2013春季五年制专业外语血液和免疫

Chapter8

BloodandImmunityLiuboDept.ofRheumatologyandImmunologyCJUH常用医学写作

词汇鉴别acute,chronic用于描述症状、病情或疾病的。用于病人、身体部位、治疗或药物治疗的时候不要应用这两个词。例：长期治疗急性肾衰竭慢性肾衰竭long-termtherapyacuterenalfailurechronicrenalfailuredoctor,physicianDoctor比physician更通用，主要是指博士学位，哲学博士、经济管理学博士等。如果特别强调医学博士，应该用physician。内科医生外科医师physician；internist

surgeonDoctor主要是指拥有博士学位，哲学博士、验光博士、骨科博士、牙科博士、教育学博士、神学博士、药学博士、工商管理学博士等。Ph.D.DoctorofPhilosophy哲学博士，DOdoctorofoptometry验光博士、doctorofosteopathy骨疗法博士,骨科博士，DDSdoctorofdentalscience牙科学博士，EdDdoctorofeducation教育学博士，DDdoctorofdivinity神学博士,DPHDoctorofPharmacy药学博士doctorofpublichealth公共卫生学博士，DBADoctorofBusinessAdministration工商管理学博士。doctor,physicianDose,dosageDosage：theamountofadose[正式]剂量，服用量，Dosage指服法：个别剂量的调整，表述一段时间的用量。Dose：ameasuredamount(ofamedicine)givenortobetakenatonetime一次服用量，一剂、一服。一次给药量或给药的总量。如：Thepatientreceivedaninitialdose（起始量）of50mgandthereafteradosage（每次用量）of2.5mgthreetimesadayfor6days,oruntilhehadreceivedatotaldose（总量）of500mgoverthecourseoftreatment.

adosageofonetabletthreetimesadayforsevendaysFever,temperatureFeverisaconditioninwhichbodytemperaturerisesabovenormal.Itisnotinformativetosaythatapersonhasatemperature.Everyonehasatemperature,eithernormalorabnormal.Apatientmayhaveafeverof39.5℃.Correct:Apatientmayhaveatemperatureof39.5℃.Shehasaveryhighfever.Negative,positive,normal,abnormalExaminationandlaboratorytestsarenotnegative,positive,normalorabnormalinthemselves.Thesewordsonlyapplytoobservations,resultsorfindings.Thethroatculturewasnegative.Correct:Thethroatculturewasnegativeforβ-hemolyticstreptococci.thephysicalexaminationwasnormal.Correct:Theresultsofthephysicalexaminationwerenormal.Theelectrocardiogramwaspositive.Correct:Theelectrocardiogramshowedabnormalitiesinthealphawaveactivity.Patient,Case,SubjectApatientreferstoaparticularpersonundermedicalcare,whoisadmittedfortreatment,examined,givenmedicationanddischarged.Acasemeansaparticularinstanceofadisease,whichisevaluated,documentedorreported.Aresearchsubjectisonewithaparticularcharacteristicorbehaviorexaminedinascientificinvestigation,whichisrecruited,selected,sometimessubjectedtoexperimentalconditions,observed,andthanked.

treatment,therapy

Treatmentisthemostgeneralterminthissense.Therapyreferstoamoreconcretetreatmentsuchaschemotherapy,radiotherapyandphysiotherapy.Therapy（尤指不使用药物或不做手术的）疗法。如心理疗法psychotherapy、放疗radiotherapy、群体治疗grouptherapy、理疗physiotherapyTreatment

治疗、医疗、疗程。Treatmentforcancer,headache阅读翻译的要求：信、达、雅（语出严复《天演论》）翻译作品内容忠实于原文谓信文辞畅达谓达有文采谓雅Bloodiscomposedofcells,orformedelements,suspendedinaclear,straw-coloredfluidcalledplasma.Thecellsincludeerythrocytes,leukocytes,andplateletsorthrombocyets(clottingcells),pose,consistof,comprise,constitutecompose在表示“由……材料构成”时，见于被动语态；在用于主动语态时，一般它所表示的“构成”或“组成”总包含着融合为一，而且主语或者是复数名词或者是集体名词。Concreteiscomposedofcement,sandandgravelmixedwithwater.混凝土由水泥、砂、石子与水掺和而构成。England,ScotlandandWalescomposetheislandofGreatBritain.英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士构成大不列颠岛。consistof

的含义与被动语态的compose相同Thoughthecostumeconsistsonlyofasheet,itwasveryeffective.虽然那件化装服装仅由一条床单组成，但效果很好。compose,consistof,comprise,constitutecomprise

在表示“构成”时，其内涵是“包括”或“覆盖”Thesehousesdonotcompriseallhisproperty.这些房产并没有构成他的全部财产。Thecommitteecomprisesmenofwidelydifferentviews.这个委员会由见解甚为悬殊的人组成。constitute

的主语可以是复数名词也可以是单数名词，所“构成”的事物在属性和特征上，亦或在组织上，与组成成分是一致的Thisgrowingpovertyinthemidstofgrowingpovertyconstitutesapermanentmenacetopeace.在这种不断增长的贫困中正在增长着的贫困，构成了对和平的永久的威胁。Sevendaysconstituteaweek.七天构成一个星期。include,included,including，excludeInclude动词，包括、包含Included形容词，包括在内（用于名词后面）allofus,meincludedIncluding介词，（其中）包括sixpeople,includingthreewomen;allofus,includingmeExclude反义词构词法n+n+-edstraw-colored,disk-shaped,chicken-heartedadj+n+-edbad-tempered,warm-heartedTheremaining55percentofbloodisplasma.90%ofplasmaiswater.Theremaining10%containsnutrients,electrolytes(dissolvedsalts),gases,albumin(aprotein),clottingfactors,antibodies,wastes,enzymes,andhormones.ThepHoftheplasmaissteadyatabout7.4.album/o白蛋白albumin,albuminuria构词法英语词根词缀构词法——医学英语中重要的构词法Prefix，Suffixab-,abs-加在词根前，表示“相反，变坏，离去”等

abnormal反常的（ab+normal正常的）

-less表形容词,""无…的,不…的”" spineless 没有骨气的（spine脊骨）Oxygenfromthelungsandnutrientsfromthedigestivetractareabsorbedintobloodfortransporttothetissues.Atthesametime,carbondioxideandotherwasteproductsofcellularmetabolismareabsorbedfromthetissuesfortransporttotheorgansofelimination.Thebloodalsotransportshormonesfromendocrineglandstotheirtargetorgans.nutrient,nutriment,nourishmentEndo-endogenous,内生的、内长的-crine分泌，endocrine,paracrineErythrocytes.Themajorfunctionsoferythrocytesaretocarryoxygenfromthelungstothetissues,andtocarrycarbondioxidefromthetissuestothelungs.Thisoxygenisboundtohemoglobin,whichconsistsofaniron-containingpigmentcalledhemeandaproteinpartcalledglobi.-globin

红蛋白hemoglobin,myoglobinerythe-红，红色erythromycin红霉素bound,bind,beboundto,boundinBind捆绑、装订、结合Bounda.很有可能的、肯定的、负有义务的，有责任受……约束的BeboundtoV.[书]（用……）装订好的，Bound有封面的（in），aBibleboundinleather一部皮面的《圣经》Hemoglobinhasahighaffinityforoxygen,enablingerythrocytestocarrylargeamountsofoxygenthroughtheblood.Hemoglobingiveserythrocytestheirredcolor.Erythrocytearesmall,disk-shapedcellswithnonucleus.Thisshapemaximizesthesurfaceareaavailableforabsorptionofoxygenandcarbondioxide.Hemo-血

hemorrhage出血hemodialysis血液透析affinityfor/to/between;high/great/strongaffinityTheerythrocyteconcentrationofabout5millionpercubicmillimeterofbloodmakesthembyfarthemostnumerousofthebloodcells.Thehemoglobinthattheycarryaverages15gper100mlofblood.Erythrocytesoriginateinthebonemarrow,andtheirproductionisstimulatedbyahormonecallederythropoietin,whichissecretedbythekidney.Erythrocytesliveforabout120daysinthecirculatingbloodstream.arise,originate,result这些动词均有“起源，源自”之意。arise

多与from连用，侧重指从无到有的产生，表一种因果关系。originate

强调产生变化的起源。result

侧重变化的最终结果。alive,livingalive主要用作表语(有时可用作后置定语，但不用作前置定语)，可用于人或动物。如：Hemustbestillalive.他一定还活着。He’sthehappiestmanalive.他是世上最幸福的人。living可用作表语或定语，可用于人或物。如：Areyourgrandparentsstillliving?你的祖父母还健在吗?alive和living表示“活着的”，两者含义很接近，只要句法适合，有时可互换LeukocytesLeukocytesaremainlyresponsibleforprotectingthebodyfrombacteriaandotherpotentialharmfulforeignsubstances.Leukocytesshowveryprominentnucleiwhenstained.Theytotalabout5,000to10,000percubicmillimeter,buttheirnumbermayincreaseduringinfection.leuk/o白leukocyteResponsiblefor在科技英语中十分常见，翻译的时候应注意加以引申。主要功能是……译作“引起”、“是引起……的原因”这时的beresponsiblefor相当于bringabout的意思。

Thereareprobablyseveralfactorsresponsibleforwaterandsaltretentionandascitesinhepaticdisease.

译作“由于……才……”在这类句中，responsiblefor往往作表语，介词for后面的宾语一般是动作意义的名词。

Theweatherwasresponsiblefortheplane'sdelay.

Therearefivedifferenttypesofleukocytes:threetypesofgranulocytes(eosinophil,basophil,andneutrophil)andtwotypesofagranulocytes(monocyteandlymphocyte).Fortheclassificationofthecells,pleaseturntoFigure8-1.granul/o，粒granulocyteagranulocyteeosin/o伊红eosinophilbas/o碱basophil,basophilia,basophilismneutr/o中性neutrophilmono-单monocyte-phil

嗜basophil,neutrophilGranulocytesarecharacterizedbythepresenceofvisibleparticle(granules)intheircytoplasmandbytheirmulti-lobednuclei.Becauseoftheiroddlyshapednuclei,granulocytesaresometimescallspolymorphonuclearleukocytes(PMN).Thethreetypesofgranulocytesarenamedforthetypesofdyetheytakeupinlaboratorytests.Eosinophils

takeuparedacidicdyecalledeosin;theirmainfunctionistodetoxifyforeignproteins,especiallythosecausingallergicreactions.Basophilstakeupalkalinedyes;theirmainfunctionistoreleasehistamines(chemicalsthatinitiateinflammation)andheparin(ananti-clottingchemical)atsitesofinjury.Neutrophilstakeupbothacidicandalkalinedyes;theyarephagocyticcells,responsibleforingestinganddestroyingbacteriaandotherforeignparticles.Unlikegranulocytes,agranulocytesdonotcontaingranulesintheircytoplasm,nordotheyhavemulti-lobednuclei.Agranulocytesarecharacterizedbythepresenceofasinglelargenucleus.Thetwotypesofagranulocytesaremonocytesandlymphocytes.Likeneutrophils,monocytesarephagocyticcells.Infact,manymonocytestraveltothetissuesandelargerphagocyticcellscalledmacrophages.Lymphocytes,ontheotherhand,matureinthelymphnodesandcirculateinboththebloodandlymphaticsystems.Theyplayanimportantroleintheimmuneresponse.Leukocytesprotectusagainstforeignsubstances.Someengulfforeignmaterialbytheprocessofphagocytosis;othersfunctionaspartoftheimmunesystem.Indiagnosisitisimportanttoknownotonlythetotalnumberofleukocytesbutalsotherelativenumberofeachtype.Themostnumerousleukocytesareneutrophils,alsocalledpolymorphsbecauseoftheirvarious-shapednuclei.Platelets.Thebloodplatelets,alsocalledthrombocytes,areactuallycellfragmentsratherthancompletecells.Plateletsareformedinthebonemarrowfromgiantmultinucleatedcellscalledmegakaryocytes.Tinyfragmentsofthemagakaryocytebreakofffromthecelltoformplates.Plateletsareimportantinthepreventionofbloodloss,aprocesstermedhemostasis.kary/o核megakaryocytes，karyoplasmmega-巨大megakaryotesThemainfunctionofplateletsistoinitiatebloodclottingatsitesofvascularinjury,preventingbloodloss.Whenavesselisinjured,plateletssticktogethertoformaplugatthesiteofinjury.Substancesreleasedfromtheplateletsandfromthedamagedtissuetheninteractwithclottingfactorsintheplasmatoproduceawound-sealingclot.Clottingfactorsareinaninactiveformintheblooduntilaninjuryoccurs.Toprotectagainstunwantedclotformation,13differentfactorsmustinteractbeforebloodcoagulates(clots).Thefinalreactionistheconversionoffibrinogentothreadsoffibrinthattrapbloodcellsandplasmatoproducetheclot.coagul/o凝血coagulation,coagulopathyPlasmaPlasmaistheliquidpartofthebloodandconsistsofwater,dissolvedproteins,sugar,salts,hormones,andothersubstances.Thefourmajorplasmaproteinsarealbumin,globulin,fibrinogen,andprothrombin.Albuminmaintainstheproperwatercontentoftheblood.Albumincannotpasseasilythroughcapillarywalls,andsoitremainsinthebloodandcarriessmallermoleculesboundtoitssurface.Itattractswaterfromthetissuebackintothebloodstream.Theglobulincontainsantibodies,which,aspartofthebody’simmunesystem,destroyforeignsubstancescalledantigens.Immunoglobulinsareaspecifictypeofgammaglobulin,akindofthethreeglobulinsinplasma(alpha,beta,andgamma),whicharecapableofactingasantibodies.TheImmuneSystemTheimmunesystemprovidesthebody’sspecialdefenseresponseagainstforeignorganisms.Thissystemincludesthelymphoidorgans(lymphnodes,spleen,andthymusgland)andtheirproducts(lymphocytesandantibodies)andmacrophages(phagocytesthatarefoundintheblood,liver,brain,lymphnodes,spleen,andotherorgans).Whenbacteriaenterthebody,phagocytessuchasneutrophilsmigratetothesiteofinfectionandingestthebacteria.Theyreleaseproteinsthatattractotherimmunecellsandcauselocalheatandinflammation.Macrophagesfromlocaltissueandfromthebloodstreammovetoclearawaythedeadcellsanddebrisastheinfectionsubsides.Whenbacteriaorvirusesenterthebodyinsufficientnumberstoethesephagocyticcellsatthesiteoflocalinfection,thenextlineofdefenseconsistsoflymphocytes.Therearetwotypesoflymphocytesthatcirculateinthelymphaticsystemandtheblood.Onetype,theTcells(Tlymphocytes),matureinthethymusgland.Theyarecapableofattackingaforeigncelldirectly,producingcell-mediatedimmunity.TheotheristheBcells(Blymphocytes),whichmatureinlymphoidtissue.Whentheymeetaforeignantigen,theymultiplyrapidlyandproduceantibodiesthatinactivatetheantigen.Antibodiesremainintheblood,oftenprovidinglong-termimmunitytothespecificorganismagainstwhichtheywereformed.Antibody-basedimmunityisreferredtoashumoralimmunity.IfanantigenencountersaTcell,theTcellcanmultiplyrapidly.TheseactivatedTcellsengulfanddigesttheantigen,suchasacancercell,virus,fungus,orbacterium.Tcellsalsoreacttoforeigntissues,suchasskingraftsandtransplantedorgans.SomeTcells(T8cells)arecytotoxicorkillercells;theyactdirectlyoncellsbearingantigen(tumorcellsandtissuetransplantedfromanorgandonor).OtherTcellsproducechemicalscalledlymphokines(suchasinterferonsandinterleukins)thathaveatoxiceffectuponcellsorbacteria.Interferonsinhibittheabilityofvirusestoinfectuninfectedcellsandstimulatemacrophagestoingestbacteria.InterleukinsactivateTcellsandarecytotoxicforsometumorcells.ThereisanotherspecificclassofTcells,calledhelpercellsorT4cells,whichcanstimulateantibodyproduction.Othersregulatetheamountofantibodiesproduced,actingassuppressorcellsthatinhibittheactivityofBcelllymphocytes.DiseaseoftheBloodandImmunityInthispassageyouwilllearn:MajordisordersofbloodMajordisordersofimmunity,especiallyAIDSAssociatedmedicaltermsAnemiaAnemiaisdefinedasadecreaseintheamountofhemoglobinintheblood.Itmayresultfromtoofewredbloodcells,cellsthataretoosmall,ortoolittlehemoglobininthecells.KeytestsindiagnosinanemiaareMCV(meancorpuscularvolume)andMCHC(meancorpuscularhemoglobinconcentration).Countsofreticulocytesarealsoimportant.Thegeneralsymptomsincludefatigue,shortnessofbreath,heartpalpitation,pallor,andirritability.reticul/o

网状reticulocyteThemostcommontypeofanemiaisiron-deficiencyanemiacausedbyalackofiron,whichisrequiredforhemoglobinproduction.Othertypesofanemiaincludeaplasticanemia,hemolyticanemia,perniciousanemia,sicklecellanemia,thalassemia.Aplasticanemiaresultsfromdestructionofthebonemarrowandaffectsallbloodcells(pancytopenia).Itmaybecausedbydrugs,toxins,viruses,radiation,orbonemarrowcancer,butthecauseofmostcasesofaplasticanemiaisoftenunknown(idiopathic).Pancytopeniaoccursasstemcellsfailtoproduceleukocytes,platelets,anderythrocytes.pan-全pancytopenia-penia减少pancytopenia，leukopeniaidi/o

自发、特发idiopathic，idiopathycase,patient,subjectHemolyticanemiaiscausedbyreductioninredbloodcellsduetoexcessivedestruction.Oneexampleofhemolyticanemiaiscongenitalspherocyticanemia(alsocalledhereditaryspherocytosis).Thespheroidalshapemakestheredbloodcellsveryfragileandeasilydestroyed(hemolysis),leadingtoanemia.-lysis

溶，hemolysisTheexcessivehemolysisleadstojaundicebecauseofaccumulationofbilirubininthecirculatingbloodstream.Insomecases,hemolyticanemiaisduetoproductionofautoimmuneantibodiesthatdestroytheredbloodcells.Perniciousanemiaisakindofnutritionalanemiaresultingfromthelackofasubstance,intrinsicfactor,producedinthestomach,whichaidsintheabsorptionofvitaminB12fromtheintestine.VitaminB12isnecessaryfortheproperdevelopmentandmaturationofredbloodcells.nutr/i营养nutrient,nutritional,nutriologyIndividualswithperniciousanemialackintrinsicfactorintheirgastricjuice,andtheresultisunsuccessfulmaturationofredbloodcells,withanexcessoflarge,immature,andpoorlyfunctioningcells(megaloblasts)inthecirculation.Sicklecellanemiaisahereditaryconditionwhichischaracterizedbyabnormalshapeoferythrocytesandbyhemolysis.Thesickleshapeoftheredbloodcellsiscausedbyanabnormaltypeofhemoglobin(hemoglobinS)intheredbloodcells.Thedistorted,fragileerythrocytesclumptogetherandblockbloodvessels,leadingtothrombosisandinfarction(deadtissue).Symptomsincludearthralgias,acuteattacksofabdominalpain,andulcerationoftheextremities.Thegeneticdefect(presenceofthehemoglobinSgene)isfoundpredominantlyinblacksandappearswithdifferentdegreesofseveritydependingonthepresenceofoneortwoinheritedgenesforthetrait.arthr-arthro-的变体arthritis，arthrosis

Thalassemiaisalsoaninheriteddefectintheabilitytoproducehemoglobin,usuallyappearinginMediterraneanpopulations.Itaffectstheproductionofhemoglobinandisdesignatedasαorβaccordingtothepartofthemoleculeaffected.SevereβthalassemiaisalsocalledCooley’sanemia.Themostcommoncauseofcoagulationproblemsisadeficiencyinthenumberofcirculatingplatelets,aconditiontermedthrombocytopenia.Possiblecausesincludeaplasticanemia,infection,cancerofthebonemarrow,oragentsthatdestroybonemarrow,suchasX-raysorcertaindrugs.coagul/o

凝血coagulopathythrombocyt/o

血小板thrombocytopeniaCoagulationDisorders.Thisdisorderresultsinbleedingintotheskinandmucousmembranes,variouslydescribedaspetechiae,ecchymosis,andpurpura.Indisseminatedintravascularcoagulation(DIC),thereiswidespreadclottinginthevesselsthatobstructscirculationtothetissues.Thisisfollowedbydiffusehemorrhagesasclottingfactorsareremovedandthecoagulationprocessisimpaired.DICmaybecausedbyinfection,cancer,hemorrhage,orallergy.Hemophiliaisahemorrhagicdiathesisoccurringintwomainforms:1)hemophiliaA(classichemophilia,factorVIIIdeficiency),andX-linkeddisorderduetodeficiencyofcoagulationfactorVIII;and2)hemophiliaB(factorIXdeficiency),alsoX-linked,duetodeficiencyofcoagulationfactorIX.Thisdiseaseischaracterizedbysubcutaneousandintramuscularhemorrhages;bleedingfromthemouth,gums,lips,andtongue;hematuria;andhemarthrosis.Neoplasms.Leukemiaisacancerousdiseaseofthebonemarrowwithmalignantleukocytesfillingthemarrowandbloodstream.Thereareseveraltypesofleukemia,dependingontheparticularleukocytesinvolved.Leukemiamayexistinchronicoracuteform.Inacutemyelogenous(myelocytic)leukemia(AML),immaturegranulocytes(myeloblasts)predominate.Plateletsanderythrocytesarediminishedbecauseofinfiltrationandreplacementofthebonemarrowbylargenumbersofmyeloblasts.Inacutelymphocyticleukemia(ALL),immaturelymphocytes(lymphoblasts)predominate.Thisformisseenmostofteninchildrenandadolescents;onsetissudden.Inchronicmyelogenous(myelocytic)leukemia(CML),bothmatureandimmaturegranulocytesarepresentinthemarrowandbloodstream.Thisisaslowlyprogressiveillnessinwhichpatientsmayliveformanyyearswithoutencounteringlife-threateningproblems.Inchroniclymphocyticleukemia(CLL),abnormalnumbersofrelativelymaturelymphocytespredominateinthemarrow,lymphnodes,andspleen.Thisformofleukemiaoccurslaterinlifeandfollowsaslowlyprogressivecourse.Multiplemyelomaisalsoamalignanttumorofthebonemarrow.Thisisaprogressivetumorofantibody-producingcells(calledplasmacells).Themalignantcellsinvadethebonemarrowanddestroybonystructures.ThetumorsleadtooverproductionofimmunoglobulinsandBenceJonesprotein,animmunoglobulinfragmentfoundinurine.Often,theconditionleadstoosteolyticlesions,hypercalcemia,anemia,renaldamage,andincreasedsusceptibilitytoinfection.Allergy.Itisaharmfuloverreactionbytheimmunesystem,commonlyknownasallergy.Inthiscase,apersonismoresensitivetoaparticularantigenthantheaverageindividual.Commonallergensarepollen,animaldander,dust,andfoods,buttherearemanymore.Responsesmayincludeitching,rednessortearingoftheeyes,skinrash,asthma,sneezing,andurticaria(hives).Ananaphylacticreactionisaseveregeneralizedallergicresponsethatcanleadrapidlytodeathasaresultofshockandinterferencewithbreathing.Immunodeficiency.Itreferstoanyfailureintheimmunesystem.Thismaybecongenital(presentatbirth)oracquired,andmayinvolveanycomponentsofthesystem.Itisadeficiencyofimmuneresponseoradisordercharacterizedbydeficientimmuneresponse;classifiedasantibody(Bcell),cellular(Tcell),combineddeficiency,orphagocyticdysfunctiondisorders.Antibodyimmunodeficienciesaremarkedbyhypo-ordysgammaglobulinemiaandrecurrentbacterialotitismediaandsinopulmonaryinfections,whilecellularimmunodeficienciesaremarkedbyrecurrentinfectionswithlow-gradeoropportunisticpathogens,bygraft-versus-hostreactionsfollowingbloodtransfusion,andbyseverediseasefollowingimmunizationwithlivevaccine.-fusion流transfusion,infusion-tion过程immunization，hospitalizationPhagocyticdysfunctiondisordersmaybeextrinsic(e.g.,suppressionofthenumberofphagocytesbyimmunosuppressiveagents,ordysfunctioncausedbycorticosteroids)orintrinsic(relatedtoenzymedeficiencies);theymaybemarkedbybacterialor,sometimes,fungalinfections,whichrangefrommildrecurrentskininfectiontofatalsystemicinfection.Combinedimmunodeficiencyisdeficiencyoflymphoidcellsthatmediatebothantibody(B-lymphocytes)andcellular(T-lymphocytes)immunity.AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome(AIDS).Itisanepidemic,transmissibleretroviraldiseaseduetoinfectionwithhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV),manifestedinseverecasesasprofounddepressionofcell-mediatedimmunity,andaffectingcertainrecognizedriskgroups,includinghomosexualorbisexualmales,intravenousdrugsabusers,hemophiliacs,sexualcontactsofindividualswithHIVinfection,andnewborninfantsofmothersinfectedwiththevirus.AIDS-RelatedComplex.Itisacomplexofsignsandsymptomsrepresentingaseverestageofhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)infection,characterizedbychronicgeneralizedlymphadenopathyassociatedwithfever,weightloss,prolongeddiarrhea,minoropportunisticinfections,cytopenias,andT-cellabnormalitiesassociatedwithAIDS.AcuteLeukemiaDefinitionNormalhematopoiesisrequirestightlyregulatedproliferationanddifferentiationofpluripotenthematopoieticstemcellstoematureperipheralbloodcells.Acuteleukemiaistheresultofamalignantevent,orevents,occurringinanearlyhematopoieticprecursor.Insteadofproliferatinganddifferentiatingnormally,theaffectedcellgivesrisetoprogenythatfailtodifferentiateandinsteadcontinuetoproliferateinanuncontrolledfashion.Asaresult,immaturemyeloidcells(inacutemyelogenousleukemia)orlymphoidcells(inacutelymphocyticleukemia),oftencalledblasts,rapidlyaccumulateandprogressivelyreplacethebonemarrow,leadingtodiminishedproductionofnormalredcells,whitecells,andplatelets.Thislossofnormalmarrowfunctioninturngivesrisetothecommonclinicalcomplicationsofleukemia:anemia,infectionandbleeding.Withtime,theleukemicblastspouroutintothebloodstreamandeventuallyoccupythelymphnodes,spleen,andothervitalorgans.Ifuntreated,acuteleukemiaisrapidlyfatal;mostpatientsdiewithinseveralmonthsofdiagnosis.Withappropriatetherapy,thenaturalhistoryofacuteleukemiacanbemarkedlyaltered,andmanypatientscanbecured.Etiology

Inmostcasesacuteleukemiadevelopsfornoknownreasons,butsometimesapossiblecausecanbeidentified.Radiation.Ionizingradiationisleukemogenic.Acutelymphocyticleukemia(ALL),acutemyelogenousleukemia(AML),andchronicmyelogenousleukemia(CML)areallincreasedinincidenceinpatientsgivenradiationtherapyforankylosingspondylitisandinsurvivorsoftheatomicbombblastsofHiroshimaandNagasaki.Themagnitudeoftheriskdependsonthedoseofradiation,itsdistributionintime,andtheageoftheindividual.Greaterriskresultsfromhigherdoseradiationdelivered