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大四级考试2016年6月(第二套Part Writing(30Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowritealettertoexpressyourthankstooneofyourschoolteachersuponenteringcollege.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.PartII ListeningComprehension(25minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreenewsreports.Attheendofeachnewsreport,youwillheartwoorthreequestions.Boththenewsreportandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughtheQuestions1and2arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustA)Howcollegestudentscanimprovetheirsleephabits.B)Whysufficientsleepisimportantforcollegestudents.C)Whycollegestudentsaremorelikelytohavestressproblems.D)HowcollegestudentscanhandletheirpsychologicalA)Itisnoteasytoimproveone’ssleephabits.B)Itisnotgoodforstudentstoplaygames.C)Studentswhoarebetterpreparedgenerallygethigherscoresinexaminations.D)Makinglast-minutepreparationsfortestsmaybelesseffectivethanslee.Questions3and4arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustA)WhethermoreairportsshouldbebuiltaroundB)Whetheradequateinvestmentisbeingmadetoimproveairportfacilities.C)WhethertheBritishAirportsAuthorityshouldselloffsomeofitsassets.D)WhethertheSpanishcompanycouldofferbetterservice.A)Inefficientmanagement. C)Lackofinnovationandcompetition.B)Poorownershipstructure. D)Lackofrunwayandterminalcapacity.Questions5to7arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustA)Reportthenicotinecontentoftheircigarettes. C)Takestepstoreducenicotineintheirproducts.B)Setalimittotheproductionoftheircigarettes. D)Studytheeffectsofnicotineonyoungsmokers.A)Thebiggestincreaseinnicotinecontenttendedtobeinbrandsyoungsmokerslike.B)Bigtobaccocompanieswerefrankwiththeircustomersaboutthehazardsofsmoking.C)Brandswhichcontainhighernicotinecontentwerefoundtobemuchmorepopular.D)Tobaccocompaniesrefusedtodiscussthedetailednicotinecontentoftheirproducts.A)Theypromisedtoreducethenicotinecontentincigarettes.B)Theyhavenotfullyrealizedtheharmfuleffectofnicotine.C)Theywerenotpreparedtocommentonthecigarettestudy.D)Theywillpaymoreattentiontothequalityoftheirproducts.SectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughtheQuestions8to11arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA) C)B) D)A)Gettingacoachwhocanofferrealhelp.C)LearningalanguagewhereitisnotB)Talkingwithherboyfriendin D)AcquiringthenecessaryabilitytoA)Listeningtolanguageprogramsontheradio. C)MakingfriendswithnativeB)Tryingtospeakitasmuchasonecan.D)PracticingreadingaloudasoftenasA)Itcreatesanenvironmentforsocializing. C)Ittrainsyoungpeople’sleadershipB)Itoffersvariouscourseswithcreditpoints.D)ItprovidesopportunitiesforlanguageQuestions12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)Theimpactofenginedesignonroadsafety. C)Asenseoffreedomdrivinggives.B)Therolemenplayintrafficsafety. D)Rulesandregulationsfordriving.A)Makecarswithautomaticcontrol. C)Makecarsthatarelesspowerful.B)Makecarsthathavebetterbrakes. D)Makecarswithhigherstandards.A)Theytendtodriveresponsibly. C)Theykeepwithinspeedlimits.B)Theyliketogoathighspeed. D)Theyfollowtrafficrulesclosely.A)Itisabad C)ItisaseffectiveasspeedB)Itisnot D)ItshouldbecombinedwithSectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreepassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)Thecardgotdamaged. C)Thecardreaderfailedtodothescanning.B)Thecardwasfoundinvalid.D)Thecardreaderbrokedownunexpectedly.A)Bycoveringthecreditcardwithalayerofplastic.B)Bycallingthecreditcardcompanyforconfirmation.C)ByseekinghelpfromthecardreadermakerVerifone.D)BytythecreditcardnumberintothecashA)Affectthesalesofhigh-techappliances. C)GivebirthtomanynewtechnologicalB)ChangethelifestyleofmanyAmericans. D)Producemanylow-techfixesforhigh-techfailures.Questions19to21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)Theyaresetbythedeanofthegraduateschool.C)TheyleavemuchroomforB)Theyaredeterminedbytheadvisingboard. D)TheyvaryamongdifferentA)Byconsultingtheexaminingcommittee. C)Bycontactingthedepartmentaloffice.B)ByreadingtheBulletinofInformation.D)Byvisitingtheuniversity’swebsite.A)Theyspecifythenumberofcreditsstudentsmustearn.B)Theyarehardertomeetthanthoseforundergraduates.C)Theyhavetobeapprovedbytheexaminingcommittee.D)TheyarethesameamongvariousdivisionsoftheQuestions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)Studentsmajoringinnutrition.C)Ph.D.candidatesinB)Studentsinhealth D)MiddleandhighschoolA)Itsoverestimateoftheeffectofdieting. C)Itschangingcriteriaforbeauty.B)Itsmistakenconceptionofnutrition. D)Itsoveremphasisonthinness.A)Toillustrateherpointthatbeautyisbutskindeep.B)Todemonstratethemagiceffectofdietingonwomen.C)Toexplainhowcomputerimagescanbemisleading.D)Toprovethattechnologyhasimpactedourculture.A)Topersuadegirlstostopdieting.C)ToestablishanemotionalconnectionwithB)Topromoteherownconceptofbeauty. D)Tohelpstudentsridthemselvesofbadlivinghabits.PartIII ReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Contrarytopopularbelief,olderpeoplegenerallydonotwanttolivewiththeirchildren.mostadultchildren26everybitasmuchcareandsupporttotheiragingparentsaswasthecaseinthe“goodolddays”,andmostolderpeopledonotfeel27.About80%ofpeople65yearsandolderhavelivingchildren,andabout90%ofthemhavecontactwiththeirchildren.About75%ofelderlyparentswhodon’tgotonursinghomeslivewithin30minutesofatleastoneoftheirchildren.However,29havingcontactwithchildrendoesnotguaranteehappinessinoldage.Infact,someresearchhasfoundthatpeoplewhoaremostinvolvedwiththeirfamilieshavethelowestspirits.Thisresearchmaybe30,however,asillhealthoftenmakesolderpeoplemore31andtherebyincreasescontactwithfamilymembers.Soitismorelikelythatpoorhealth,notjustfamilyinvolvement,32spirits.Increasingly,researchershavebeguntolookatthequalityofrelationships,ratherthanatthefrequencyofcontact,betweentheelderlyandtheirchildren.Ifparentsandchildrenshareinterestsandvaluesandagreeonchildrearingpracticesandreligious33,theyarelikelytoenjoyeachother’scompany.Disagreementsonsuchmatterscan34causeproblems.Ifparentsareangeredbytheirdaughter’sdivorce,dislikehernewhusband,anddisapproveofhowsheisraisingtheirgrandchildren,35arethattheyarenotgoingtoenjoyhervisits. I) J)fulfillmentC)biased K)grant L) M)provideF)dampens N)understandablyG)dependent O)unrealisticallyH)distantSectionDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.CouldFoodShortagesBringDownFormanyyearsIhavestudiedglobalagricultural,population,environmentalandeconomictrendsandtheirinteractions.Thecombinedeffectsofthosetrendsandthepoliticaltensionstheygeneratepointtothebreakdownofernmentsandsocieties.YetI,too,haveresistedtheideathatfoodshortagescouldbringdownnotonlyindividualernmentsbutalsoourglobalIcannolongerignorethatrisk.Ourcontinuingfailuretodealwiththeenvironmentaldeclinesthatareunderminingtheworldfoodeconomyforcesmetoconcludethatsuchacollapseispossible.Asdemandforfoodrisesfasterthansaregrowing,theresultingfood-priceinflationputsseverestressontheernmentsofmanycountries.Unabletobuygrainorgrowtheirown,hungrypeopletaketothestreets.Indeed,evenbeforethesteepclimbingrainpricesin2008,thenumberoffailingstateswasexpanding.Ifthefoodsituationcontinuestoworsen,entirenationswillbreakdownataneverincreasingrate.Inthe20thcenturythemainthreattointernationalsecuritywassuperpower;todayitisfailingstates.Statesfailwhennationalernmentscannolongerprovide alsecurity,foodsecurityandbasicsocialservicessuchaseducationandhealthcare.Whenernmentslosetheircontrolonpower,lawandorderbegintodisintegrate.Afterapoint,countriescan esodangerousthatfoodreliefworkersarenolongersafeandtheirprogramsarehalted.Failingstatesareofinternationalconcernbecausetheyareasourceofterrorists,drugs,weaponsandrefugees(难民)threateningpoliticalstabilityThesurgeinworldgrainpricesin2007and2008—andthethreattheyposetofoodsecurity—hasadifferent,moretroublingqualitythantheincreasesofthepast.Duringthesecondhalfofthe20thcentury,grainpricesrosedramaticallyseveraltimes.In1972,forinstance,theSoviets,recognizingtheirpoorharvestearly,quietlycorneredtheworldwheatmarket.Asaresult,wheatpriceselsewheremorethandoubled,pullingriceandcornpricesupwiththem.Butthisandotherpriceshockswereevent-driven—droughtintheSovietUnion,crop-shrinkingheatintheU.S.CornBelt.Andtheriseswereshort-lived:pricestypicallyreturnedtonormalwiththenextharvest.F)Incontrast,therecentsurgeinworldgrainpricesistrend-driven,makingitunlikelytoreversewithoutareversalinthetrendsthemselves.Onthedemandside,thosetrendsincludetheongoingadditionofmorethan70millionpeopleayear,agrowingnumberofpeoplewantingtomoveupthefoodchaintoconsumehighlygrain-intensivemeatproducts,andthemassivediversion(转向)ofU.Sgraintotheproductionofbio- esriseamong econsumers,thepotentialforfurthergrainconsumptionishuge.Butthatpotentialpalesbesidethenever-endingdemandforcrop-basedfuels.Afourthofthisyear’sU.S.grainharvestwillgotofuelcars.Whataboutsupply?Thethreeenvironmentaltrends—theshortageoffreshwater,thelossoftopsoilandtherisingtemperatures—aremakingitincreasinglyhardtoexpandtheworld’sgrainsupplyfastenoughtokeepupwithdemand.Ofallthosetrends,however,thespreadofwatershortagesposesthemostimmediatethreat.Thebiggestchallengehereisirrigation,whichconsumes70%theworld’sfreshwater.MillionsofirrigationwellsinmanycountriesarenowpumwateroutofundergroundsourcesfasterthanrainfallcanrefillthemTheresultisfallingwatertables(地下水位)incountrieswithhalftheworld’speopleincludingthethreebiggrainproducers—China,andtheU.S.Aswatertableshavefallenandirrigationwellshavegonedry,China’swheatcrop,theworld’slargest,hasdeclinedby8%sinceitpeakedat123milliontonsin1997.Butwatershortagesareevenmoreworryingin.Millionsofirrigationwellshavesignificantlyloweredwatertablesinalmosteverystate.countriessuchasRussiaandArgentinalimitedorbannedtheirexports,inhopesofincreasinglocalfoodsandtherebybringingdowndomesticfoodprices.Vietnambanneditsexportsforseveralmonthsforthesamereason.Suchmovesmayeliminatethefearsofthoselivingintheexportingcountries,buttheyarecreatingpanicinimportingcountriesthatmustrelyonwhatisthenleftforexport.Inresponsetothoserestrictions,grain-importingcountriesaretryingtonaildowntermtradeagreementsthatwouldlockupfuturegrains.Food-importanxietyisevenleadingtoneweffortsbyfood-importingcountriestobuyorleasefarmlandinothercountries.Inspiteofsuchtemporarymeasures,soaringfoodpricesandspreadinghungerinmanyothercountriesarebeginningtobreakdownthesocialSincethecurrentworldfoodshortageistrend-driven,theenvironmentaltrendsthatcauseitmustbereversed.Wemustcutcarbonemissionsby80%fromtheir2006levelsby2020,stabilizetheworld’spopulationateightbillionby2040,compleyremovepoverty,andrestoreforestsandsoils.Thereisnothingnewaboutthefourobjectives.Indeed,wehavemadesubstantialprogressinsomepartsoftheworldonatleastoneofthese—thedistributionoffamily-planningservicesandtheassociatedshifttosmallerfamilies.Formanyinthedevelopmentcommunity,thefourobjectiveswereseenaspositive,developmentaslongastheydidnotcosttoomuch.Otherssawthemaspoliticallycorrectandmorallyappropriate.Nowathirdandfarmoresignificantmotivationpresentsitself:meetingthesegoalsmaybenecessarytopreventthecollapseofourcivilization.Yetthecostweprojectforsavingcivilizationwouldamounttolessthan$200billionayear,1/6ofcurrentglobalmilitaryspending.Ineffect,ourplanisthenewsecuritybudget.Themorerecentsteepclimbingrainpricespartlyresultsfromthefactthatmoreandmorepeoplewanttoconsumemeatproducts.SocialorderisbreakingdowninmanycountriesbecauseoffoodRatherthansuperpower ,countriesunabletocopewithfoodshortagesnowconstitutethemainthreattoworldsecurity.SomepartsoftheworldhaveseensuccessfulimplementationoffamilyTheauthorhascometoagreethatfoodshortagescouldultima yleadtothecollapseofworldIncreasingwatershortagesprovetobethebiggestobstacletoboostingtheworld’sgrainThecostforsavingourcivilizationwouldbeconsiderablylessthantheworld’scurrentmilitaryTolowerdomesticfoodprices,somecountrieslimitedorstoppedtheirgrainEnvironmentalproblemsmustbesolvedtoeasethecurrentglobalfoodAquarterofthisyear’sAmericangrainharvestwillbeusedtoproducebio-fuelforSectionDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingDecliningmentalfunctionisoftenseenasaproblemofoldage,butcertainaspectsofbrainfunctionactuallybegintheirdeclineinyoungadulthood,anewstudysuggests.Thestudy,whichfollowedmorethan2,000healthyadultsbetweentheagesof18and60,foundthatcertainmentalfunctions—includingmeasuresof reasoning,mentalspeedandpuzzle-solving—startedtodullasearlyasage27.Dipsinmemory,meanwhile,generallybecameapparentaroundageOntheotherhand,indicatorsofa ’saccumulatedknowledge—likeperformanceontestsofvocabularyandgeneralknowledge—keptimprovingwithage,accordingtofindingspublishedinthejournalNeurobiologyofTheresultsdonotmeanthatyoungadultsneedtostartworryingabouttheirmemories.Mostpeople’smindsfunctionatahighlevelevenintheirlateryears,accordingtoresearcherTimothy“Thesepatternssuggestthatsometypesofmentalflexibilitydecreaserelativelyearlyinadulthood,butthattheamountofknowledgeonehas,andtheeffectivenessofintegratingitwithone’sabilities,mayincreasethroughoutallofadulthoodiftherearenodiseases,”Salthousesaidinanewsrelease.Thestudyincludedhealthy,educatedadultswhotookstandardtestsofmemory,reasoningandperceptionattheoutsetandatsomepointoverthenextsevenyears.Thetestsaredesignedtodetectsubtle(细微的)changesinmentalfunction,andinvolvepuzzles,recallingwordsanddetailsfromstories,andidentifyingpatternsincollectionsoflettersandsymbols.startedtodeclineinthelate20stoThefindingsshedlightonnormalage-relatedchangesinmentalfunction,whichcouldaidinunderstandingtheprocessofdementia(痴呆),accordingtotheresearchers.“Byfollowingindividualsovertime,”Salthousesaid,“wegaininsightincognitionchanges,andmaypossiblydiscoverwaystoslowtherateofdecline.”Theresearchersarecurrently yzingthestudyparticipants’healthandlifestyletoseewhichfactorsmightinfluenceage-relatedcognitivechanges.WhatisthecommonviewofmentalA)Itvariesfrom C)Itgraduallyexpandswithage.B)Itweakensinone’slateryears. D)Itindicatesone’shealthcondition.Whatdoesthenewstudyfindaboutmentalfunctions?A)Somediseasesinevitablyleadtotheirdecline.Theyreachapeakattheageof20formostTheyarecloselyrelatedtophysicalandmentalexercise.D)Someofthembegintodeclinewhenpeoplearestillyoung.WhatdoesTimothySalthousesayaboutpeople’smindsinmostTheytendtodeclineinpeople’slateryears. C)Theyfunctionquitewelleveninoldage.Theirflexibilitydeterminesone’sabilities.D)TheirfunctioningisstillapuzzletobeAlthoughpeople’smindsmayfunctionlessflexiblyastheyage,they maybebetteratsolvingpuzzlesC)mayhavegreaterfacilityin B)canmemorizethingswithmoreease D)canputwhattheyhavelearntintomoreeffectiveAccordingtoSalthouse,theirstudymayhelpus A)findwaystoslowdownourmentaldeclinefindwaystoboostourunderstandthecomplexprocessofmentalunderstandtherelationbetweenphysicalandmentalhealthPassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingThemostimportantthinginthenewslastweekwastherisingdiscussioninNashvilleabouttheeducationalneedsofchildren.Theshorthand(简写)educatorsuseforthisispre-K”—meaninginstructionbeforekindergarten—andthebigideaistoprepare4-year-oldsandevenyoungerkidstobereadytosucceedontheirK-12journey.Butitgetscomplicated.Theconcepthasmultipleforms,andscholarsandpolicymakersargueabouttheshape,scopeandcostoftheidealprogram.ThefederalHeadStartprogram,launched50yearsago,hasservedmorethan30millionchildren.ItwasbasedonconceptsdevelopedatVanderbiltUniversity’sPeabodyCollegebySusanGray,thelegendarypioneerinearlychildhoodeducationresearch.AnewPeabodystudyoftheTennesseeVoluntaryPre-Kprogramreportsthatpre-Kworks,butthegainsarenotsustainedthroughthethirdgrade.Itseemstomethishighlightsqualityissuesinelementaryschoolsmorethanpre-K,andindicateslonger-termsuccessmustconnectpre-Kwithalltheotherissues,relatedtoeducatingachild.Pre-Kiscontroversial.Somecriticssayitisaluxuryandshouldn’tbefreetofamiliesabletopay.Pre-Kadvocatesinsistitisprovenandwillsucceedifintegratedwiththerestofthechild’sschooling.Ileantowardthelatterview.Thisis,inanycase,therightconversationtobehavingnowasMayorMeganB
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