科技英语中定语从句的替代用法

科技英语中定语从句的替代用法

引言

定语从句的替代用法

小结一、引言由于科技英语多用于表达科学理论、原理、规律、概述以及各事物之间错综复杂的关系，而简单句常无法完整的表达出复杂的科学思维，因此科技英语常会出现中心词不只有一个定语对其进行修饰限定的复杂长句。为避免反复使用定语从句致使的句子冗长，科技英语中常会使用起相同修饰限定作用的现在分词、过去分词、动名词、介词短语、分词短语和形容词短语结构作前置定语或后置定语，来代替定语从句，以使句子结构更加紧凑，句子表达更加精炼。二、定语从句的替代用法替代结构只作前置定语替代结构只作后置定语替代结构既可以作前置定语又可以做后置定语1.定语从句的替代结构只作前置定语的用法单个现在分词单个动名词

单个现在分词具有形容词的性质，可以代替定语从句起同样修饰限定的作用。

1.1动词的单个现在分词只作前置定语可代替定语从句doing（主动形式）beingdone（被动形式）单个现在分词一般式主要表示“主动”含义，有时还可以表示动作正在进行，可代替谓语为现在时态的定语从句主要强调动作现在或当时正在进行，可代替谓语为一般现在进行时被动形式的定语从句单个现在分词作前置定语有以下两种情况：单个现在分词单独使用单个现在分词与名词连用构成复合结构

单个现在分词可单独使用作前置定语，修饰限定其后中心词，从而代替定语从句。单个现在分词单独使用作前置定语代替定语从句Regardingproduct-specificrisk,newFMCCproductsusuallyinvolvelessinnovation,oftenmodifyinganexistingproductfeaturesuchasfewercalories,newerflavor,morerecyclablepackaging,andsoforth.…modifyingaproductfeaturewhich/thathasexisted…Amobilesystemmustbeadaptivetothesechangingconditions.…totheseconditionswhich/thatarechanging这种结构中常见的单个现在分词有“existing,naming,opposing,reducing,consuming,leading,working,following,branding,operating,changing,supporting,conflicting,varying,profiling,pricing,selling,underlying,using,computing…”等。单个现在分词与名词连用构成复合结构作前置定语代替定语从句

单个现在分词除了单独作前置定语外，还可与名词连用构成复合结构，作前置定语，修饰限定其后中心词。Bydeterminingtheresponseofearlieradopters,thisresearchhelpsinformbrand-namingdecisionsforHTinnovations.…helpsinformdecisions

which/thatrelatetonamebrand…Consumersdealwithunacceptablelevelsofriskbyengaginginrisk-reducingstrategies.…byengaginginstrategieswhich/thatcanreduceriskTheDowlingandStaelinmodeliscompatiblewiththeconflicttheorymodelofdecisionmaking,theinformation-processingparadigmofconsumerchoice,andeconomicallybasedsearchmodels.

…theparadigmofconsumerchoicewhich/thatrelatestoprocessinformation…常见的这种复合结构还有“arubber-producingcountry(=acountrywhichproducesrubber生产橡胶的国家),velocity-retardingforces(=forceswhichretardvelocity减速力),sound-absorbingmaterials(=materialswhichabsorbsound吸音材料),afast-growingindustry(=anindustrywhichgrowsfast迅速发展的工业),adeepdivingsubmarine(=asubmarinewhichcandivedeeply深潜水艇)…”等。

单个动名词的一般式同样有两种形式，主动形式doing和被动形式beingdone，与单个现在分词的两种形式一样。但单个动名词作定语时只是表示一种目的或用途，它所修饰的中心词并不能发出它所表示的动作。1.2单个动名词只作前置定语代替定语从句awritinginstrument书写/记录仪器（“仪器”并不会“书写/记录”）aninstrumentwhichisusedforwritingadriving-mirror驾驶镜amirrorwhich/thatisusedfordrivingareceivingset接收机asetwhich/thatisusedforreceivingsignalsthefreezingpoint冰点hepointatwhichitfreezes2.定语从句的替代结构只作后置定语的用法介词短语动词的分词短语形容词短语2.1介词短语只作后置定语代替定语从句

常见于“with结构”的介词短语，通常表示所修饰成分的所属，状态等。Accordingly,anewproductwithanewbrandnamewilllikelycarrymoreuncertaintyandriskthanabrandextension,assumingafitbetweenthebrandandthenewproduct.…anewproductwhich/thathasanewbrandname…Applicationswithhardreal-timeconstraintsaremoredifficulttooffload.

Applicationswhich/thataresetwithhardreal-timeconstraints…Thissignificantdifferenceindicatesthattheseindividualsevaluatedtheincrementalsmartphonemorefavorablywithanewthananexistingbrandname.…smartphonemorefavorablywhich/thathasanewthananexistingbrandname2.2动词的分词短语只作后置定语代替定语从句

分词短语只能作后置定语修饰限定中心词，从而代替定语从句。Asaconsequence,consumersaremoreuncertainaboutthepotentialflawsinvolvedinsuchanimmaturetechnology,whichareoftencorrectedonlyinlaterversions.…thepotentialflawswhichinvolvedinsuchanimmaturetechnology…Intotal,2600postssuppliedby393individualsweredownloadedfromthetwoonlinediscussionforums;thetotalnumberofpostsmadebyeachgroupwasapproximatelyequal.…2600postswhich/thatweresuppliedby393individuals…thetotalnumberofpostswhich/thatweremadebyeachgroup…Thecharacteristicsweredefinedwiththehelpofagroupof11marketingmanagersworkingforalargemobiletechnologycompany.…11marketingmanagerswhoworkedforalargemobiletechnologycompany2.3形容词短语只作后置定语代替定语从句Therearemanystarslargerthanthesun.Therearemanystarswhich/thatarelargerthanthesun.Anexampleofthisismotionparalleltotheearth'ssurface.…motionwhich/thatisparalleltotheearth'ssurface.Somethingassmallasawormmaybecomposedofmillionsofcells.

Somethingthatisassmallasaworm…3.定语从句的替代结构既可作前置定语又可作后置定语的用法

在替代定语从句的结构中，单个动词的过去分词很特殊，其同样具有形容词的性质，可以代替定语从句修饰限定，但它既可以作前置定语，也可以作后置定语。单个过去分词主要表示被动含义（即与其相关的名词接受该动作），有时还可表示动作的完成，与被修饰词构成逻辑上被动的主谓关系，因此可以代替谓语为被动或完成的定语从句。3.1单个过去分词可作前置定语代替定语从从句

单个过去分词通常用作前置定语代替定语从句，这时其具有很强的形容词的特点，强调的是某种状态。单个过去分词作前置定语有以下两种情况：单个过去分词单独使用单个过去分词与名词连用构成复合结构

单个过去分词单独使用作前置定语代替定语从句Ontheotherhand,brandingtheoryadvocatesusingestablishedbrandnamestoreducetheperceivedriskofanewproductpurchase.…advocatesusingbrandthathasbeenestablished…toreducetheriskofanewproductpurchasethatcanbeperceivedAsmentioned,KlinkandAthaide(2010)findthatwhilelateradoptersfavorknownbrands,earlieradoptersfavornewbrandnamesonFMCGproducts.…findthatwhilelateradoptersfavorbrandswhich/thatareknown…Asexpected,theconsumerinnovativenessbrandnameinteractionissignificantandinthepredicteddirection(β=−0.053,pb0.05).…inthedirectionwhich/thatispredicted…theunwantedsignals不需要的信号thesignalswhich/thatarenotwantedawidelyusedalloy一种使用广泛的合金analloywhich/thatiswidelyusedaradiocontrolleddevice一台由无线电控制的设备adevicewhichiscontrolledbyradio常见的作前置定语的单个过去分词有“perceived,curved,established,handled,bottled,considered,favored,implied,related,focused,known,preferred,controlled,selected,predicted,accepted,sophisticated,constrained,limited,distributed,defined,given,wired,proposed,assumed,fixed,started,complicated,identified,oversized…”等。单个过去分词与名词连用构成复合结构作前置定语代替定语从句

单个过去分词除了单独作前置定语外，还可与名词连用构成复合结构，作前置定语，修饰限定其后中心词。Computationoffloadingisamethodofsavingenergyandtimeonresource-constrainedmobiledevicesbyexecutingsometasksonthecloud.…savingenergyandtimeonmobiledevicesofwhichtheresourceisconstrained…aman-madesatellite一颗人造卫星asatellitewhich/thathasbeenmadebymanmotor-drivenequipment电动机驱动的设备equipmentwhich/thatisdrivenbyamotor

3.2单个过去分词只作后置定语

当强调过去分词所表示的动作概念时，通常将单个过去分词后置，这时其具有较强的动词性质，加强了分词所表示的动作概念。另外，当单个过去分词用于回指前句中已经被说明的动作时，只能放在被修饰词后作后置定语。Section3describestheresearchmethodsemployed,whichincludeanexperimentalstudyandafieldstudy.Section3des