初中英语动词不定式精讲精练精校版

动词不定式动词不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式，没有人称和数的变化，不能单独作句子的谓语。其构成形式为"to+动词原形”，to为动词不定式的符号，本身无意义。动词不定式具有两大特点：.具有动词的特点，因此，后面可以跟表语、宾语或状语，构成动词不定式短语。.具有名词、形容词或副词的特点，可以在句子中用作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语、定语、表语及同位语等.作主语动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种：⑴把不定式置于句首。如：Togettherebybikewilltakeushalfanhour.骑自行车到那儿将花费我们半个小时。Tomakeupforlosttimeisnotpossible.要弥补失去的时光是不可能的。Toleanoutofthewindowisdangerous.身子探出窗外很危险。Tosavemoneynowseemsimpossible.现在好像不可能存钱。(2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如：It+be+名词+todoIt'sourdutytotakegoodcareoftheold.这是照顾老人是我们的责任。Ittakessb+sometime+todoHowlongdidittakeyoutofinishthework?你花了多少时间来完成这项工作吗？It+be+形容词+forsb+todoItisdifficultforustofinishwritingthecompositioninaquarterofanhour.我们难以在四分之一小时内完成这篇作文。Itisstupidofyoutowritedowneverything(that)theteachersays.Itisanoffencetodroplitterinthestreet.在马路上乱丢废物是违章的。Itseems(appears)+形容词+todoItseemedimpossibletosavemoney.在句型③中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary等；在句型④中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sbis+形容词+todo句式，如：It'skindofyoutohelpmewithmyEnglish.=YouarekindtohelpmewithmyEnglish.⑤It+不定式结构可位于believe/consider/discover/expect/find/think和wonder之后Hethoughtitwouldbesafertogobytrain.他认为乘火车比较安全。Hewillfinditishardtomakefriends.他会感觉到交朋友困难。1/11⑥不定式的完成式也可作句子的主语Tohavemadethesamemistaketwicewasunforgivable.两次犯同样的错误是不可原谅的。Itisbettertohavelovedandlostthannevertohavelovedatall.爱过而后失去了爱，比从未爱过要好。⑶举例（1）It'seasy（forme）todothat.我做这事太容易了easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better;thefirst,thenext,thelast,thebest,toomuch,toolittle,notenoughIt'ssonicetohearyourvoice.听到你的声音真高兴。It'snecessaryforyoutolockthecarwhenyoudonotuseit.当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。（2）It'sverykindofhimtohelpus.他帮助我们，他真好。Kind,nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate（考虑周至”的）,silly,selfish（自私的）例句：Itwassillyofustobelievehim.我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。Itseemedselfishofhimnottogivethemanything,他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。注意：（1）其他系动词如，look,appear等也可用于此句型（2）不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。（3）当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用Itis…t的句型（对）Toseeistobelieve.眼见为实。（错）Itistobelievetosee.练习1.It'sourdutytheroomeveryday.A.tocleanB.cleanedC.cleanD.cleansf甘肃省）2.It'shardforusEnglishwell.A.learnB.learnsC.tolearnD.learning（江西省）3•建造这座立交桥将花费工人们一年多的时间。Itwilltheworkersoverayeartheflyover.（北京市海淀区）It'sveryniceyoutogetmetwoticketstheWorldCup.A.for, ofB.of, forC.to,forD.of,to（安徽省）3作宾语1）以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语afford（付得起），agree（同意），aim（力求做到），appear（显得），arrange（安排），ask（要求），attempt（试图），care（想要），choose（决定），claim（声称），condescend（屈尊），consent（准许），decide（决定），demand（要求），determine（决心），endeavor（竭力），expect（期待），fail（未履行），help（帮助），hesitate（犹豫），hope（希望），learn（学会），manage（设法），neglect（疏忽），offer（主动提出），plan（计划），prepare（准备），pretend（假装），proceed（接着做），promise（答应），prove（证明），refuse（拒绝），resolve（解决），seem（觉得好像），swear（发誓），tend（往往会），threaten（预示），undertake（承诺），volunteer（自愿做），vow（发誓），want（想要），wish（希望）举例：Thedriverfailedtoseetheothercarintime.2/11司机没能及时看见另一辆车。Ihappentoknowtheanswertoyourquestion.我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。2）动词+疑问词+不定式decide,know,considerforget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,findout,explain,tellPleaseshowushowtodothat.请演示给我们如何去做。Therearesomanykindsoftape-recordersonsalethatIcan'tmakeupmymindwhichtobuy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。注意：疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。Thequestionishowtoputitintopractice.问题是怎样把它付诸实施。3）当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语+动词+it+补语+todo句式。如：Wethinkitquiteimportantforustolearnaforeignlanguagewell.Hefeelsithisdutytohelpthepoor.IfinditdifficulttolearnEnglishwell.练习：1.Hewantssomevegetables.A.buyB.buyingC.tobuyD.buys（山西省）Don'tforgetyourhomeworkwithyouwhenyoucometoschool.A.tobringB.bringingC.totakeD.taking（福建省）Hefounditverydifficult.A.sleepingB.sleepsC.sleptD.tofallasleep（湖南省）4作补语1）动词+宾语+不定式（todo）adviseallowbelievecausechallengecompeldeclareencourageforbidforcefindhireinduceinstructinvitelikeorderpermitpersuaderemindrequestrequireselectsendsupposetelltrainurge例句：Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。Webelievehimtobeguilty.我们相信他是有罪的。hisChinese,sohisChineseismuchbetterthanbefore.练习1.RobertoftenasksushisChinese,sohisChineseismuchbetterthanbefore.A.helphimB.tohelphimwithC.tohelpwithD.helpshimwith江苏省）MrLioftenteacheshisJapanesefriendsChinesefood.A.cookB.cooksC.tocookD.cooked（甘肃省）5Find的特殊用法：Find后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。Ifoundhimlyingontheground.Ifounditimportanttolearn.IfoundthattolearnEnglishisimportant.3/116典型例题：Thenextmorningshefoundthemaninbed,dead.A.lyingB.lieC.layD.laying答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。to+be的不定式结构，作补语的动词。Acknowledge,believe, consider,think,declare（声称）, discover,fancy（设想）, feel,find,guess,judge,imagine,know,prove,see（理解）,show,suppose,take（以为），understandWeconsiderTomtobeoneofthebeststudentsinourclass.我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。7典型例题：CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsideredthefirstcomputer.A.toinventB.inventingC.tohaveinventedD.havinginvented答案：A.由considertodosth,排除B、D,此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。tobe+形容词Seem,appear,besaid,besupposed,bebelieved,bethought,beknown,bereported,hope,wish,desire,want,plan,expect,mean…Thebookisbelievedtobeuninteresting.人们认为这本书没什么意思。therebe+不定式believe,expect,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,want,wish,undrstandWedidn'texpecttheretobesomanypeoplethere我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。有些动词需用as短语做补语，如regard,thinkbelieve,take,consider.WeregardTomasourbestteacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。Marytookhimasherfather.玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。5）秃头不定式作补语秃头不定式，即不带“to”的不定式，其语法功能一般在句子中作宾语的补语（宾语补足语）。用秃头不定式作宾语补足语的常用动词如下：口诀：“五看、三使役“，"两听、一感”要记住，若是“宾补”变“主补”，主补“to”字不能无。动词let属例外，其宾补/主补“to”均无。说明：五看 see/watch/notice/observe/lookat；m使役 have/make/let；两听 hear/listento；一感 feel。例句：Ioftenseehimgotoschoolonfoot.（秃头不定式作宾语补足语）Heisoftenseentogotoschoolonfoot.（不定式作主语补足语，要带“to"）Lethimtryagain.----Heislettryagain.（let的主补与宾补均用秃头不定式）练习：1.Wesawhimthebuildingandgoupstairs.A.toenterB.enterC.enteringD.entered（河南省）Somuchworkusuallymakesthemverytired.A.tofeelB.feelsC.feelingD.feel（吉林省）Yourfatherissleeping.You'dbetter.A.notwakeuphimB.nottowakeuphimC.notwakehimupD.nottowakehimup（陕西省）Iwasmademyhomeworkintheafternoon.A.doB.doingC.todoD.did（贵州省）4/118作表语不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.Mychiefpurposeistopointoutthedifficultiesofthematter.WhatIwouldsuggestistoputoffthemeeting.当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果（例①） 。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mistake,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组（例②）时，或以what引导的名词性分句（例③），不定式说明主语的内容。Ourworkisservingthepeople.Whathelikesistakingawalkaftersupper.ThestorytoldbyMr.Wangisinteresting.④⑤句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如Servingthepeopleisourwork,而⑥句中是现在分词作表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词的各种特征，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来。9作状语（1）目的状语To...onlyto（仅仅为了），inorderto,soasto,so（such）...asto...（如此 以便 ）Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。Icomehereonlytosaygood-byetoyou.我来仅仅是向你告别。（2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。WhathaveIsaidtomakeyouangry.Hesearchedtheroomonlytofindnothing.（3）表原因I'mgladtoseeyou.典型例题Thechairlooksratherhard,butinfactitisverycomfortableto.A.sitB.sitonC.beseatD.besaton答案：B.如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于“形容词+动词不定式”结构的末尾。练习：1.Shewentherteacher.A.toseeB.looksC.sawD.seeing（江西省）MeimeilikesEnglishverymuch.ShedoesherbestEnglishwell.A.learnB.learningC.tolearnD.learns（四川省）I'msorrythat.A.hearsB.hearingC.hearD.tohear（河北省）I'msorryyou.A.troubleB.totroubleC.troublingD.troubled（吉林省）Mymotherwasverygladheroldfriend.A.tomeetB.meetC.metD.meets（甘肃省）Thepandaissofatthatitcan'tgothroughthehole.改为意思相同的句子）Thehole suchafatpandatogothrough.广东省）Theiceonthelakewassothinthatpeoplecouldn'tskateonit.改为意思相同的句子）Theiceonthelakewasn'tenoughpeople.广东省）5/1110作定语1.不定式作定语不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如：①ThenexttraintoarriveisfromWashington.②Doyouhaveanythingtobetakentoyoursister?③Doyouhaveanythingtosayonthequestion?④Wouldyoupleasegivemesomepapertowriteon?⑤MywishtovisitFrancehascometrueatlast.不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系：（1）表示将来的动作（例①）。（2）与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例④）。（3）与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍用主动语态（例③）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例②）。（4）不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例①toarrive=thatwillarrive。练习：1.Wouldyoulikesomething?A.drinkB.drinkingC.todrinkD.drinks（湖北省）Ihavealotofhomework.A.doB.doingC.didD.todo（河南省）Heisnotaneasyman.A.getonB.togetonC.getonwithD.togetonwith（山东省）区别联系1动名词与不定式的区别动名词表达的是：状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的不定式表达的是：目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的2接不定式或动名词，意义相同3在下列情况下，一般要用不定式：①hate,like,love前有would（should）时，如：I'dliketohaveacupofcoffee.②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时，如：Thestudentsarestartingtoworkonthedifficultmathsproblem.③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时，如：Isoonbegantounderstandwhatwashappening.4.advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补足语。如：Ourteachersdon'tpermitour/usswimminginthelake.Ourteachersdon'tpermitustoswiminthelake.4部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。①forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。如：Don'tforgettoposttheletterforme.HaveyouforgottenmeetingherinBeijingAirport?Remembertoclosethewindowsbeforeyouleave.Irememberwritinghimaletterayearago.Weregrettotellyouthatallofyouarenotinvitedtoattendthemeeting.6/11Theyregrettedorderingthesebooksfromabroad.语义不同stoptodo（停止做某事） stopdoing（停止正在做某事）forgettodo（忘记去做某事）forgetdoing（忘记做了某事）remembertodo（记得要去做某事）rememberdoing（记得做过某事）regrettodo（遗憾做某事）regretdoing（遗憾做了某事）5ceasetodoceasedoingtrytodo（努力做某事） trydoing（试着做某事）goontodo（继续去做某事）goondoing（继续做某事）afraidtodo（担心做某事）afraiddoing（担心正在做的事）interestedtodo（对做某事感兴趣）interesteddoing（对正在做的感兴趣）meantodo（打算做某事） meandoing（做某事很有意义）begin/starttodo（开始去做某事）begin/startdoing（开始做某事）Pleasestoparestifyoufeeltired.A.tohaveB.havingC.haveD.has（广西壮族自治区）Whydidn'tyoubuysomebreadonyourwayhome? Sorry,Iforgotsomemoneywithme.A.takeB.takingC.totakeD.took（湖北省）Let'shavearest,shallwe? Notnow,Ican'tstoptheletters.A.writeB.towriteC.writingD.andwrite（湖北省）Jimwasbadlyhurt,sohehadtostop（walk）.（用所给单词的正确形式填空X四川省）基础练习题Don'tforgettheletter.A.tosendB.sendC.sendingD.beingsentThechairlooksveryold,butinfactitisverycomfortableto.A.sitB.sitonC.besatD.besatonIsnecessarytoreturnthebooktomorrow?A.thisB.thatC.itD.whichI'mafraidtheywouldnotallowhimhere.A.tosmokeB.smokingC.smokesD.smokeMothertoldmethewaterbeforeIdrankit.A.boilingB.boiledC.boil D.toboilOnmywayhome,Istoppedsomefood.A.buyB.tobuyC.buyingD.boughtJohnwasmadethecarforaweekasapunishment.A.towashB.washingC.washD.tobewashingThesitting-roomneeds,butit'llhavetowaituntilSaturday.A.becleaningB.tobecleanedC.cleanD.beingcleanedThefirstthingIwanttodois.7/11A.visittohimB.tovisithimC.visitinghimD.visitedhimLiYangadvisedmetoomuch,otherwiseIwouldhavebeendrunk.A.nottodrinkB.todrinkC.notdrinkingD.drinking根据上句意思完成下句，使两句意思相近或相同，每空一词。Hewassoangrythathecouldn'tsayanything.Hewastooangryanything.Idon’tknowwhenwewillhavethemeeting.Idon'tknowwhenthemeeting.Hesaidhewouldwritealetter.Hesaidhewouldhavealetter.ThatyoureadEnglishinthemorningisveryimportant.ItisveryimportantyouEnglishinthemorning.Hewassostrongthathecouldliftthestone.（石头）Hewasstrongthestone.HisfatherwenttoBeijingforhisholiday.HisfatherwenttoBeijinghisholiday.Theygotupearlysothattheycouldgetthereintime.Theygotupearly thereintime.Hisbrotherdecidedthathewouldbuythebook.Hisbrotherdecidedthebook.HehopesthathecanvisittheGreatWall.HehopestheGreatWall.Isawhimgointotheroom.Hewasseenintotheroom..Wemadehimworkfivehoursaday.Hewasmadefivehoursaday..Doyouwanttosayanythingforyourself?Doyouhaveanythingforyourself?.Wedon'tknowwhatweshalldonext.Wedon'tknowwhatnext..I'mverysorryonhearingthebadnews.I'mverysorrythebadnews..Hestoppedandhadalookatme.Hestoppedalookatme..IhelpedhimwithhisEnglish.IhelpedhimEnglish..Myfatherpromised（许诺）thathewouldbuymeabike.Myfatherpromisedmeabike..TheboxissoheavythatIcan'tcarryit.Theboxistooheavyme..“Liedown!”theboysaidtohisdog.Theboyorderedhisdogdown..“Don'tmakeanynoise,“shesaidtome.Shetoldmeanynoise.8/11巩固提高题.Thiscompanywasthefirstportableradiosaswellascassettetaperecordersintheworld.A.producingB.toproduceC.havingproducedD.producedThepurposeofnewtechnologyistomakelifeeasier,itmoredifficult.A.notmakingB.notmakeC.nottomakeD.nortomakeHelenhadtoshoutabovethesoundofthemusic.A.makingherselfhearB.tomakeherselfhearC.makingherselfheardD.tomakeherselfheardIdon,tknowwhetheryouhappen,butIamgoingtostudyintheU.S.AthisSeptember.A.tobeheard.B.tobebearingC.tohearD.tohaveheardThenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,onlythefilmstarshadleft.A.totellB.tobetoldC.tellingD.toldYouweresillynotyourcar.A.tolockB.tohavelockedC.lockingD.havinglockedTheteacheraskedussomuchnoise.A.don,tmakeB.notmakeC.notmakingD.nottomakeAnarmyspokesmanstressedthatallthesoldiershadbeenorderedclearwarningsbeforefiringanyshots.A.toissueB.beingissuedC.tohaveissuedD.tobeissuedI’dratherhavearoomofmyown,howeversmallitis,thanaroomwithsomeoneelse.A.toshareB.tohavesharedC.shareD.sharingThebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaperinbroaddaylightyesterday.A.robbedB.tohavebeenrobbedC.beingrobbedD.havingbeenrobbedAnumberofpaintingsinthecastlearebelievedinafire.A.beingdestroyedB.havingbeendestroyedC.tobedestroyedD.tohavebeendestroyedThemeetingnextweekissuretobeagreatsuccess.A.totakeplaceB.tobetakenplaceC.tohavetakenplaceD.beingtakenplaceAsaresultofmylaziness,Ifailedmyworkintime.A.andfinishedB.tofinishC.andfinishingD.tofinishedIamsorrywrittenyoualetteratthetime.A.tohavenotB.tonothaveC.nottohaveD.nothavingWillyoulendhimamagazine?A.tobereadB.forreadingC.toreadD.hereadHecoulddonothingbutforthebus.A.wait,tocomeB.wait;comeC.waiting;comingD.waited;came.Itisaproblemthatdoesn'tneedrightnow.A.tosolveB.solvingC.beingsolvedD.tobesolvingThere,samanatthereceptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeanstrouble.A.makingB.tomakeC.tohavemadeD.havingmadeIrememberhimthebikeneeded.A.hearing,saying,torepairB.tohear,say,torepair9/11

C.hearing,say,repairingD.tohear,saying,toberepaired---Youshouldhavethankedherbeforeyouleft.---1meant,butwhenIwasleavingIcouldn,tfindheranywhere.A.todoB.toC.doingD.doingsoRobertissaidtoabroad,butIdon,tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.A.tohavestudiedB.tostudyB.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudyingI,mgongtoXi,annextweek.Haveyouanythingtoyourparents?A.totakeB.tobetakenC.tobeboughttoD.tobuywhenaretheyintheirplan?A.handB.handedC.tohandD.giveInsuchdryweather,theflowerswillhavetobewateredifthey.A.havesurvivedB.aretosurviveC.wouldsurvivedD.willsurviveWhenwehurriedtothestation,therehappenednobusatthattime.A.tohaveB.tobeC.havingD.beingIlostmywayincompletedarknessand,mattersworse,itbegantorain.A.madeB.havingmadeC.makingD.tomakeAttimedoesthesalesgirlgetuplateinthemorning,thoughsheisalwaystoobusyagoodrest.A.no,totakeB.no,takingC.any,totakeD.one,taking--Areyouastudent?--No,butIused.A.tobeB.towasC.todoD.tobeaIstoppedtolisten,andmysonseemedhimselfinthelivingroom.A.toenjoy,toshutB.tobeenjoying,shuttingC.tobeenjoying,shutD.tohaveenjoyed,havingshutWithalotofdifficultproblems,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.A.settledB.settlingC.tosettleD.beingsettled阅读理解“Mydearlady,”saysHolmes.“You,reshivering.Areyouold?Doyouwantacupofhottea?"[“I'mnotcold,"thewomanreplies,“Ifearformylife!”“Weareheretohelpyou.Don,tworryaboutanything.Idon,tknowyou.ButIkno