《新编简明英语语言学教程》1-6章复习题集

《新编简明英语语言学教程》1-6章复习题集《英语语言学概论》课程复习题集(1-6章)2012-5-16更新ChapterIIntroduction2012II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:1.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobed__escriptive_____.(prescriptive/laydownrules)2.Chomskydefines“competence”(语言能力)astheidealuser’sknowledge__________oftherulesofhislanguage.3.Langue(语言)referstothea__bstract________linguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhiletheparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventions（惯例）andapplicationoftherules.43.D____uality_____isoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagewhichreferstothephenomenonthatlanguageconsistsoftwolevels:alowerlevelofmeaninglessindividualsoundsandahigherlevelofmeaningfulunits.5.Languageisasystemofa__rbitrary_______vocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.6.Socialinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.7.Thedisciplinethatstudiestherulesgoverningtheformationofwordsintopermissiblesentencesinlanguagesiscalleds_yntax_______.8.Humancapacityforlanguagehasagenetic___basis,butthedetailsoflanguagehavetobetaughtandlearned.9.Performance__(语言能力)__referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.10.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesettlementofsomepracticalproblems.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasa__pplied______linguistics.11.Languageisp___________inthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Inotherwords,theycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceswhichtheyhaveneverheardbe12.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientific____studyoflanguage.13.Tohelpdefineandmaintaininterpersonalrelationsisthesocialfunctionoflanguage.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.1.Thedescriptionofalanguageinafixedinstant(时刻)isa_______study.A.synchronicB.diachronicC.prescriptiveD.systematic2.Theapplicationoflinguisticsprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearningiscalled_____.A.sociolinguisticsB.PsycholinguisticsC.computationallinguisticsD.AppliedLinguistics3.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe______________.A.prescriptiveB.analyticC.descriptiveD.linguistic4.Whichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?A.ArbitrarinessC.DualityB.DisplacementD.Meaningfulness5.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageas____________.A.primaryB.correctD.stableC.secondary6.Inmodernlinguistics,speechisregardedasmorebasicthanwriting,because___________.A.inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowritingB.speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.C.speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongueD.Alloftheabove7.Manymodernlinguistshavecriticizedtraditionalgrammariansforadoptinga_____approachtolanguagestudy.A.synchronicB.diachronicC.prescriptiveD.descriptive8.Ahistoricalstudyoflanguageisa____studyoflanguage.A.synchronicC.prescriptiveB.diachronicD.comparative9.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,____referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.A.paroleC.langueB.performanceD.Language10.Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnectionbetween_________andmeanings.A.senseB.soundsD.ideasC.objects11.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediate（当前）situationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled_________,A.displacementC.flexibilityB.dualityD.culturaltransmission12.Thedistinctionbetweenlangueandparolewasmadeby_______earlylastcentury.A.AmericanlinguistN.ChomskyC.AmericanlinguistEdwardSapirB.SwisslinguistF.deSaussureD.BritishlinguistJ.R.Firth13.Thefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisgoodproofthathumanlanguageis.A.arbitraryB.rationalC.logicalD.cultural2.WhatarethemainfeaturesofhumanlanguagethathavebeenspecifiedbyC.Hocketttoshowthatitisessentiallydifferentfromanimalcommunicationsystem?Chapter2：PhonologyII.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:27．Affricate_(破差音)_____referstoastrongpuffofairstreamintheproductionofspeechsounds.28．A_rticulatory_（发音）________phoneticsdescribesthewayourspeechorgansworktoproducethespeechsoundsandhowtheydiffer.29．Thefoursounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,i.e,theyareallb_ilabial_sounds.30．Ofallthespeechorgans,thet_ongue___isthemostflexible,andisresponsibleforvarietiesofarticulationthananyother.31．Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofmannerofarticulationorintermsofp__lace_____ofarticulation(发音部位).32．Whentheobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionaudibly（可听见的）releasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledas__top______.33．S_uprasegmental_(超音段)_______featuresarethephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.Theyincludestress,tone（音调）,intonation（语调）,etc.34．Therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalledsequential(序列)____rules.35．Thetranscription（标音）ofspeechsoundswithletter-symbolsonlyiscalledbroadtranscription（宽式）whilethetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics(变音符)iscallednarrow____transcription.（严式）36．Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation_(语调)________.37．P_honology__________isadisciplinewhichstudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguageandhowsoundsarecombinedintomeaningfulunitstoeffectlinguisticcommunication.38.Ifyousaydoor,new,two,senior,zoo,youwillnoticethatthefirstsoundsinallthesewordsarea_lveolar(齿龈音)______sounds.Thetandsarevoiceless,andd,nandzarevoiced.Onlynisnasal.39．Thearticulatoryapparatus（器官）ofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantcavities:thepharyngeal（咽腔）cavity,theoral(口腔)_______cavityandthenasalcavity.40．T__one（音调）_____arepitch（音调）variations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibration（震动）ofthevocalcords（声带）andwhichcandistinguishmeaningjustlikephonemes（音位）.41．Dependingonthecontextinwhichstressisconsidered,therearetwokindsofstress:wordstressands__entence_______stress.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachofthestatementsbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:1.Thestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsoundsiscalled________phonetics.A.acoustic(声学)B.articulatoryC.Auditory（听觉）D.allomorphic2.Thesound/f/is_________________.A.voicedpalatalaffricateC.voicelessvelarfricativeB.voicedalveolarstopD.voicelesslabiodentalfricative（齿音，摩茶）3．Ofallthespeechorgans,the_______is/arethemostflexible.A.mouthB.lipsC.tongueD.vocalcords4．Thesoundsproducedwithoutthevocalcordsvibratingare____sounds.A.voicelessC.vowelB.voicedD.consonantal5．__________isavoicedalveolar（齿龈）stop.A./z/B./d/C./k/D./b/6．Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophones____________.A.identicalB.sameC.exactlyalikeD.similar7.Since/p/and/b/arephoneticallysimilar,occurinthesameenvironmentsandtheycandistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobe___________.A.inphonemiccontrast（音位对立）B.incomplementarydistribution（同一音位的不同变体）C.theallophones（音位变体）D.minimalpair（对小对立体）9.A____vowelisonethatisproducedwiththefrontpartofthetonguemaintainingthehighestposition.A.backC.frontB.centralD.middle10.Palatal（鄂音）semi-vowelreferstothesoundA.[n]B.[h]C.[w]D.[j]11.AphonemeisagroupofphoneticallysimilarsoundscalledA.minimalpairsB.allomorphs..C.phonesD.allophones12.Distinctivefeaturescanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalled____________.A.phoneticcomponentsB.immediateconstituentsD.semanticfeaturesC.suprasegmentalfeatures13.A(n)___________isaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit,acollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.A.phoneB.soundD.phonemeC.allophone14．Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledthe____ofthatphoneme.A.phonesB.soundsC.phonemesD.allophones15.A____vowelisonethatisproducedwiththefrontpartofthetonguemaintainingthehighestposition.A.backB.centralC.frontD.middle16.Thesoundsthatbeginandendthewordschurchandjudgearevoicelessandvoiced_______,respectively.(C)A.stopsB.fricativesD.plosivesC.affricatesIV.Answerthefollowingquestion:1.HowaretheEnglishconsonantsclassified?2.Explainwithexamplesthesequentialrule,andtheassimilationruleinphonology.Chapter3：MorphologyII.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:1.Rootisthepartofthewordleftwhenalltheaffixes(词缀)areremoved.2.Morpheme(词素)____isthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.3.Bound_morphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.4.Affixesareoftwotypes:inflectionalaffixesandd_erivational_________affixes.5.As______isaddedtotheendofstemstomodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordanditmaycasechangeitspartofspeech.6.C_ompound_________isthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatenewwords.7.Thewordsnowfallisawordformedbyjoiningtwoseparatewords,i.e.“snow”and“fall.”Thisnewlyformedwordisgenerallyregardedasacompound_______.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:1.Themorpheme“vision”inthecommonword“television”isa(n)______.A.boundmorphemeB.boundformC.inflectionalmorphemeD.freemorpheme2.Thecompoundword“bookstore”istheplacewherebooksaresold.Thisindicatesthatthemeaningofacompound__________.A.isthesumtotalofthemeaningofitscomponentsB.canalwaysbeworkedoutbylookingatthemeaningsofmorphemesC.isthesameasthemeaningofafreephrase.D.Noneoftheabove.3.“-s”intheword“books”is_______.A.aderivativeaffixB.astemC.aninflectionalaffixD.aroot4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTacompoundword?A.RainbowB.MilkshakeC.Icy-coldD.Unpleasant5.Thepartofspeechofthecompoundsisgenerallydeterminedbythepartofspeechof__________.A.thefirstelementB.thesecondelementD.boththefirstandthesecondelements.C.eitherthefirstorthesecondelem6._______arethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.A.FreemorphemesC.BoundwordsB.BoundmorphemesD.Words7._________isabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.A.SyntaxB.GrammarC.MorphologyD.Morpheme8.Themeaningcarriedbytheinflectionalmorphemeis_______.A.lexicalB.morphemicC.grammaticalD.semantic9.Boundmorphemesarethosethat___________.A.havetobeusedindependentlyB.cannotbecombinedwithothermorphemesC.caneitherbefreeorboundD.havetobecombinedwithothermorphemes.10.____modifythemeaningofthestem,butusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.A.PrefixesB.Suffixes(后缀)C.Roots11._________areoftenthoughttobethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguagebythelinguists.A.WordsB.MorphemesC.PhonemesD.Sentences12.“-s”intheword“books”is_______.D.AffixesA.aderivativeaffixB.astemC.aninflectionalaffixD.aroot13.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongto“openclasswords”?A.NounsB.AdjectivesC.ConjunctionsD.Adverbs14.Inthewordunreliable,theprefix“un-”isa(n)_______morpheme.A.freeB.boundC.rootD.inflectional15.Morphemesthatrepresent“tense”,“number”,“gender”,“case”,“aspect”,“degree”andsofortharecalledmorphemes.A.inflectionalC.freeB.boundD.derivational16.TheEnglishword“modernizers”iscomposedofA.fourB.threeC.twoD.five17.Whichofthefollowingaffixdiffersfromothers?A.–lyB.–nessC.–ingD.–fulmorphemes.V.Thinkofamorphemesuffixandamorphemeprefix,givetheirmeaning,andspecifythetypesofstemtheymaybesuffixedto.Giveatleasttwoexamplesofeach.Suffix:Meaning:Stemtype:Prefix:Examples:Meaning:Stemtype:Chapter4：SyntaxExamples:II.Diagramtheconstituentstructureofthefollowingsentenceandnamethedifferentconstituents.(ICanalysis)ThepassengertrainfromChicagowillarriveinAtlantaaftermidnight.Chapter5SemanticsII.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:1.Semantics________canbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.2.Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnodirect______linkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.3.R_eference____meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.4.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalleds_ynonyms_______.5.Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning,theyarecalledh_omophones____(同音异型异义)_____.6.Pairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationship（关系）betweenthetwoitemsarecalledrelational_______opposites.(关系反义)7.Whatiscommunicatedbyvirtueofwhatlanguagereferstoisther__________meaningofaword.8.Relational_________oppositesarepairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.9.Componential(成分分析)____analysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents.10.Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalleds________restrictions,whichareconstraintsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatothers.11.Accordingtothen____theoryofmeaning,thewordsinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:1.Thenamingtheoryisadvancedby________.A.PlatoB.BloomfieldD.FirthC.GeoffreyLeech2.“Weshallknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps.”Thisstatementrepresents_______.A.theconceptualistviewC.thenamingtheoryB.contexutalismD.behaviourism4.“CanIborrowyourbike?”_______“Youhaveabike.”A.issynonymouswithB.isinconsistentwithC.entailsD.presupposes5.___________isawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.A.PredicationanalysisC.PhonemicanalysisB.ComponentialanalysisD.Grammaticalanalysis6.“alive”and“dead”are______________.A.gradableantonymsB.relationaloppositesD.noneoftheaboveC.complementaryantonyms7._________dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.A.ReferenceC.SemanticsB.ConceptD.Sense8.___________referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.A.PolysemyB.SynonymyD.HyponymyC.Homonymy9.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled______________.A.homonymsB.polysemyC.hyponymsD.synonyms10.Thekindofantonymybetween"married"and"single"isoneof__________AconverseBrelationalCcomplementaryDgradable11.Accordingtothecomponentialanalysis,theword“girl”and“woman”differinthefeatureof_______.A.HUMNANB.ANIMATEC.MALED.ADULT12.Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedby_______.A.grammaticalrulesB.selectionalrestrictionsC.semanticrulesD.semanticfeatures13.Thewordsstationaryandstationeryareidenticalinsound,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning.Theyare_______.A.completehomonymsC.hyponymsB.homographsD.homophones14.Inthefollowingpairsofwords,areapairofcomplementaryantonyms.A.oldandyoungC.hotandcoldB.maleandfemaleD.buyandsell15.Therelationshipbetween“violet”and“tulip”is________.A.co-hyponymsB.superordinateC.hyponymsD.antonyms16.“CanIborrowyourbike?”_______“Youhaveabike.”A.issynonymouswithB.isinconsistentwithC.entailsD.presupposesIV.Answerthefollowingquestions.1.Howcanwordsoppositeinmeaningbeclassified?Towhichcategorydoeseachofthefollowingpairsofantonymsbelong?deep/shallow（gradableantonyms）married/single(complementaryantonyms)sour/sweet(gradableantonyms)teacher/student(relationalopposites)asleep/awake(complementaryantonyms)2.WhatarethemajortypesofsynonymsinEnglish?(dialectalsynonyms;stylisticsynonyms;synonymsinemotiveandevaluativemeaning;collocationalsynonyms;semanticallydifferentsynonyms)3.Whatmightmakeagrammaticallymeaningfulsentencesemanticallymeaningless?Chapter6：PragmaticsII.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:1.P__ragmatics_______isthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.2.Thenotionofcontext_________isessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.3.Allthespeechactsthatbelongtothesamecategorysharethesamepurposeorthesameillocutionary(言外之力)_______point,buttheydifferintheirstrengthorforce.A.pragmaticC.mentalB.grammaticalD.conceptual5.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesa(n)_________.A.constativeC.utteranceB.di