词汇学期末考试重点

词汇学期末考试重点整理第十单元ThefeaturesofdictionaryLongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish（LDCE）朗文当代英语词典<1>cleargrammarcodes<2>usagenotes<3>languagenotesCollinsCOBUILDEnglishLanguageDictionary（CCELD）科林斯合作英语词典<1>Definition（定义）,thedefinitionsinthisdictionaryareallinfullsentences.<2>Extracolumn（额夕卜专栏）,theuseofextracolumntodealwithgrammarinformation.<3>Usageexamples（用法举例）,inthisdictionary,almosteverymeaningofawordhasanexampletoshowitsmeaningandusage,mostinsentenceform.Chinese-EnglishDictionary（CED）汉英词典<1>Alargenumberofnewlycreatedwords<2>Revisedsomeoldentries<3>Keepsthepreviousalphabeticalorderofentries<4>BoastsofthequalityoftheEnglishequivalentsitprovidesforitsChineseitems第九单元1WhatarethecharacteristicsofIdioms?.Semanticunity（语义的整体性）：beingphrasesorsentences,idiomseachconsistsofmorathanoneword,buteachisasemanticunity.例子Beeinone'sbonnet杷入3F3E，knowtheropes内行.Structuralstability（结构的稳定性）:Unlikefreephrases,thestructureofanidiomistoalargeextentunchangeable.First,theconstituentsofidiomscannotbereplaced.Secondly,thewordordercannotbeinvertedorchanged.Thirdly,theconstituentsofanidiomcannotbedeletedoraddedto,notevenanarticle.Finally,manyidiomsaregrammaticallyunanalysable.例子Diamondcutdiamond,势均力敌，likecureslike以毒攻毒2Useofidioms<1>whichareidioms<2>understandthemcorrectlyinactualcontext<3>usethemproperlyinproduction3一堆修辞Figuresofspeech<1>Alliteration（押头韵）<2>Rhyme（押尾韵）<3>Reiteration（duplicationofsynonyms）同义词重叠<4>Repetition重复<5>Juxtaposition（ofantonyms）并歹k6>Simile（明喻）<7>Metaphor隐喻<8>Metonymy转喻<9>Synecdoche提喻<10>Personification^A<11>Euphemism委婉4VariationsofIdiom变形变体（Replacement替换Additionordeletion增减词Positionshifting位置互换Shortening缩减Dismembering支解）第八单元1Theroleofcontext<1>Eliminationofambiguity消除歧义polysemy多义词Heisahardbusinessman[heisahardworkingbusinessmanorheisahardbusinessmantodealwith]Johnrantheegg-and-spoonrace.[wehavenowaytodeterminewhetherJohnuparticipated,,intheraceoruorganized"theraceasthewordruncanmeanboth.]Johnrantheegg-and-spoonraceandgotsecondplace.[Johntookpartintheracepersonallybecausehegotsecondplace.]Homonymy同型同音异义Theysawherduck.[duck-n.'*akindofpoultry"orasaverbmeaning"lowerone'sheadorbodyquickly,dodge卷地低下头（或弯腰），躲避）.Bothfitinthesyntacticstructureofthesentence.]Theballwasattractive.[ballmaymeana“aroundobjecttoplayinagame"aswellasa"dancingparty".]Thefishisreadytoeat[thefishiscookedorserved,soreadyforpeopletoeat.orthefishisreadytoeatthings.]Ilikemarybetterthanjean[ilikemarybetterthanilikejean.orilikemarybetterjeanlikesmary.]<2>lndicationofreferents限定所指<3>Provisionofcluesforinferenceofwordmeaning提供线索[P157]2如何为理据提供线索Definition下定义Explanation解释Exemplification例证Synonymy同义Antonymy反义词Hyponymy上下关系Relevantdetails相关细节Wordstructure课后题[P160，3]第七单元1TypesofChangesextension词义的扩大,narrowing词义的缩小,degradation降格,elevation升华,andtransfer转移.2CausesofChangesLinguisticFactors（语言因素）andExtra-linguisticFactors（非语言因素）第六单元TwoApproachestoPolysemy一词多义Diachronic（历时的）Synchronically（共时地）TwoProcessesofDevelopmentRadiation（辐射型）Concatenation（连锁型）3TypesofHomonymsperfecthomonyms,homographs拼写|司andhomophoneselnJHomophonesconstitutethelargestnumberandaremostcommon40riginsofHomonyms<1>Changeinsoundandspellinglonganotshort,fromlang,longtowantverymuch,fromlangian<2>borrowingfairamarket.Borrowedfromferia.fairpretty,fromf?ger<3>shorteningadshortenedfromadvertisementaddtocauseanincreaseTrytopointoutthemainsourcesofsynonyms（同义词）..Borrowing.Themostimportantsourceisperhapsborrowing..DialectsandregionalEnglish..Figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords..Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions.What'sthefundamentaldifferencebetweentheprocessesofradiation（辐射型）andconcatenation（连锁型）?Illustrateyourpoint.答:Radiationdescribesaprocesswhereeachofthederivedmeaningisdirectlyconnectedtotheprimarymeaning,concatenationdescribsaprocesswhereeachofthelatermeaningisrelatedonlytotheprecedingonelikechains.Butthetwoarecloselyrelated,beingdifferentstagesofthedevelopmentleadingtopolysemy.Generally,radiationprecedesconcatenation.Inmanycases,thetwoprocessesworktogether,complementingeachother.TrytoillustratethethreemajortypesofAntonymswithexamples.答：1）.Contradictoryterms（矛盾反义词）.Theseantonymstrulyrepresentoppositenessofmeaning.Theyaresoopposedtoeachotherthattheyaremutuallyexclusiveandadmitnopossibilitybetweenthem.Theassertionofoneisthedenialoftheother.Inotherwords,ifoneofthepairistrue,thentheothercannotbe.Forexample:deadandalive;boyandgirl;presentandabsent.Anothercharacterofthiscategoryisthatsuchantonymsarenon-gradable..Contraryterms（对立反义词）.Antonymsofthistypearebestviewedintermsofascalerunningbetweentwopolesorextremes.Antonymssuchas:richandpoor;oldandyoung;bigandsmallrepresesnttwopointsatbothendsofthepole.Thetwooppositesaregradableandoneexistsincomparisonwiththeother..Relativeterms（关系反义词）.Thisthirdtypeconsistsofrelationaloppositessuchas:parentandchild;husbandandwife;employerandemployee.Thepairsofwordsindicatesuchareciprocalsocialrelationshipthatoneofthemcannotbeusedwithoutsuggestingtheother.8What'spolysemy?Polysemy（多义关系）isacommonfeaturepeculiartoallnaturalLanguages.Howdoyouunderstanderthestatementthat"truesynonymyisnon-existent.Synonymscanbeclassifiedintoabsolutesynonyms（绝对同义词）andrelativesynonyms（相对同义词）theyareconfinedtotechnicaltermslikewordformation-wordbuildingbuteventechnicaltermslikethesemightstillhavesomeslightdifference,forinstance,onetermmatbemoreusedthantheotheroronetermispreferableinsomesituation.Thatiswhywesay"truesynonymyisnon-existent.homonymy（同形同音异义关系）:Homonymsaregenerallydefinedaswordsdifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspelling.amenchangeshishabits,altershisconduct,andvarieshismannerofspeaking.Ididnotcomprehendhisarguments,althoughiunderstoodthelanguage,andallthesentences.[p111108两个图]Themostimportantsourceofsynonymsisperhapsborrowing.TheuseofantonymsDefiningthemeaningsofthewordsandexpresseconomicallytheoppositeofaparticularthought.第五单元Reference（所指关系）istherelationshipbetweenLanguageandtheworld.concept（概念）:Concept,whichisbeyondLanguage,istheresultofhumancognition,reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.It'suniversaltoallmenalikeregardlessofculture,race,Languageandsoon.sense（语义）:SensedenotestherelationshipinsidetheLanguage.ThesenseofanexpressionisitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsintheLanguage.motivation（理据）:Motivationaccountsfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.第四单元1.Affixation,derivation（词缀法）：[prefixation前缀法suffixation后缀法]pounding（合成法）3conversion（传换法）4blending（拼缀法）5clipping（截短法）6acronymy（首字母拼音法）：7initialisms（首字母缩略词）8acronyms（音字母拼音词）^back-formation（逆生法）课后题1.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenrootandstem?答：①Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalysedwithouttotallossofidentity.Therootwhetherfreeorboundgenerallycarriesthemaincomponentofmeaninginaword.②Astemmayconsistofasinglerootmorphemeasin"irorToroftworootmorphemesasinacompoundlike"handcuff.Itcanbearootmorphemeplusoneormoreaffixationalmorphemesasin"mouthful”.Therefore,astemcanbedefinedasaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcabbeadded.第二单元1ModeofvocabularydevelopmentModernEnglishvocabularydevelopsthroughthreechannels:creation,semanticchange,borrowingCRATION:Creationreferstotheformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials,namelyrootsaffixesandotherelementsSemanticchangemeansanoldformwhichtakesonanewmeaningtomeetthenewneed.Wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknownasborrowing.2词的发展1,OdEnglish[450-1150]MiddleEnglish[1150-1500]ModernEnglis[1500-uptonow]第一单元—、BASICCONCEPTSOFWORDANDVOCABULARY1、thedefinitionofawordcomprises:A,aminimalfreeformofalanguageB,asoundunityC,aunitofmeaningD,aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence2,classificationofword词的分类:wordsmayfallsintothebasicwordstockandnonbasicvocabularybyusefrequency,intocontentwordsandfunctionalwordsbynotion,andintonativewordsandborrowedwordsbyorigin3,BASICWORDSTOCK的特点A,allnationalcharacterB,