第七讲;倒装,语篇

英语语法EnglishGrammar2016TasksforTodayPostponement,FrontingandInversion(后置，前置，倒装)Sentence:aninformationunit.句子：传递信息的单位Howtoimproveyourreadingspeed?Mr.Smithisafriendofmyfather’s.

旧信息新信息新信息关键部分通常出现在句尾，又称信息焦点（informationFocus),句尾焦点(endfocus)正常语序：主语+谓语旧信息+新信息(given

information+newinformation)试观察：Whichsentenceisbetter?a.Hesmokes.b.Hesmokesacigarette.a.Herested.b.Hetookarest.a.Theypushedthecar.b.Theygavethecarapush.主语：通常较短，简单谓语：信息传递的重点，通常较长，复杂。Tips句尾重心endweight，结构匀称，避免头大尾小1.Postponement:后置将说话人认为重要的信息放于句尾Whichanswerisbetter?Whatdidhegiveyou?1)Hegavemeabook.2)Hegaveabooktome.practice:combineeachsetofsentencesintoonesentence.Thecross-examinationwasexpertlyhandled.Itlastedonlyhalfanhour.Howlongdidthecross-examinationlast?Howwasthecross-examinationhandled?Seekeysonpage448.Finish3,6inExercise39Aonpage449Keys3.a)Whentheirhousewasransackedbyajuvenilegang,themayorandhiswifewereattendingaconference…/Themayorandhiswife,whosehousewasransackedbyajuvenilegang,wereattendingaconference…b)Whenthemayorandhiswifewereattending…,theirhousewasransackedbyajuvenilegang.6.a)Provided(that)theycanovercomeseriousproblemslikecrimeandpollution,citieslikeNewYorkandDetroitcansurvive.b)CitieslikeNewYorkandDetroitcansurviveiftheycanovercomeseriousproblemslikecrimeandpollution.2.Frontingandinversion前置与倒装1）Frontingwithoutinversion不引起倒装的前置通常为宾语，主补，宾补Ahorriblemessyou’vemadeofit.Verystrangeitseemed.Reason(P450)Fortextualcoherence上下文紧密衔接Foracontrastivemeaningandtoensurebalanceinsentencestructure.意义对比和结构的匀称2）Frontingwithinversion引起倒装的前置试观察，并总结规律：a.)Happyindeedarethosewhoreceivemarvelousnewsafteralongsilence.主补前置时，若主语较长或结构复杂，则倒装b)IlostafortuneatRoyalAscot.NotasinglewinnerdidIbackthewholemeeting.前置宾语为Nota+名词或notasingle+名词构成，则倒装c）Thedoorburstopenandinrushedthecrowd.句首状语为方位词，拟声词，谓语动词为go,come,表位置转移的动态动词，全倒装但：主语是代词不必倒装:Lowerandlowerhebent.d)Inthischapterwillbefoundapartialanswer.句首状语为表地点的介词词组，全倒装e)NeverhaveIfoundhiminsuchagoodmood.句首状语为否定词，或带

否定意义的词语，局部倒装否定词有？Nolonger,rarely,seldom,nowhere,hardly…f)Onlyyesterdaydidhefindoutthathiswatchwasmissing.Notonlydidhecomplainaboutthefood,healsorefusedtopayforit.句首状语由only+副词，only+介词词组，only+状语分句构成，notony…(butalso)开头的分句，局部倒装g)SosmallwasthemarkthatIcouldhardlyseeit.Soquicklydidtheworkmenfinishtheirworkthattheyweregivenabonus.关联词so…that开头的句子结构，so+形容词是主补前置，全倒装；so+副词，状语前置，局部倒装。h)ManyatimehasMikegivenmegoodadvice.方式状语，频度状语放句首，有时，局部倒装。(p452)主语较长，全倒装方式状语前置，也可不倒装。Exercise39BFromsentencetoText

（Chapter40）sentence:thehighestrankofgrammaticalunitandthebasiclinguisticunitconstitutingatextText：Atext,spokenorwritten,isastructurallycohesiveandsemanticallycoherentunitrealizedbyastringofsentencesforcommunicativepurposes.FromsentencetoText（Chapter40）1.Sentencemeaningandcommunicationfunction基于句法结构，句子交际功能为：陈述句statement，疑问句question，祈使句command，感叹句exclamation事实上，同一句子结构，不同上下文语境，交际功能不同：Whatdoesthesentencemean?Hewillreportthistotheauthoritiesconcerned?Whatdoesthesentencemean?Hewillreportthistotheauthoritiesconcerned?Hementionedinpassingthathewill…Itissupposedthathewill…Hewarnedthathewill...Hethreatenedthathewill…Seemoreexamplesonpage4562.correctnessandappropriacy句子结构的正确性和适合性Whatdoesyourbrotherdo?*Heworkinfactory.correctnessWhatisyourbrotherdo??Heworksinafactory.appropriacyWhathappenedtothecrops??Thestormdestroyedthecrops.theplaceofthenewinformation

Text:

结构上

cohesion(粘着性）意义上coherence(连惯性)Textualconnectors语篇纽带1.logicalconnectors逻辑纽带(p458)Logicsequencebetweenclausesorsentences.Thelogicalrelationshipsindicatedbytheseexpressionsincludetimeandspace(时间与空间),enumerationandexemplification（列举与例证）,amplificationandcontrast（引申与转折）,inferenceandsummation（推论与归纳）,causeandeffect（原因与结果）.Eg:Firstly,but,afterwards,accordingly…2.grammaticalconnectors语法纽带(p459)Sometense-aspectcollocations(动词时体形式的搭配),pronounreference（人称照应）andcomparativereference（比较照应）,substitutionandellipse（替代、省略）,andtheuseofparallelconstructions（平行结构）.3.Lexicalconnectors词汇纽带(p462)Repetitionofkeywords,theuseofsynonyms,near-synonymsandantonyms词汇的重复，同义词，反义词的使用Exercise40B(p464)Textbuilding:Sentence句子Sentencegroup语段rItameaningfulunitcomposedofagroupofsentencesorganizedinanorderlysequence.Seeexamplesonpage466.Text语篇Fromsentencegrouptotext:Ascomponentsofatext,sentencegroupsareorganizedinvariousways.Itmustfocusonacentralideawhichiscloselyrelatedto,notdivorcedfromthetopicofthetext.Topicsentencegroupsandsupportingsentencegroup主题句和辅助句Topicsentence:t