组织学与胚胎学绪论中英

Histology

Introduction

YuXiangmin(于向民）DepartmentofHistologyandEmbryologyDefinition:

Ascience:studynormalmicro-structure(微细结构)&itsrelatedfunctionofhumanbody.

4structurallevels:

Cell:thesmalleststructural&functionalunit.

Tissue(组织):

groupsof

cells(similarinmorphologyorrelatedinfunction)＋intercellularmaterials

4typesoffundamentaltissue

epithelium上皮组织

connectivetissue结缔组织

musculartissue肌组织

nervoustissue神经组织

Organs:器官organizationsof

variouskindsoftissuesinparticularways&performaspecific

function.

System:系统formedbyseveralfunction-relatedorganswhichtogetherperformacontinuousphysiologicalfunction.Forexample:digestivesystem

Whydowestudyhistology?Tocompletetheknowledgeofhumanbody’sstructures----fromgrosstomicroscopicBeabletounderstandhowthedifferenttissuesfunction----thebasisofphysiologyCanfindthediseasesonlyafterthenormalisknown----thebasisofpathologyItisalsoafoundationofclinicsciences—foragooddoctorneededinfutureInvestigativemethodsofhistologyI.Lightmicroscopy

l

1.Tissuepreparation

A.paraffinsectionpreparation石蜡切片术

Specimen取材:

asfreshaspossible

Fixation固定:fixative:formalinsolution;purpose:topreservethestructuralorganization

Dehydration脱水:replacethewaterinthetissuebyalcohol

Clearing透明:replacethealcoholbyxylene

Embedding包埋:replacethexylenewithmeltedparaffin

Sectioning&mounting切片B.

Frozensection:

Betterforpreservingchemicalcomponents(e.g.enzymes)Freezing→cryostat→stainingC.theothers:Smearpreparations:forbloodetc;Grindpreparations:forbone

2.Staining染色

Purpose:Tomaketissuesectionforobservation.

H-EStaining:

Hematoxylin:苏木精basic

dye,

bluishcolor

Eosin:伊红aciddye,pinkcolor

Basophilic:嗜碱性componentsstainedwithbasicdye(H);bluish（nuclearchromatin)

Acidophilic:嗜酸性componentswithanaffinityforacidicdye(E);pink(cytoplasm&collagenfiber)

Neutrophilic:中性donotstainwithbothbasicandaciddyesArgyrophilia:嗜银性

thosewithanaffinityforsilver,dark-browncolor

Fluorescentstaining

showstheapoptosisinhumanHL-60cellsSilverstainingoftheneuronandthebilecanaliculiTransmissionElectronMicroscope(TEM)透射电镜Usingabeamofelectrons(shortwave-lengths)insteadofvisiblelight.Section

preparation:similartothoseforL.Mmainly,plasticinsteadofparaffin,50-70nmthick,heavymetalsaltsinsteadofHE.

Resolution:0.1-0.5nm

Ultrastructrue:超微结构ThestructureinEM

Electron-dense电子密度高

electron-lucent电子密度低ElectronMicroscopy

TransmissionElectronMicroscope

DiagramsofTEM2.ScanningElectronMicroscope(SEM)扫描电镜Sowingthe3dimensionalsurfaceArchitectureofcellsandtissues

Resolution:5nmJEOL扫描电子显微镜III.

Histochemistry&Cytochemistry

组织化学术

Revealthechemicalcompositioninsitu(teins,a.a.,nucleicacid,lipids,enzymesetc.)withchemical,biochemicalmethods.Theproductofchemicalreactionshouldbeinsoluble/colored/electron-scattering,&beseeninLMorEM

polysaccharide+HIO4

(hydroxylgroup)(oxidise)Aldehydegroup+Shiff’sreagent

(colorless)

PurplishreddepositorForinstance:PAS(PeriodicAcidSchiff)reaction:

formanifestingpolysaccharide多糖(糖原）PASreactioninthegobletcellIV.Immunocytochemistry免疫组织化学Basedonantigenbindstospecificantibody.

TissuesectionwithAntigen+

labelled

antibodylabelledAg-AbcomplexFluoresceinlabellingenzymelabellingcolloidalgold

labellingV.tissueculture组织培养VI.insitu

hybridization(ISH)

—nucleicacidmolecularhybridization原位杂交术UsenucleotideprobetochecktargetfragmentofintracellularDNA

ormRNAinsitu,inordertostudythegeneexpression.ExpressionofPSAandPSAmRNAinhumanprostate(histochemistry&ISH)The

methodinlearning

histologyCombinationofthe2dimentionalstructurewith3diment