凭买方样品买卖：又叫来样制作，但容易产生工业产权纠纷③凭对等样品买卖(salebycountersample):对等样品又叫回样areturnedsample或确认样aconfirmedsample,是卖方根据买方来样仿制的样品。为避免纠纷，需由第三方或公证机关进行“封样”(sealedsample)Acountersampleisareplicamadebythesellerofthesampleprovided,normallybythebuyer.Itisalsocalledareturnedsampleoraconfirmedsample..品质条款的注意事项(必须在合同中注明)1)品质机动(Qualitylatitude):meansthepermissiblerangewithinwhichthequalityofthegoodsdeliveredbythesellermaybeflexiblycontrolled.是指对特定质量指标在一定幅度内可以机动。2)品质公差(Qualitytolerance):referstothequalitydeviationrecognized,whichallowsthequalityofthegoodsdeliveredtohavecertaindifferencewithinarange.是指允许交付货物的特定质量指标在公认的一定范围内的差异。3)保障条款(SafeguardClause):保护卖方避免受到因工业产权和知识产权而受到不应该的控告.计量方法(measuringquantity)国际贸易中主要使用的度量衡制度有四种：公制 (metricsystem),美制(U.S.system)，英制(Britishsystem)和国际单位制(Internationalsystemofunits).主要单位有：重量(weight):ton,gram,kilogram,pound,ounce.注意：ton有metricton(1000KG),longton(1016KG)和shortton(907KG)之分，合同中如果未注明，很容易产生纠纷。容积(capacity):gallon,liter,bushel….个数(number):piece,package,pair,set,gross,dozen,head,case,barrel,drum,bag.…长度(length):yard,meter,foot,centimeter…..面积(area):squareyard,squaremeter,squarefoot,squareinch ….体积(volume):cubicyard,cubitmeter…...重量的计算方法：1)毛重Grossweight:商品连同包装的重量2)净重Netweight:商品本身重量3)条件重量Conditionedweight：Thedryweightofcommodityplusthestandardmoisturecontent涉及含水分问题标准回潮率(standardregainrate):theratiobetweenthewatercontentandthedryweightofthegoods,whichisacceptedintheworldmarketoragreedI畅想网络In-icsgiriaLid-nNyf-.y&i-kuponbythesellerandthebuyer实际回潮率(actualregainrate):theratiobetweentheactualregainingwatercontentinthegoodsandtheactualdryweightConditionedweight=driednetweight*(1+standardregainrate)actualweight*(1+standardregainweight)_1+actualregainweight4)理论重量(Theoreticalweight)：whenthetotalweightoftheproductiscalculatedbymultiplyingthetotalquantityandtheunitweight,ratherthanmeasuredactually.适用于固定规格和体积的商品。5)法定重量(Legalweight)：Theweightofgoodsincludingtheimmediate,inner,ordirectpackingofthegoods. 通常法定重量是征收关税的依据。.包装的类型1)包括裸装货(nudecargo),散装货(bulkcargo)，包装货(packedcargo)2)运输包装(transportpacking)又称shippingpacking,outerpacking,bigpacking,ismainlyadoptedtofacilitatecargotransportation.包装容器(cont